A Review of Radar- and Satellite-based Observational Studies and Nowcasting Techniques on Convection Initiation
Received date: 2019-09-19
Revised date: 2019-11-03
Online published: 2020-02-12
Supported by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Development characteristics of convective clouds before the formation of warm-sector MCSs during the presummer rainy season over the west side of the Taiwan Strait”(41905049);The Open Foundation of Fujian Meteorological Bureau “Characteristics of boundary-layer convergence lines and cumulus cloud growth before the convection initiation processes in Fujian Province”(2019KX01)
Convection often produces severe weather which causes a great loss to human lives and properties. Precisely predicting the convection initiation process is crucial but challenging in operational convection nowcasting (0~2 h forecasting). Before the radar-defined CI occurring (e.g., the first occurrence of ≥35 dBZ echoes), observations at high spatial and temporal resolutions from weather radars and geostationary meteorological satellites can reveal precursor information such as the boundary-layer convergence lines and the rapid growth of newborn cumulus clouds. These radar- and satellite-observed precursor information are helpful for evaluating the pre-CI conditions and thus nowcasting the accurate CI timing and location. This paper reviewed the current status of radar- and satellite-based CI research and nowcasting techniques. The milestone works and the following studies in the last four decades were summarized to demonstrate how radar and satellite observations can be related to CI occurrence. The objectives and approaches of the CI research advance as the improvement in the capability of radars and were explained satellites. The research progress aids in the development of various CI nowcasting techniques. This paper introduced three well-established techniques that have been put into operational application, namely, ANC system, SATCAST algorithm, and UWCI algorithm. Some scientific issues with respect to radar- and satellite-based CI research and nowcasting were also presented.
Yipeng Huang , Wanbiao Li , Yuchun Zhao , Lanqiang Bai . A Review of Radar- and Satellite-based Observational Studies and Nowcasting Techniques on Convection Initiation[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2019 , 34(12) : 1273 -1287 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.12.1273
| 1 | Ziegler C L. Deep convection initiation: State of the science, limits of understanding, and future directions［C］// Preprints, 94th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA, American Meteorological Society, 2014. |
| 2 | Roberts R D, Rutledge S. Nowcasting storm initiation and growth using GOES-8 and WSR-88D data［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2003, 18: 562-584. |
| 3 | Mecikalski J R, Bedka K M. Forecasting convective initiation by monitoring the evolution of moving cumulus in daytime GOES imagery［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2006, 134: 49-78. |
| 4 | Roberts R D, Anderson A R, Nelson E, et al. Impacts of forecaster involvement on convective storm initiation and evolution nowcasting［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2012, 27(5): 1 061-1 089. |
| 5 | Walker J R, MacKenzie Jr W M, Mecikalski J R, et al. An enhanced geostationary satellite-based convective initiation algorithm for 0-2-h nowcasting with object tracking［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2012, 51: 1 931-1 949. |
| 6 | Mecikalski J R, Williams J, Jewett C, et al. Probabilistic 0-1-h convective initiation nowcasts that combine geostationary satellite observations and numerical weather prediction model data［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2015, 54: 1 039-1 059. |
| 7 | Yu Xiaoding, Zhou Xiaogang, Wang Xiuming. The advances in the nowcasting techniques on thunderstorms and severe convection［J］. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2012, 70(3): 311-337. |
| 7 | 俞小鼎, 周小刚, 王秀明．雷暴与强对流临近天气预报技术进展［J］.气象学报, 2012, 70(3):311-337. |
| 8 | Kain J S, Coniglio M C, Correia J, et al. A feasibility study for probabilistic convection initiation forecasts based on explicit numerical guidance［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2013, 94(8): 1 213-1 225. |
