Articles

ADVANCE IN SNOW ECOLOGY STUDY IN THE WORLD

Expand
  • Cold and Arid Regions environment and engineering Research Insititut, CAS, Lanzhou 730000,China

Received date: 2003-05-06

  Revised date: 2003-09-11

  Online published: 2004-04-01

Abstract

The latest research advance in snow ecology in the world was introduced in this paper, including: six aspects: (1) Snow cover and weather system; (2) Physical features of snow and its relation with ecology; (3) Chemical processes of snow and nutrient circulation; (4) Nival microbe; (5) Snow cover and small animal; (6) Relation between snow cover and vegetation. Some contents that need further study in the future were discussed. Generally, snow ecology study in the world had some extensions as follows: (1) Effects of global changes on snow cover and its feedback mechanism was emphasized; (2) Physical characteristics and its ecological functions of snow cover got more attention; (3) The research reports on nutrient circulation processes in snow ecosystem increased; (4) Study of ultra-structure, physiology, eco-physiology, ecology, life history, biochemistry of snow microbe was developed rapidly; (5) Study of small mammalians was attached importance to physiological and ecological and morphological adaptability; (6) Study interests in physiological and ecological adaptability of plant to extreme environment and its relation with snow environment gradients increased; (7) Process study, quantitative study and numerical simulative study were attached more importance in all research field of snow ecology. Study emphases in the near future include mainly: (1) Feedback processes and its mechanism between snow cover and climate system; (2) Physical multiphase of snow cover and its ecological function; (3) earth circulation processes of snow chemical species, especially C, N circulation; (4) Genetic basic and genic transfer on cold adaptability of snow microbe; (5) Dynamics and nutriology and population dynamics on nival animal; (6) feedback processes and its mechanism in multi-scales among snow, vegetation and climate.

Cite this article

ZHAO Halin, ZHOU Ruilian, ZHAO Yue . ADVANCE IN SNOW ECOLOGY STUDY IN THE WORLD[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2004 , 19(2) : 296 -304 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2004.02.0296

