The Observation and Calculation Method of Soil Heat Flux and Its Impact on the Energy Balance Closure
Received date: 2013-03-27
Revised date: 2013-07-09
Online published: 2013-08-10
The soil heat flux is an important component of the surface energy balance equation,and the observation and calculation method of soil heat flux is of great significance. The surface soil heat flux was calculated and analyzed using the observation and calculation methods,including PlateCal,TDEC,HM,TCAV,ITCC based on the meteorological data of Guantao site in 2010. With the comparison of the results derived from these five methods,the optimal method is selected and used to obtain the land surface heat fluxes of Guantao site during 20082010,and the diurnal and seasonal variation characteristics are analyzed. The main conclusions are: ①PlateCal and TDEC are the optimal observation and calculation methods for obtaining land surface soil heat flux,respectively; while the results of HM,TCAV,and ITCC method are not satisfied. ②The PlateCal and TDEC methods are both sensitive to the surface soil temperature,however,the HM method is not sensitive to the surface soil temperature,and all the observation and calculation methods are sensitive to soil moisture. ③The surface soil heat flux showed a typical diurnal variations during winter wheat,corn and bare soil,and the seasonal variation is consistent with the trend of net radiation. ④When the soil heat storage was considered,the monthly surface energy balance closure ratio in 2010 could increase 4%~11%,and the annual energy balance closure ratio increased 3%~5% in the year of 20082010 at Guantao site.
Xu Ziwei , Liu Shaomin , Xu Tongren , Ding Chuang . The Observation and Calculation Method of Soil Heat Flux and Its Impact on the Energy Balance Closure[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2013 , 28(8) : 875 -889 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.08.0875
[1]Wilson K,Goldstein A,Falge E,et al. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113: 223-243.
[2]Li Zhengquan,Yu Guirui,Wen Xuefa,et al. Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites[J]. Science in China(Series D),2005,48(Suppl.Ⅱ): 51-62.[李正泉，于贵瑞，温学发，等. 中国通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价[J].中国科学:D辑，2004,34(增刊2)：46-56.]
[3]Foken T,Wimmer F,Mauder M,et al. Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6(12): 4 395-4 402.
[4]Oncley S,Foken T,Vogt R,et al. The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part I: Overview and energy balance[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2007,123(1): 1-28.
[5]Jacobs A,Heusinkveld B,Holtslag A. Towards closing the surface energy budget of a mid-latitude grassland[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2008,126(1): 125-136.
[6]Liu Ximing,Hu Fei,Jiang Jinhua,et al. Energy budget over the water-land heterogeneous surface in Baiyangdian region[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(6): 1 411-1 418.[刘熙明,胡非,姜金华,等. 白洋淀水陆不均匀地区能量平衡特征分析[J].大气科学，2008，32(6)：1 411-1 418.]
[7]Zuo Jinqing,Wang Jiemin,Huang Jianping,et al. Estimation of ground heat flux for a semi-arid grassland and its impact on the surface energy budget[J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(4): 840-848. [左金清，王介民，黄建平，等. 半干旱草地地表土壤热通量的计算及其对能量平衡的影响[J].高原气象， 2010，29(4)：840-848.]
[8]Heusinkveld B,Jacobs A,Holtslag A,et al. Surface energy balance closure in an arid region: Role of soil heat flux[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,122: 21-37.
[9]Liu H,Foken T. A modified Bowen ratio method to determine sensible and latent heat fluxes[J].Meteorologische Zeitschrift,2001,10(1): 71-80.
[10]Foken T. The energy balance closure problem: An overview[J].Ecological Applications,2008,18(6): 1 351-1 367.
[11]Panin G N,Tetzlaff G,Raabe A. Inhomogeneity of the land surface and problems in the parameterization of surface fluxes in natural conditions[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,1998,60(1): 163-178.
[12]Beyrich F,Foken T,Herzog H J. Editorial: The LITFASS-98 experiment[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2002,73(1): 1-2.
[13]Gao Z. Determination of soil heat flux in a Tibetan short-grass prairie[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2005,114(1): 165-178.
[14]Kanemasu E T,Verma S B,Smith E A,et al. Surface flux measurements in FIFE: An overview[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(D17): 18 547-18 555.
[15]Lee X,Black T A. Atmospheric turbulence within and above a douglas-fir stand. Part II: Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1993,64(4): 369-389.