| 9 | Doswell III C A. The distinction between large scale and mesoscale contribution to severe convection: A case study example［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 1987, 2(1): 3-16. |
| 10 | Zhang Xiaoling, Chen Yun, Zhang Tao. Meso-scale convective weather analysis and severe convective weather forecasting［J］. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2012, 70(4): 642-654. |
| 10 | 张小玲, 谌芸, 张涛.对流天气预报中的环境场条件分析［J］.气象学报, 2012, 70(4): 642-654. |
| 11 | Zhu Yuejia, Xing Rui, Zhu Mingjia, et al. Application and verification of joint probability method in potential forecast for severe convective weather in Anhui Province［J］. Advances in Earth Science, 2019, 34(7):731-746. |
| 11 | 朱月佳, 邢蕊, 朱明佳, 等. 联合概率方法在安徽强对流潜势预报中的应用和检验［J］. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(7):731-746. |
| 12 | Ma Leiming, Bao Xuwei. Research progress on physical parameterization schemes in numerical weather prediction models［J］. Advances in Earth Science, 2017, 32(7):679-687. |
| 12 | 马雷鸣, 鲍旭炜. 数值天气预报模式物理过程参数化方案的研究进展［J］. 地球科学进展, 2017, 32(7):679-687. |
| 13 | Huang Yipeng. Statistical Study on Precursor Signals of Convection Initiation in Satellite and Radar Observations［D］. Beijing: Peking University, 2018. |
| 13 | 黄亦鹏. 卫星与雷达上对流触发前兆信号的统计特征［D］.北京:北京大学, 2018. |
| 14 | Wakimoto R M, Murphey H V. Analysis of convergence boundaries observed during IHOP_2002［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2010, 138: 2 737-2 760. |
| 15 | Hartung D C, Sieglaff J M, Cronce L M, et al. An intercomparison of UW cloud-top cooling rates with WSR-88D radar data［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2013, 28: 463-480. |
| 16 | Haberlie A M, Ashley W S, Pingel T J. The effect of urbanisation on the climatology of thunderstorm initiation［J］. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2015, 141(688): 663-675. |
| 17 | Wilson J W, Schreiber W E. Initiation of convective storms by radar-observed boundary layer convergent lines［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1986, 114: 2 516-2 536. |
| 18 | Snively D V, Gallus W A. Prediction of convective morphology in near-cloud-permitting WRF model simulations［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2014, 29: 130-149. |
| 19 | Dixon M, Wiener G. TITAN: Thunderstorm identification, tracking, analysis, and nowcasting—A radar-based methodology［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1993, 10: 785-797. |
| 20 | Weckwerth T M, Wilson J W, Hagen M, et al. Radar climatology of the COPS region［J］. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2011, 137(Suppl.1): 31-41. |
| 21 | Wulfmeyer V, Behrendt A, Kottmeier C, et al. The Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study (COPS): The scientific strategy, the field phase, and research highlights[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2011, 137(Suppl.1): 3-30. |
| 22 | Lock N A, Houston A L. Spatiotemporal distribution of thunderstorm initiation in the US Great Plains from 2005 to 2007［J］. International Journal of Climatology, 2015, 35(13): 4 047-4 056. |
| 23 | Fabry F, Meunier V, Treserras B P, et al. On the climatological use of radar data mosaics: Possibilities and challenges［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2017, 98: 2 135-2 148. |
| 24 | Goudenhoofdt E, Delobbe L. Statistical characteristics of convective storms in Belgium derived from volumetric weather radar observations［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2013, 52: 918-934. |
| 25 | Kaltenboeck R, Steinheimer M. Radar-based severe storm climatology for Austrian complex orography related to vertical wind shear and atmospheric instability［J］. Atmospheric Research, 2015, 158: 216-230. |
| 26 | Peter J R, Manton M J, Potts R J, et al. Radar-derived statistics of convective storms in Southeast Queensland［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2015, 54(10): 1 985-2 008. |
| 27 | Han Lei, Yu Xiaoding, Zheng Yongguang, et al. Statistic characteristics of severe convective storm during warm-season in Beijing-Tianjin and its vicinity［J］. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54(11):1 585-1 590. |
| 27 | 韩雷, 俞小鼎, 郑永光, 等.京津及邻近地区暖季强对流风暴的气候分布特征［J］.科学通报, 2009, 54(11):1 585-1 590. |
