Management of Biobogical Diversity and Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed Beyond National Jurisdiction
Received date: 2004-10-18
Revised date: 2004-12-08
Online published: 2005-01-25
One of the most significant discoveries in marine science during the last century was the determination of biological diversity in the deep seabed. The current knowledge on biodiversity in deep seabed is limited, but has revealed that the mineral resources and the biodiversity co-exist in the same environment. Biological components and diversity may vary in the deep sea basin, the mid-ocean ridges and the seamounts where the polymetallic nodule, the hydrothermal polymetallic sulphide and the cobalt-rich crust have been found respectively. Because the current and foreseen human activities may cause harmful impacts on the environment, as well as the potential conflicts over the utilization of the genetic resources, management of biodiversity and genetic resources in deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction has drawn an increasing attention of the international community. While a new legal regime governing human activities in the said areas may be necessary, the dominating principle, either “high sea freedom” or “common heritage of mankind” is under debate. In spite of this, reaching an agreement on implementing relevant parts of conventions on the Law of the Sea and on Biological Diversity may offer a realistic solution. As creating an acceptable new treaty is time consuming, collaboration and coordination among inter and/or non governmental organizations is very important at current stage, in adopting the relevant principles, rules, regulations and procedures in the said conventions. A code of conduct, being developed and carried out in the international community of scientists is practical and may be used as foundation for the development of legal regime and management mechanism. While the International Seabed Authority itself has been playing an active role in managing biodiversity in deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction, all these concerns and efforts may inspire it to establish more strict rules on activities in prospecting and exploration for the polymetallic sulphide and cobalt-rich crust. In conclusion, the author has made some proposals on this issue for the policy-makers as well as the scientific community in China.
Key words： Deep sea; Biodiversity; Genetic resource; International Seabed Authority; Law of sea
JIN Jian-cai . Management of Biobogical Diversity and Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed Beyond National Jurisdiction[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2005 , 20(1) : 11 -018 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2005.01.0011
［1］Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/8/9/Add.3/Rev.1 Conservation and sustainable use of deep seabed genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction: Study of the relationship between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Revised note by the Executive Secretary of the Convention on the Biological Diversity. 20 February 2003.[《生物多样性公约》秘书处.保护和可持续利用国家管辖范围以外的深海底基因资源——关于《生物多样性公约》与《联合国海洋法公约》之间关系的研究.2003年2月20日.]
［2］United Nations: General Assembly’s Resolution A/RES/57/141: Oceans and the Law of the Sea, 21 February 2003, para.8, 56, 62.[联合国大会57/141决议, 2003年2月21日,第8、56、62段.]
［3］Untied Nations: A58/95,Report on the work of the United Nations Openended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, Letter dated 9 June 2003 from the Co-Chairpersons of the Consultative Process addressed to the President of the General Assembly, 26 June 2003, para. 20.[联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第4次会议工作报告 A58/95, 2003年6月26,第20段.]
［4］International Seabed Authority: ISBA/8/A/1, Summary presentations on polymetallic massive sulphide deposits and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, 9 May 2002.[国际海底管理局: 多金属块状硫化物矿床和富钴结壳概述, 2002年5月9日.]
［5］International Seabed Authority: Report of Authority’s Preparatory Meeting of Scientists held at its headquarters,11-13 March 2002
［6］Zhou Huaiyang. Interannual Variability of Deep Sea Ecosystem and Environmental Impact Assessment of Potential Seabed Mining-International cooperation proposal to investigate natural and spatial variability in deep ocean ecosystem. Presentation in the Workshop on Prospects for International Collaboration in Marine Environmental Research to Enhance Understanding of the Deep Sea Environment, 29 July to 2 August 2002.[周怀阳.国际海底管理局深海环境研究合作前景研讨会报告.2002年7月29至8月2日.]
［7］International Seabed Authority: Seabed Authority Workshop Maps Project to Model Polymetallic Deposits in North Pacific,May 2003, page 17, also Smith Craig R: Presentation and discussion in the Workshop on the Establishment of a Geological Model of the Polymetallic Nodules in the ClarionClipperton Zone.[国际海底管理局多金属结核地质模型研讨会小结, 2003年5月,第17页.]
［8］Report from the InterRidge Workshop: Management and Conservation of Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems held at Sidney (Victoria), B.C, Canada, 28-30 September 2000. page 2.
［9］International Seabed Authority: Polymetallic Sulphide, 2003.[国际海底管理局资料:多金属硫化物, 2003.]
［10］International Seabed Authority: ISBA/8/A/1 Summery presentations on polymetallic massive sulphide deposits and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, 9 May 2002.[国际海底管理局.ISBA/8/A/1多金属块状硫化物矿床和富钴铁锰结壳概述, 2002年5月.]
［11］International Seabed Authority. ISBA/7/C/2 Consideration relating to the regulation for prospecting and exploration for hydrothermal polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area, 29 May 2001, para.8.[国际海底管理局. ISBA/7/C/2有关“区域”多金属硫化物和富钴结壳探矿和勘探规章的审议工作,2001年5月,第8段.]
［12］United Nations. A/58/65 Report of Secretay-General: Ocean and the Law of the Sea, 3 March 2003, para.195.[联合国 A/58/65联合国秘书长有关海洋和海洋法问题的报告第195段, 2003年3月.]
［13］United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Article 192, para.5 of Article 194 and Article 197.[《联合国海洋法公约》第192条、第194条第(5)款和第197条.]
［14］Convention on Biological Diversity: Articles 7(c) and 8(1).[《生物多样性公约》第7条(c)款和第8条(l)款.]
［15］Convention on Biological Diversity: Article 4.[《生物多样性公约》第4条.]
［16］International Seabed Authority: ISBA/7/C/2 Consideration relating to the regulation for prospecting and exploration for hydrothermal polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area, 29 May 2001, para. 6 and 7.[国际海底管理局: ISBA/7/C/2有关“区域”多金属硫化物和富钴结壳探矿和勘探规章的审议工作第6、7段, 2001年5月.]
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