Received date: 2009-09-11
Revised date: 2010-04-24
Online published: 2010-10-10
Cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus dominates the prokaryotic component of the picophytoplankton in the oceans, contributing to a significant portion of total marine primary production. Cyanophage accounts for a significant Synechococcus mortality, and cyanophage lysis thus plays an important role in global carbon biogeochemical cycling. On the basis of the summarization of characterization of cyanophages including the hosts, phage families and lifestyles, this review described and discussed the methods, cyanophages distribution, genetic diversity and interaction with hosts. The comparison of different gene markers which was widely used in cyanophage ecology was also presented. Finally we gave general outlook for the study of cyanophages, aiming to offer some references for the study of ecology of cyanophages and marine carbon cycling in the future.
Key words: Cyanophage; Genetic diversity; g20 gene; DNA polymerase gene
Cai Haiyuan, Jiao Nianzhi . Recent Progress in Cyanophage[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2010 , 25(10) : 1031 -1039 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2010.10.1031
[1] Suttle C A. Viruses in the sea[J]. Nature, 2005, 437: 356-361.
[2] Suttle C A. Marine viruses-major players in the global ecosystem[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2007, 5: 801-812.
[3] Fuhrman J A, Noble R T. Viruses and protists cause similar bacterial mortality in coastal seawater[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1995, 40: 1 236-1 242.
[4] Hennes K P, Simon M. Significance of bacteriophages for controlling bacterioplankton growth in a mesotrophic lake[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1995, 61: 333-340.
[5] Weinbauer M G, Peduzzi P. Effect of virus-rich high molecular weight concentrates of seawater on the dynamics of dissolved amino acids and carbohydrates[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1995, 127: 245-253.
[6] Steward G F, Smith D C, Azam F. Abundance and production of bacteria and viruses in the Bering and Chukchi seas[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1996, 131: 287-300.
[7] Fuhrman J A. Marine viruses and their biogeochemical and ecological effects[J].Nature,1999, 399: 541-547.
[8] Wommack K E, Colwell R R. Virioplankton: Viruses in aquatic ecosystems[J].Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2000, 64: 69-114.
[9] Wilhelm S W, Suttle C A. Viruses and nutrient cycles in the sea: Viruses play critical roles in the structure and function of aquatic food webs[J]. Bioscience, 1999, 49: 781-788.
[10] Hedges J I. Why dissolved organics matter?[C]//Hansell D A, Carlson C A, eds. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter.New York: Academic Press,2002:1-33.
[11] Evans C, Susanne V K, Louise J D, et al. The relative significance of viral lysis and microzooplankton grazing as pathways of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) cleavage: An Emiliania huxleyi culture study [J].Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, 52: 1 036-1 045.
[12] Poorvin L, Rinta-Kanto J M, Hutchins D A,et al.Viral release of iron and its bioavailability to marine plankton[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2004, 49:1 734-1 741.
[13] Waterbury J B, Watson S W, Valois F W, et al. Biological and ecological characterization of the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus[C]//Platt T, Li W K W, eds. Photosynthetic Picoplankton. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Toronto,1986.
[14] Li W K W. Primary production of prochlorophytes, cyanobacteria, and eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton: Measurements from flow cytometric sorting[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1994, 39: 169-175.
[15] Suttle C A, Chan A M. Marine cyanophages infecting oceanic and coastal strains of Synechococcus: Abundance, morphology, cross-reactivity and growth characteristics[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series,1993, 92: 99-109.
[16] Waterbury J B, Valois F W. Resistance to co-occurring phages enables marine Synechococcus communities to coexist with cyanophages abundant in seawater[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993, 59: 3 393-3 399.
[17] Wilson W H, Joint I R, Carr N G, et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of five marine cyanophages propagated on Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1993, 59: 3 736-3 742.
[18] Lu J, Chen F, Hodson R E. Distribution, isolation, host specificity, and diversity of cyanophages infecting marine Synechococcus sp. in the Georgia river estuaries[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2001, 67: 3 285-3 290.
[19] Herdman M, Castenholz R E, Iteman I, et al. 2001 Subsection I (Formerly Chroococcales wettstein 1924, emend. Rippka, deruelles, waterbury, Herdman and Stanier 1979)[C]//Boone D R, Castenholz R W, Garrity G M, eds. Bergey′s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2nd). New Yerk: Springer Publishers,1979:493-514.
[20] Crosbie N D, Pckl M, Weisse T. Dispersal and phylogenetic diversity of nonmarine picocyanobacteria, inferred from 16S rRNA gene and cpcBA intergenic spacer sequence analyses[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003, 69: 5 716-5 721.
[21] Ernst A, Becker S, Wollenzien U I, et al. Ecosystem-dependent adaptive radiations of picocyanobacteria inferred from 16S rRNA and ITS-1 sequence analysis[J].Microbiology,2003, 149: 217-228.