| 28 | Chen M, Wang Y, Gao F, et al. Diurnal variations in convective storm activity over contiguous North China during the warm season based on radar mosaic climatology［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2012, 117(D20). DOI:10.1029/2012JD018158. |
| 29 | Wang Y, Wang H Q, Han L, et al. Statistical characteristics of unsteady storms in radar observations for the Beijing-Tianjin region［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2015, 54(1): 106-116. |
| 30 | Chen X C, Zhao K, Xue M. Spatial and temporal characteristics of warm season convection over Pearl River Delta region, China, based on 3 years of operational radar data［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2014, 119: 12 447-12 465. |
| 31 | Chen X C, Zhao K, Xue M, et al. Radar-observed diurnal cycle and propagation of convection over the Pearl River Delta during Mei-Yu season［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015, 120: 12 557-12 575. |
| 32 | Bai L, Chen G, Huang L. Image processing of radar mosaics for the climatology of convection initiation in South China［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2019. DOI:10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0081.1. |
| 33 | Meng Z, Yan D, Zhang Y. General features of squall lines in East China［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2013, 141(5): 1 629-1 647. |
| 34 | Zheng L, Sun J, Zhang X, et al. Organizational modes of mesoscale convective systems over central East China［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2013, 28(5): 1 081-1 098. |
| 35 | Weckwerth T M, Parsons D B. A review of convection initiation and motivation for IHOP_2002［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2006, 134: 5-22. |
| 36 | Wilson J W, Weckwerth T M, Vivekanandan J, et al. Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1994, 11: 1 184-1 206. |
| 37 | Klingle D L, Smith D R, Wolfson M M. Gust front characteristics as detected by Doppler radar［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1987, 115(5): 905-918. |
| 38 | Boyd J G. Observation of two intersecting radar fine lines［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1965, 93: 188. |
| 39 | Koscielny A J, Doviak R J, Rabin R. Statistical considerations in the estimation of divergence from single-Doppler radar and application to prestorm boundary-layer observations［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1982, 21(2): 197-210. |
| 40 | Wilson J W, Mueller C K. Nowcasts of thunderstorm initiation and evolution［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 1993, 8: 113-131. |
| 41 | Bluestein H B, Parker S S. Modes of isolated, severe convective storm formation along the dryline［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1993, 121(5): 1 354-1 372. |
| 42 | Fankhauser J C, Crook N A, Tuttle J, et al. Initiation of deep convection along boundary layer convergence lines in a semitropical environment［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1995, 123: 291-314. |
| 43 | Wilson J W, Megenhardt D L. Thunderstorm initiation, organization, and lifetime associated with Florida boundary layer convergence lines［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1997, 125: 1 507-1 525. |
| 44 | Koch S E, Ray C A. Mesoanalysis of summertime convergence zones in central and eastern North Carolina［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 1997, 12: 56-77. |
| 45 | Sills D M L, Brook J R, Levy I, et al. Lake breezes in the southern Great Lakes region and their influence during BAQS-Met 2007［J］. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11: 7 955-7 973. |
| 46 | Alexander L S, Sills D M, Taylor P A. Initiation of convective storms at low-level mesoscale boundaries in southwestern Ontario［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2018, 33: 583-598. |
| 47 | Huang Y, Meng Z, Li W, et al. General features of radar-observed boundary layer convergence lines and their associated convection over a sharp vegetation-contrast area［J］. Geophysical Research Letters, 2019, 46: 2 865-2 873. |
| 48 | Purdom J F W. Some uses of high resolution GOES imagery in the mesoscale forecasting of convection and its behavior［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1976, 104: 1 474-1 483. |
| 49 | Purdom J F W. Subjective interpretations of geostationary satellite data for nowcasting[M]// Browning K. Nowcasting. London: Academic Press, 1982: 149-166. |