References

[1] Jones H G, Bertrand N. The transmission of soil gases through seasonal snow cover: An experiment to determine the diffusivity of snow in situ [A]. In: Tranter M, Armstrong R, Brun, et al,eds. Interactions between the Cryosphere, Climate and Greenhouse Gases [C]. Wallingford, UK: Iahs Press, 1999. 237-244.
[2] Brown R D, Goodison B E. Interannual variability in reconstructed Canadian snow cover, 1915-1992[J]. Journal of Climate, 1996, 9:1 299-1 318.
[3] Pomeroy J W, Marsh P, Gray D M. Application of a distributed blowing snow model to the Arctic[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11: 1 451-1 464.
[4] Hughes M G, Robinson D A. Historical snow cover variability in the Great Plains regions of the USA: 1910 through to 1993[J].International Journal of Climatology, 1996, 16: 1 005-1 018.
[5] Groisman P Y, Easterling D R. Variability and trends of precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada[J]. Journal of Climate, 1994, 7: 184-205.
[6] Li P. Seasonal snow resources and their fluctuation in China[A]. In: Goodison B E, Barry R G, Dozier Y,eds. Large-Scale Effects of Seasonal Snow Cover [C]. Wallingford, UK: Iahs Press, 1987. 93-104.
[7] Vose R S, Schmoyer R L, Steurer P M, et al. The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-Term Monthly Temperature, Precipitation, Sea Level Pressure, and Station Pressure, and Station Pressure Data[M]. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Deptment of Energy, Environmental Sciences Division Publication,No.3912,1992.
[8] Walsh J E, Ross B. Sensitivity of 30-day dynamical forecasts to continental snow cover[J]. Journal of Climate, 1988, 1: 739-754.
[9] Pokrovskaya T V, Spirina L P. Estimates of snowcover impact on spring air temperature over the European part of the USSR Trans[J]. Main Geophysical Observatory, 1965, 181: 110-113.
[10] Barnett T P, Dumenil L, Schlese U, et al. The effect of Eurasian snow cover on regional and global climate variations[J]. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 1989, 46: 661-685.
[11] Karl T R, Groisman P Y, Knight R W, et al. Recent variations of snow cover and snowfall in North America and their relation to precipitation and temperature variations[J]. Journal of Climate, 1993, 6: 1 327-1 344.
[12] Georgievsky V Y, Ezhov A V, Shalygin A L, et al. Evaluation of possible climate change impact on hydrological regime and water resources of the former USSR rivers [J]. Russian Meteorology & Hydrology, 1996,11: 89-99.
[13] Peterson T C, Vose R S. An overview of the global historical climatology network temperature database[J]. Bulletin of Meteorology Society, 1997, 78: 2 837-2 849.
[14] Manabe S. Climate and the ocean circulation: The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the Earth's surface[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 1969, 97: 739-774.
[15] Yeh T C, Wetherald R T, Manabe S. A model study of the short-term climatic and hydrologic effects of sudden snowcover removal[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 1983, 111: 1 013-1 024.
[16] Thomas G, Rowntree P R. The boreal forests and climate[J]. Journal of Russian Meteorology Society, 1992, 505(B): 469-497.
[17] Wood E F. Global scale hydrology: Advances in land surface modeling—US National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 1987-1900[J]. Review of Geophysics, 1991, 29 (Supp.1): 193-201.
[18] Verseghy D L. Canadian land surface scheme for GCMs. I[J]. Soil model Journal of Climatology, 1991, 11: 111-133.
[19] Pomeroy J W, Granger R J. Sustainability of the western Canadian boreal forest under changing hydrological conditionsIsnow accumulation and ablation[A]. In: Rosjberg D, Boutayeb N, Gustard A,et al,eds. Suslainability of Water Resources under Increasing Uncertainty [C]. Wallingford, UK: Iahs Press, 1997,237-242.
[20] Komarov A A. Some rules on the migration and deposition of snow in western Siberia and their application to control measures[J]. Trudy TransportnoEnergeticheskogo Instituta,1957, 4: 89-97.
[21] Strobel T. Schneeinterzeption in FichtenBestaenden in den Voralapen des Kantons Schwyz[A]. In: Proc. IUFRO Seminar on Mountain, Forests and Avalanches [C]. Switzerland: Davos,1978. 63-79.
[22] Hedstrom N R, Pomeroy J W. Accumulation of intercepted snow in the boreal forest: Measurements and modeling[J]. [WT6BX]Hydrological Processes, 1998, 12: 1 611-1 623.
[23] Shook K, Gray D M. Snowmelt resulting from advection[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11: 1 725-1 736.
[24] Rouse W R. The regional energy balance[A]. In: Prowse T, Ommanney S,eds. Northern Hydrology, Canadian Perspectives, Supply and Services [C]. Canada: Saskatoon, 1990. 187-206.