[22] Everroad R C, Wood A M. Comparative molecular evolution of newly discovered picocyanobacterial strains reveals a phylogeneticaly informative variable region of β-Phycoerythrin[J].Journal of Phycology,2006, 42:1 300-1 311.
[23] Urbach E, Scanlan D J, Distel D L, et al. Rapid diversification of marine picophytoplankton with dissimilar light harvesting structures inferred from sequences of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) [J].Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1998, 46:188-201.
[24] Ferris M J, Palenik B. Niche adaptation in ocean cyanobacteria[J].Nature,1998, 396: 226-228.
[25] Palenik B. Chromatic adaptation in marine Synechococcus strains[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2001, 65: 5 247-5 251.
[26] Rocap G, Distel D L, Waterbury J B, et al. Resolution of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus ecotypes by using 16S-23S ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2002, 68: 1 180-1 191.
[27] Cai H Y, Wang K, Huang S J, et al. Distinct patterns of picocyanobacterial communities in winter and summer in the Chesapeake bay[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2010, 76:2 955-2 960.
[28] Sullivan M B, Waterbury J B, Chisholm S W. Cyanophages infecting the oceanic cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus[J]. Nature, 2003, 424: 1 047-1 051.
[29] Chen F, Lu J R. Genomic sequence and evolution of marine cyanophage P60: A new insight on lytic and lysogenic phages [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2002, 68: 2 589-2 594.
[30] Stewart F M, Levin B R. The population biology of bacterial viruses: Why be temperate[J].Theoretical Population Biology, 1984,26:93-117.
[31] McDaniel L, Houchin L A, Williamson S J,et al. Lysogeny in marine Synechococcus[J]. Nature,2002, 415: 496.
[32] Wilson W H, Carr N G, Mann N H. The effect of phosphate status on the kinetics of cyanophage infection in the oceanic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH 7803[J].Journal of Phycology,1996, 32: 506-516.
[33] Wilson W H, Turner S, Mann N H. Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in phosphatelimited mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production[J].Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,1998, 46: 49-59.
[34] Jiang S, Fu W, Fuhrman J A.The vertical distribution and diversity of marine bacteriophages at a station off southern California[J].Microbial Ecology,2003, 45:399-410.
[35] Larsen A, Fonnes G A, Sandaa R A, et al. Spring phytoplankton bloom in Norwegian coastal waters: Microbial community dynamics, succession and diversity[J]. Limnology and Oceanography,2004, 49:180-190.
[36] Vreäs L, Bourne D, Sandaa R A, et al. Response of bacterial and viral communities to nutrient manipulations in seawater mesocosms[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2003, 31:109-121.
[37] Paul J H, Sullivan M B, Segall A M,et al. Marine phage genomics[J].Biochemistry Molecular Biology,2002, 133: 463-476.
[38] Rohwer F, Edwards R. The phage proteomic tree: A genome-based taxonomy for phage[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2002, 184: 4 529-4 535.
[39] Hsiao C L, Black L W. Head morphogenesis of bacteriophage T4. III. The role of g20 in DNA packaging [J]. Virology,1978, 91: 26-38.
[40] Coombs D, Eiserling F A. Studies on the structure protein composition and assembly of the neck of bacteriophage T4[J]. Journal of Molecular Biology,1977, 116: 375-407.
[41] Breitbart M, Salamon P, Andresen B, et al. Genomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,2002,99: 14 250-14 255.
[42] Breitbart M, Felts B, Kelley S, et al. Diversity and population structure of a near-shore marine-sediment viral community[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,2004,271: 565-574.
[43] DeLong E F, Preston C M, Mincer T, et al. Community genomics among stratified microbial assemblages in the ocean's interior [J].Science,2006, 311: 496-503.
[44] Frias-Lopez J, Shi Y M, Tyson G W, et al. Microbial community gene expression in ocean surface waters[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2008, 105:3 805-3 810.
[45] Dorigo U, Jacquet S, Humbert J F. Cyanophage diversity, inferred from g20 gene analyses, in the largest natural lake in France, lake Bourget[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2004, 70: 1 017-1 022.
[46] Wilhelm S W, Carberry M J, Eldridge M L, et al. Marine and freshwater cyanophages in a Laurentian great lake: Evidence from infectivity assays and molecular analyses of g20 genes[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006, 72: 4 957-4 963.
[47] Marston M F, Sallee J L. Genetic diversity and temporal variation in the cyanophage community infecting marine Synechococcus species in Rhode island′s coastal waters[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003, 69: 4 639-4 647.
[48] Sandaa R A, Larsen A. Seasonal variations in virus-host populations in Norwegian coastal waters: Focusing on the cyanophage community infecting marine Synechococcus spp[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006, 72: 4 610-4 618.