| 50 | Purdom J F W, Marcus K. Thunderstorm trigger mechanisms over the southeast United States［C］// Preprints, 12th Conference. on Severe Local Storms. San Antonio, TX, American Meteorological Society, 1982: 487-488. |
| 51 | Weckwerth T M, Murphey H V, Flamant C. et al. An observational study of convection initiation on 12 June 2002 during IHOP_2002［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2008, 136: 2 283-2 304. |
| 52 | Su T, Zhai G. The role of convectively generated gravity waves on convective initiation: A case study［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2017, 145: 335-359. |
| 53 | Bai L, Meng Z, Huang Y, et al. Convection initiation resulting from the interaction between a quasi-stationary dryline and intersecting gust fronts: A case study［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2019, 124: 2 379-2 396. |
| 54 | Bessho K, Date K, Hayashi M, et al. An introduction to Himawari-8/9—Japan’s new-generation geostationary meteorological satellites［J］. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 2016, 94: 151-183. |
| 55 | Banta R M, Barker S C. Thunderstorm genesis zones in the Colorado Rocky Mountains as determined by traceback of geosynchronous satellite images［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 1987, 115(2): 463-476. |
| 56 | Barker S C, Wurman J, Banta R M. Thunderstorm producing terrain features［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1988, 69(3): 272-277. |
| 57 | Lima M A, Wilson J W. Convective storm initiation in a moist tropical environment［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2008, 136(6): 1 847-1 864. |
| 58 | Weckwerth T M, Bennett L J, Jay M L, et al. An observational and modeling study of the processes leading to deep, moist convection in complex terrain［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2014, 142(8): 2 687-2 708. |
| 59 | Zhang M, Meng Z, Huang Y, et al. The mechanism and predictability of an elevated convection initiation event in a weak-lifting environment in central-eastern China［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2019, 147: 1 823-1 841. |
| 60 | Sieglaff J M, Cronce L M, Feltz W F, et al. Nowcasting convective storm initiation using satellite-based box-averaged cloud-top cooling and cloud-type trends［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2011, 50: 110-126. |
| 61 | Huang Y, Meng Z, Li J, et al. Distribution and variability of satellite-derived signals of isolated convection initiation events over central eastern China［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2017, 122(11): 11 357-11 373. |
| 62 | Senf F, Dietzsch F, Hünerbein A, et al. Characterization of initiation and growth of selected severe convective storms over central Europe with MSG-SEVIRI［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2015, 54(1): 207-224. |
| 63 | Mecikalski J R, MacKenzie Jr W M, Koenig M, et al. Cloud-top properties of growing cumulus prior to convective initiation as measured by Meteosat Second Generation. Part I: Infrared fields［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2010, 49(3): 521-534. |
| 64 | Mecikalski J R, Bedka K M, Paech S J, et al. A statistical evaluation of GOES cloud-top properties for nowcasting convective initiation［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2008, 136: 4 899-4 914. |
| 65 | Siewert C W, Koenig M, Mecikalski J R. Application of Meteosat Second Generation data towards improving the nowcasting of convective initiation［J］. Meteorological Applications, 2010, 17: 442-451. |
| 66 | Gambill L D, Mecikalski J R. A satellite-based summer convective cloud frequency analysis over the southeastern United States［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2011, 50(8): 1 756-1 769. |
| 67 | Harris R J, Mecikalski J R, MacKenzie W M, et al. The definition of GOES infrared lightning initiation interest fields［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2010, 49(12): 2 527-2 543. |
| 68 | Mecikalski J R, Li X, Carey L D, et al. Regional comparison of GOES cloud-top properties and radar characteristics in advance of first-flash lightning initiation［J］. Monthly Weather Review, 2013, 141(1): 55-74. |