[16]Turnipseed A A, Blanken P D,Anderson D E,et al. Energy budget above a high-elevation subalpine forest in complex topography[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,110(3): 177-201.
[17]Meyers T P,Hollinger S E. An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maize and soybean[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,125: 105-115.
[18]Oliphant A J, Grimmond C S, Zutter H N,et al. Heat storage and energy balance fluxes for a temperate deciduous forest[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,126: 185-201.
[19]Choudhury B J,Idso S B,Reginato R J. Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy balance equation[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1987,39: 283-297.
[20]Verhoef A,Hurk B J,Jacobs A F,et al. Thermal soil properties for vineyard (EFEDA-I) and savanna (HAPEX-Sahel) sites[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1996,78: 1-18.
[21]Idso S,Aase J,Jackson R. Net radiation—Soil heat flux relations as influenced by soil water content variations[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1975,9(1): 113-122.
[22]Liebethal C,Huwe B,Foken T. Sensitivity analysis for two ground heat flux calculation approaches[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,132: 253-262.
[23]Tanaka K,Ishikawa H,Hayashi T,et al. Surface energy budget at Amdo on the Tibetan plateau using GAME/Tibet IOP98 data[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2001,79(1B): 505-517.
[24]Ogée J,Lamaud E,Brunet Y,et al. A long-term study of soil heat flux under a forest canopy[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2001,106: 173-186.
[25]Mayocchi C L,Bristow K L. Soil surface heat flux: Some general questions and comments on measurements[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,75: 43-50.
[26]Campbell. TCAV Averaging Soil Thermocouple Probe Instruction Manual[Z]. 2006.
[27]Campbell. HFT3 Soil Heat Flux Plate.Instruction Manual[Z].2003.
[28]Loon W K,Bastings H M,Moors E J. Calibration of soil heat flux sensors[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,92: 1-8.
[29]Yu G,Wen X,Sun X,et al. Overview of ChinaFLUX and evaluation of its eddy covariance measurement[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,137: 125-137.
[30]Aubinet M,Grelle A,Ibrom A,et al. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology[J].Advances in Ecological Research,1999,30: 113-175.
[31]Yang K,Wang J. A temperature prediction-correction method for estimating surface soil heat flux from soil temperature and moisture data[J]. Science in China(Series D),2008,51(5): 721-729.
[32]Horton R,Wierenga P. Estimating the soil heat flux from observations of soil temperature near the surface[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1983,47(1): 14-20.
[33]Fan Xin’gang,Tang Maocang. A preliminary study on conductive and convective soil heat flux[J]. Plateau Meteorology,1994,13(1): 14-19.[范新岗，汤懋苍. 土壤传导——对流热通量计算的初步结果[J].高原气象，1994，13(1)：14-19.]
[34]Liu S M,Xu Z W,Zhu Z L,et al. Measurements of evapotranspiration from eddy-covariance systems and large aperture scintillometers in the Hai River Basin,China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2013,487: 24-38.
[35]Li Yi,Shao Ming’an. Latest advance of thermo-pulse method for measuring soil thermal properties[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(1): 134-139. [李毅，邵明安. 热脉冲法测定土壤热性质的研究进展[J].土壤学报，2005,42(1)：134-139.]
[36]Gao Z,Fan X,Bian L. An analytical solution to one-dimensional thermal conduction-convection in soil[J].Soil Science,2003,168(2): 99-107.
[37]Gao Z,Lenschow D H,Horton R,et al. Comparison of two soil temperature algorithms for a bare ground site on the Loess Plateau in China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113: D18105.
[38]Rubio E,Caselles V,Badenas C. Emissivity measurements of several soils and vegetation types in the 8~14 μm Wave band: Analysis of two field methods[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1997,59(3): 490-521.
[39]Jiménez-Muoz J C, Sobrino J A,Gillespie A,et al. Improved land surface emissivities over agricultural areas using ASTER NDVI[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,103(4): 474-487.
[40]Horton R,Wierenga P,Nielsen D. Evaluation of methods for determining the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil near the surface[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1983,47(1): 25-32.
[41]Cenis J. Temperature evaluation in solarized soils by Fourier analysis[J]. Phytopathology,1989,79(5): 506-510.
[42]Foken T. The energy balance closure problem: An overview[J]. Ecological Applications,2008,18(6): 1 351-1 367.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