[49] Suttle C A, Chan A M. Dynamics and distribution of cyanophages and their effect on marine Synechococcus spp[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994,60: 3 167-3 174.
[50] Suttle C A. Cyanophages and their role in the ecology of cyanobacteria[C]//Whitton B A, Potts M, eds. The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space.The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000:563-589.
[51] Frederickson C M, Short S M, Suttle C A. The physical environment affects cyanophage communities in British Columbia inlets [J].Microbial Ecology,2003, 46: 348-357.
[52] Proctor L M, Fuhrman J A. Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria[J].Nature, 1990, 343: 60-62.
[53] Garza D R, Suttle C A. The effect of cyanophages on the mortality of Synechococcus spp. and selection for UV resistant viral communities[J].Microbial Ecology, 1998, 36: 281.
[54] Wilson W H, Fuller N J, Joint I R,et al. Analysis of cyanophage diversity and population structure in a southnorth transect of the Atlantic ocean[J].Bulletin De L′institut Oceanographique (Monaco),1999,19: 209-216.
[55] Zhong Y, Chen F, Wilhelm S W,et al. Phylogenetic diversity of marine cyanophages isolates and natural virus communities as revealed by sequences of viral capsid assembly protein gene g20[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2002, 68:1576-1584.[56] Wilson W H, Nicholas J F, Joint I R, et al. Analysis of cyanophage diversity in the marine environment using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis[C]//Bell C R, Brylinsky M, Johnson-Green P, eds. Microbial Biosystems: New Frontier. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology Halifax. Canada,2000:565-510.
[57] Wang K, Chen F. Genetic diversity and population dynamics of cyanophage communities in the Chesapeake bay[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2004, 34: 105-116.
[58] Mühling M, Fuller N J, Millard A, et al. Genetic diversity of marine Synechococcus and co-occurring cyanophage communities: Evidence for viral control of phytoplankton[J].Environmental Microbiology,2005, 7: 499-508.
[59] Fuller N J, Wilson W H, Joint I R, et al. Occurrence of a sequence in marine cyanophages similar to that of T4 g20 and its application to PCR based detection and quantification techniques[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1998,64:2 051-2060.
[60] Short C M, Suttle C A. Nearly identical bacteriophage structural gene sequences are widely distributed in both marine and freshwater environments[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005, 71: 480-486.
[61] Wilhelm S W, Carberry M J, Eldridge M L, et al. Marine and freshwater cyanophages in a Laurentian great lake: Evidence from infectivity assays and molecular analyses of g20 genes[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006, 72: 4 957-4 963.
[62] Wang K, Chen F. Prevalence of highly host-specific cyanophages in the estuarine environment[J].Environmental Microbiology, 2008, 10(2): 300-312.
[63] Sullivan M B, Coleman M L, Quinlivan M, et al. Portal protein diversity and phage ecology[J].Environmental Microbiology, 2008, 10(10):2 810-2 823.
[64] Stoddard L I, Martiny J B, Marston M F. Selection and characterization of cyanophage resistance in marine Synechococcus strains[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2007, 73: 5 516-5 522.
[65] Marusich E I, Mesyanzhinov V V. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of bacteriophage T4 gene 20 [J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 1989, 17: 7 514.
[66] Bench S R, Hanson T E, Williamson K E, et al. Metagenomic characterization of Chesapeake bay virioplankton[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007, 73:7 629-7 641.
[67] Sullivan M B, Coleman M L, Weigele P, et al. Three Prochlorococcus cyanophage genomes: Signature features and ecological interpretations[J].PLoS Biology, 2005, 3:790-806.
[68] Pope W H, Weigele P R, Chang J, et al. Genome sequence, structural proteins, and capsid organization of the cyanophage Syn5: A “horned” bacteriophage of marine Synechococcus[J].Journal of Molecular Biology, 2007, 368: 966-981.
[69] Scholl D, Merril C. The genome of bacteriophage K1F, a T7-like phage that has acquired the ability to replicate on K1 strains of Escherichia coli[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2005, 187: 8 499-8 503.
[70] Molineux I J. The T7 group[C]//The Bacteriophages. Calendar R, ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press UK,2006:277-301.
[71] Scholl D, Kieleczawa J, Kemp P, et al. Genomic analysis of bacteriophages SP6 and K1-5, an estranged subgroup of the T7 supergroup[J].Journal of Molecular Biology, 2004, 335: 1 151-1 171.
[72] Ceyssens P J, Lavigne R, Mattheus W, et al. Genomic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages LKD16 and LKA1: Establishment of the {phi}KMV subgroup within the T7 Supergroup[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2006, 188: 6 924-6 931.
[73] Chen F, Wang K, Bachoon D S, et al. Phylogenetic diversity of Synechococcus in the Chesapeake bay revealed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) large subunit gene (rbcL) sequences[J].Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2004, 36: 153-164.
/
〈 |
|
〉 |