| 69 | Lensky I M, Rosenfeld D. The time-space exchangeability of satellite retrieved relations between cloud top temperature and particle effective radius［J］. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2006, 6: 2 887-2 894. |
| 70 | Rosenfeld D, Woodley W L, Lerner A, et al. Satellite detection of severe convective storms by their retrieved vertical profiles of cloud particle effective radius and thermodynamic phase［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113(D4). DOI:10.1029/2007JD008600. |
| 71 | Mecikalski J R, Watts P, Koenig M. Use of meteosat seceond generation optimal cloud analysis fields for understanding physical attributes of growing cumulus clouds［J］. Atmospheric Research, 2011, 102: 175-190. |
| 72 | Mecikalski J R, MacKenzie Jr W M, Koenig M, et al. Cloud-top properties of growing cumulus prior to convective initiation as measured by Meteosat Second Generation. Part II: Use of visible reflectance［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2010, 49: 2 544-2 558. |
| 73 | Cintineo J L, Pavolonis M J, Sieglaff J M, et al. Evolution of severe and nonsevere convection inferred from GOES-derived cloud properties［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2013, 52: 2 009-2 023. |
| 74 | Cintineo J L, Pavolonis M J, Sieglaff J M, et al. An empirical model for assessing the severe weather potential of developing convection［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2014, 29: 639-653. |
| 75 | Matthee R, Mecikalski J R. Geostationary infrared methods for detecting lightning-producing cumulonimbus clouds［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013, 118: 6 580-6 592. |
| 76 | Mecikalski J R, Rosenfeld D, Manzato A. Evaluation of geostationary satellite observations and the development of a 1-2 h prediction model for future storm intensity［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2016, 121: 6 374-6 392. |
| 77 | Menzel W P, Holt F C, Schmit T J, et al. Application of GOES-8/9 soundings to weather forecasting and nowcasting［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1998, 79: 2 059-2 077. |
| 78 | Li Z, Li J, Menzel W P, et al. GOES sounding improvement and applications to severe storm nowcasting［J］. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35(3). DOI:10.1029/2007GL032797. |
| 79 | Schmit T J, Li J, Ackerman S A, et al. High-spectral- and high-temporal-resolution infrared measurements from geostationary orbit［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2009, 26: 2 273-2 292. |
| 80 | Schmit T J, Feltz W F, Menzel W P, et al. Validation and use of GOES sounder moisture information［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2002, 17: 139-154. |
| 81 | Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space. Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond［M］. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2007. |
| 82 | Li J, Liu C Y, Zhang P, et al. Applications of full spatial resolution space-based advanced infrared soundings in the preconvection environment［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2012, 27: 515-524. |
| 83 | Sieglaff J M, Schmit T J, Menzel W P, et al. Inferring convective weather characteristics with geostationary high spectral resolution IR window measurements: A look into the future［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2009, 26: 1 527-1 541. |
| 84 | Li J, Li J, Schmit T J, et al. Warning information in preconvection environment from geostationary advanced infrared sounding system—A simulation study using the IHOP case［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2011, 50: 766-783. |
| 85 | Yang J, Zhang Z, Wei C, et al. Introducing the new generation of Chinese geostationary weather satellites, Fengyun-4［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2017, 98(8): 1 637-1 658. |
| 86 | Menzel W P, Schmit T J, Zhang P, et al. Satellite-based atmospheric infrared sounder development and applications［J］. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2018, 99: 583-603. |
| 87 | Mueller C, Saxen T, Roberts R, et al. NCAR auto-nowcast system［J］. Weather and Forecasting, 2003, 18: 545-561. |
| 88 | Bedka K M, Mecikalski J R. Application of satellitederived atmospheric vectors for estimating mesoscale flows［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2005, 44: 1 761-1 772. |