[25] Zhao L, Gray D M, Male D H. Numerical analysis of simultaneous heat and mass transfer during infiltration into frozen ground[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 200: 345-363.
[26] Brun E. Investigation on wet snow metamorphism in respect of liquid water content[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1989, 13: 22-26.
[27] Puitt W O. Snow and living things[A]. In: Northern Ecology and Resource Management [C]. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1984.51-77.
[28] Sturm M, Holmgren J, Liston G E. A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications[J]. Journal of Climate, 1995, 8: 1 261-1 283.
[29] Adams P. Snow and ice on lakes[A]. In: Gray D M, Male D H ,eds. Handbook of Snow, Principles, Processes, Management and Use [C]. Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1981. 437-474.
[30] Rawls W J, Brakensiek D L, Miller N. Green-Ampt infiltration parameters from soils data [J]. Journal of Hydraulics, 1983, 109: 62-70.
[31] Gray D M. Handbook on the Principles of Hydrology [M]. Ottawa: Canadian National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade Publication, 1970.
[32] Hetherington E D. The importance of forests in the hydrological regime[J]. Canada Bulletin of Fish and Aquatic Science, 1987, 215: 179-211.
[33] Steppuhn H. Snow and agriculture[A]. In: Handbook of Snow, Principles, Processes, Management and Use[C]. Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1981.60-125.
[34] De Jong E, Dachanoski R G. The role of grasslands in hydrology[J]. Canada Bulletin of Fish and Aquatic Science, 1987, 215: 213-241.
[35] Bales R C, Davis R E, Williams M W. Tracer release in melting snow: Diurnal and seasonal variations[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1993, 7: 389-401.
[36] Bales R C, Wolff E W. Interpreting natural climate signals in ice cores [J]. EOS, 1995, 477: 482-483.
[37] Tranter M, Tsiouris S, Davies T D. A laboratory investigation of the leaching of solute from snowpack by rainfall[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1992, 6: 169179.
[38] Jones H G, Pomeroy J W, Davies T D. CO 2 in Arctic snow cover: Landscape form, inpack gas concentrations gradients, and the implications for the estimation of gaseous fluxes[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13: 2 977-2 989.
[39] Barrie L A. Snow formation and processes in the Atmosphère that influence its chemical composition[A]. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change[C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991. 1-20.
[40] Colbeck S C. A simulation of the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants in snow cover runoff[J]. Water Resources Research, 1981, 17(5): 1 383-1 388.
[41] Scott B C. Sulfate washout rations in winter storms[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1981, 20: 619-625.
[42] Colin J L, Renard D, Lescoat V B, et al. Relationship between rain and snow acidity and air mass trajectory in eastern France[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1989, 23: 1 487-1 498.
[43] Suzuki K. Spatial distribution of chloride and sulfate in the snow cover in Sapporo, Japan [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1987, 21(8): 1 773-1 778.
[44] Laird L B, Taylor H E, kennedy V C. Snow chemistry of the CascadeSierra Nevada Mountains[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1986, 20: 275-290.
[45] Raynor G S, Haynes J V. Differential rain and snow scavenging efficiency implied by ionic concentration differences in winter precipitation[A]. In: Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension[C].New York: Elsevier, 1983. 249-264.
[46] Jones H G, Stein J. Hydrogeochemistry of snow and snowmelt in Catchment hydrology [A]. In: Anderwon M G, Burt T P eds. Process Studies in Hillsolpe Hydrology[C]. Chichester: Wiley, 1990. 255-298.
[47] Cadle S H. Dry deposition to snowpacks[A]. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change [C]. Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1991. 21-66.
[48] Hogan A, Leggett D. Soil-to-snow movement of synthetic organic compounds in natural snowpack [A]. In: Tonnessen K A, Williams M W, Tranter M eds. Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments [C]. Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, 1995. 107-114.
[49] Gjessing Y T. The Filtering effect of snow[A]. In: Isotopes and Impurities in Snow and Ice[C]. Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, 1977. 199203.
