Abstract：The ongoing public health challenges posed by climate change cannot be ignored. Monitoring and early warning of pathogenic microorganisms and infectious diseases is a key precondition for preventing large-scale public health crisis and biosecurity risks. However, insufficient research and attention have been paid to the monitoring and early warning of pathogenic microorganism spread due to climate and environmental change, especially for the health threats caused by airborne pathogenic microorganisms. By analyzing the necessity and foresight of monitoring and early warning of pathogenic microorganisms, the key scientific problems in the field of monitoring and early warning of pathogenic microorganisms and infectious diseases are summarized, and the research basis and conditions of monitoring and early warning methods and applications of infectious diseases are sorted out. It includes the impact of climate change on pathogenic microorganisms in the atmosphere, the monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms in the atmosphere, and the prediction model and system of infectious diseases. The urgent need to strengthen the basic research on the formation, source analysis, environmental evolution and transmission mechanism of atmospheric pathogenic microorganisms in the future is discussed in this paper. The research and development of high-precision real-time monitoring technology for pathogenic microorganisms in the atmosphere should be accelerated, and national and provincial pathogenic microorganisms and infectious disease monitoring networks should be established through multi-departmental cooperation. Multiple dimensions such as artificial intelligence, big data and genomics should be used as entry points to enhance data collection and sharing. Priority should be given to the development of prediction and early warning of infectious diseases to provide scientific and technological support for infectious disease monitoring and early warning and biosecurity risk prevention under the climate crisis.