| 89 | Zinner T, Mannstein H, Tafferner A. Cb-TRAM: Tracking and monitoring severe convection from onset over rapid development to mature phase using multi-channel Meteosat-8 SEVIRI data［J］. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 2008, 101(3/4): 191-210. |
| 90 | Jewett C P, Mecikalski J R. Adjusting thresholds of satellite-based convective initiation interest fields based on the cloud environment［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013, 118(22): 12 649-12 660. |
| 91 | Mecikalski J R, Minnis P, Palikonda R. Use of satellite derived cloud properties to quantify growing cumulus beneath cirrus clouds［J］. Atmospheric Research, 2013, 120/121: 192-201. |
| 92 | Merk D, Zinner T. Detection of convective initiation using Meteosat SEVIRI: Implementation in and verification with the tracking and nowcasting algorithm Cb-TRAM［J］. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2013, 6(8): 1 903. |
| 93 | Song Zhenni. Grid-based early warning of convection initiation with FY2C satellite［J］. Science & Technology Information, 2014, (5):76-77. |
| 93 | 宋珍妮.基于网格的FY2C卫星对流初生预警［J］．科技信息, 2014, (5):76-77. |
| 94 | Liu Jinghua, Wang Bin, Han Lei, et al. Forecasting convective initiation of a convective weather event in Beijing-Tianjin region［J］. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensi, 2012, 48(1):42-46. |
| 94 | 刘京华, 王彬, 韩雷, 等．京津地区一次强对流天气的初生预警技术研究［J］.北京大学学报:自然科学版, 2012, 48(1):42-46. |
| 95 | Sobajima A. Rapidly Development Cumulus Areas Derivation Algorithm［R］. Japan Meteorological Agency Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo, Japan, 2012. |
| 96 | Li Wusheng, Wang Hongqing, Wang Yu, et al. Convective initiation forecasting and statistical evaluation based on satellite data［J］. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensi, 2014, 50(5):819-824. |
| 96 | 李五生, 王洪庆, 王玉, 等.基于卫星资料的对流初生预报及效果评估［J］.北京大学学报:自然科学版, 2014, 50(5):819-824. |
| 97 | Han H, Lee S, Im J, et al. Detection of convective initiation using meteorological imager onboard communication, ocean, and meteorological satellite based on machine learning approaches［J］. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7: 9 184-9 204. |
| 98 | Guo Wei, Cui Linli, Gu Wen, et al. Summer convective initiation forecasting in Shanghai based on Himawari-8 satellite［J］. Meteorological Monthly, 2018, 44(9):1 229-1 236. |
| 98 | 郭巍, 崔林丽, 顾问, 等．基于葵花８卫星的上海市夏季对流初生预报研究［J］．气象, 2018, 44(9):1 229-1 236. |
| 99 | Zhuge X, Zou X. Summertime convective initiation nowcasting over southeastern China based on Advanced Himawari Imager observations［J］. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 2018, 96(4): 337-353. |
| 100 | Lee S, Han H, Im J, et al. Detection of deterministic and probabilistic convection initiation using Himawari-8 advanced Himawari Imager data［J］. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2017, 10(5): 1 859. |
| 101 | Han D, Lee J, Im J, et al. A novel framework of detecting convective initiation combining automated sampling, machine learning, and repeated model tuning from geostationary satellite data［J］. Remote Sensing, 2019, 11(12): 1 454. |
| 102 | Pavolonis M J, Heidinger A K. Daytime cloud overlap detection from AVHRR and VIIRS［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2004, 43: 762-778. |
| 103 | Pavolonis M J, Heidinger A K, Uttal T. Daytime global cloud typing from AVHRR and VIIRS: Algorithm description, validation, and comparisons［J］. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2005, 44: 804-826. |
| 104 | Pavolonis M J. Advances in extracting cloud composition information from spaceborne infrared radiances: A robust alternative to brightness temperatures. Part I: Theory［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2010, 49: 1 992-2 012. |
| 105 | Xu Hui. Nowcasting convective storm initiation using the data of FY2C box-averaging method［J］. Electronic Design Engineering, 2012, 20(21):40-42. |
| 105 | 徐慧.基于 FY2C 数据的平均 box 方法预报对流初生［J］．电子设计工程, 2012, 20(21):40-42. |
| 106 | Zhang Yunqi, Zhang Fuqing. A review on the ensemble-based data assimilations for severe convective storms［J］. Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology, 2018, 8(3):38-52. |
| 106 | 张云济, 张福青. 集合资料同化方法在强雷暴天气预报中的应用［J］. 气象科技进展, 2018, 8(3):38-52. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