[50] Colbeck S C. Snow metamorphism and classification[A]. In: Jones H G, Orville T W J,eds. Seasonal Snowcover: Physics, Chemistry, Hydrology [C]. Netherlands: ReidelDordrecht, 1987. 1-35.
[51] Granberg H B. Distribution of grain sizes and internal surface area and their role in snow chemistry in a sub-Arctic snow cover[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1985, 7: 149-152.
[52] Granli T, Bockman O C. Nitrous oxide from agriculture[J]. Norwegian Journal of Sgri Sciences, 1994, (Supp): 1224.
[53] Tranter M. Controls on the chemical composition of snowmelt[A]. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G, eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change [C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991. 241-270.
[54] Davis R E. Links between snowpack physics and snowpack chemistry[A]. In: Davies T D, Tranter M, Jones H G, eds. Seasonal Snowpacks, Processes of Compositional Change [C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991. 115-138.
[55] Psenner R, Nickus U. Snow chemistry of a glacier in the central Eastern Alps (Hintereisferner, Tyrol, Austria)[J]. Zeitschrift Fur Gletscherkunde Glazialgeol, 1986, 22: 1-18.
[56] Brooks P D, Williams M W, Schmidt S K. Inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics before and during spring snowmelt [J]. Biogeochemistry, 1997, 33: 1-15.
[57] Van Bochove E, Jones H G, Bertrand N, et al. Winter fluxes of greenhouse gases from snow-covered agricultural soil: Intra- and inter-annual variations[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2000, 14: 113-125.
[58] Bauer F. Microscopical observations on the red snow[J]. Science & Arts, 1819, 7: 222229.
[59] Yoshimura Y, Kohshima S, Ohtani S. A community of snow algae on a Himalayan glacier: Change of algal biomass and community structure with altitude[J]. Arctic Alpine Research, 1997, 29: 126-137.
[60] Margesin R, Schinner F. Properties of cold-adapted microorganisms and their potential role in biotechnology[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 1994, 33: 1-14.
[61] Brock T D. Life at high temperatures[J]. Science, 1967, 158: 1 012-1 019.
[62] Hoham R W. Unicellular chlorophytes snow algae [A]. In: Cox E R ed. Phytoflagellates [C]. New York: ElsevierNorth Holland, 1980. 61-84.
[63] Weiss R L. Fine structure of the snow alga (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and associated bacteria[J]. Journal of Phycology, 1983, 19: 200-204.
[64] Andreis C, Rodondi G. Ultrastructural aspects of cryoplankton[J]. Caryologia, 1979, 32: 119-120.
[65] Stein J R, Bisalputra T. Crystalline bodies in an algal chloroplast[J]. Canada Journal of Botany,1969, 47: 233-236.
[66] Bidigare R R, Ondrusek M E, Kennicutt M C, et al. Evidence for a photoprotective function for secondary carotenoids of snow algae[J]. Journal of Phycology, 1993, 29: 427-434.
[67] Thomas W H, Broady P A. Distribution of coloured snow and associated algal genera in New Zealand[J]. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1997, 35: 113-117.
[68] Hoham R W, Mullet J E, Roemer S C. The optimum pH of four strains of acidophilic snow algae in the genus Chloromonas (Chlorophyta) and possible effects of acid precipitation[J]. Journal of Phycology, 1983, 21: 603-609.
[69] Thaler K. Weitere Funde nivaler Spinnen (Aranei) in Nordtirol und Beifange[J]. Ber NatMed Verein Innsbruck, 1992, 79: 153-159.
[70] Edwards J S. Arthropods of alpine Aeolian ecosystems[J]. Annual Review of Entomology, 1987, 32: 163-179.
[71] Viramo J. Invertebrates active on snow in northern Finland[J]. Oulanka Reports, 1983, 3: 47-52.
[72] Merritt J F. Winter survivaladaptations of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) in an Appalachian montane forest[J]. Journal of Mammalogy, 1986, 67 (3): 450-464.
[73] Somme L. supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods[J]. Comparative Biochemical Physiology, 1989, 73A: 519-543.
[74] Fjellberg A. New species of the genus Isotoma Bourlet, 1839 from North America (Collembola: Isotomidae)[J]. Entomology Scandinavica, 1978, 9: 93-110.
[75] Pruitt W O. Snow and small mammals[A]. In: Merritt J F ed. Winter Ecology of Small Mammals[C]. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Publication, 1984. 1-8.
[76] 1Pernetta J C. Diets of the shrews Sorex araneus and Sorex minutus in Wytham grassland[J]. Journal of Animal Ecology, 1976, 45: 899-912.
[77] Zonov G B. Directions of ecological adaptations of birds and small mammals to winter conditions[J]. Soviet Journal of Ecology, 1982, 13 (5): 331-335.
[78] Aitchison C W. Low temperature and preferred feeding by winter-active Collembola (Insecta, Apterygota)[J]. Pedobiologia, 1983. 25: 27-36.
[79] Novikov G A. The use of under-snow refuges among small birds of the sparrow family[J]. Aquilo Series of Zoology, 1972, 13: 95-97.
[80] Merriam G, Wegner J, Caldwell D. Invertebrate activity under snow in deciduous woods[J]. Holarctic Ecology, 1983, 6: 89-94.
[81] Formosov A N. Snow cover as an integral factor of the environment and its importance in the ecology of mammals and birds[J]. Zoology, 1946, 5: 1-152.
[82] Swan L W. The ecology of the high Himalayas [J]. Scientific American, 1961, 205: 68-78.
[83] Mann D H, Edwards J S, Gara R I. Diel activity patterns in snowfield foraging invertebrates on Mt. Rainier, Washington[J]. Arctic Alpine Research, 1980, 12: 359-368.
[84] Collins K M. Aspects of the Biology of the Great Gray Owl Strix Nebulosa Forster[M]. Canada: Manitoba University Publication, 1980.
[85] Buchner C H. Populations and ecological relationships of shrews in tamarack bogs of southeastern Manitoba[J]. Journal of Mammalogy, 1964, 47: 181-194.
[86] Aitchison C. Review of winter trophic relations of soricine shrews[J]. Mammalogy Review, 1987, 17(1): 1-24.
[87] Molenaar J G. An ecohydrological approach to floral and vegetational patterns in arctic landscape ecology[J]. Arctic Alpine Research, 1987, 19: 414-424.
[88] Walker M D, Walker D A, Auerbach N A. Plant communities of a tussock tundra landscape in the Brooks Range foothills, Alaska[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1994, 5: 843-866.
[89] Heide O M. Flowering strategies of the high-arctic and high-alpine snow bed grass species Phippsia algida[J]. Physiology of Plant, 1992, 85: 606-610.
[90] Walker D A, Halfpenny J C, Walker M D, et al. Long-term studies of snow-vegetation interactions[J]. Biological Sciences, 1993, 43: 287-301.
[91] Pomeroy J W, Gray D M. Snowcover: Accumulation, Reolcation and Management[M]. Canada: Saskatoon, 1995.
[92] Scherf E J, Galen C, Stanton M L. Seed dispersal, seedling survival, and habitat affinity in a snowbed plant: Limits to the distribution of the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus[J]. Oikos, 1994, 69: 405-413.
[93] Rochow T F. Growth, caloric content, and sugars in Caltha leptosepala in relation to alpine snowmelt[J]. Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club, 1969, 96: 689-698.
[94] Mark A F, Bliss L C. The highalpine vegetation of central Otago, New Zealand[J]. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1970, 8: 381-451.
[95] Hadley E B, Bliss L C. Energy relationships of alpine plants on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1964, 34: 331-357.
[96] Caldwell M M. Solar ultraviolet radiation as an ecological factor for alpine plants[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1968, 38: 243-268.
[97] Bell K L. Autecology of Kobresia Bellardii: Why Winter Snow Accumulation Limits Local Distribution[M]. Edmonton: Alberta University Publication, 1974.
[98] Larcher W. Zür sptwinterlichen Erschwerung der Wasserbilaanz vol Holzpflanzen au der Waldgrenze, Ber[J]. NaturwissenMed. Ver Innsbruck, 1963, 53: 125-137.
[99] Oberbauer S F, Billings W D. Drought tolerance and water use by plants along an alpine topographic gradient[J]. Oecologia, 1981, 50: 325-331.
[100]Beyers J L. Physiological Ecology of Three Alpine Plant Species along a Snowbank Gradient in the Northern Sierra Nevada[M]. Durham, NC: Duke University Publication, 1983.
[101]Graumlich L J. Precipitation variation in the Pacific northwest (1675-1975) as reconstructed from tree rings[J]. Annuals of Association of American Geography, 1987, 77: 19-29.
[102]Bégin C. Analyse Architecturale et Dendroécologique d'une Pessière à Lichens à la Limite des Forêts[M]. Québec: Université Laval Publication, 1991.
[103]Laprise D, Payette S. évoution récente d'une tourbière à palses (Québec subarctique): une analyse cartographique et dendrochronologique[J]. Canada Journal of Botany, 1988, 66: 2 217-2 227.
[104] Jones P D, Raper S C B, Bradley R S, et al. Northern hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984[J]. Journal of American Meteorology Society, 1986, 25: 161-179.
[105] Payette S. Recent porcupine expansion at tree-line: A dendroecological analysis[J]. Canada Journal of Zoology, 1987, 65: 551-557.
[106] Payette S, Delwaide A. Variations séculaires du niveau d'eau dans le basin de la rivière Boniface (Québec nordique): Une analyse dendroécologique,Géographie[J]. Physics-Q, 1991, 45: 59-67.
[107] Bégin Y. Dynamique de la Végétation Riveraine du Lac à l'Eau-Claire, Québec Subarctique[M]. Québec: Laval Université Publication, 1986.

Options
Outlines

/