Understanding the composition and formation conditions of regional airborne pollen is essential for elucidating the environmental significance of different pollen assemblages. A Burkard pollen trap was utilized to monitor airborne pollen on the northern slope of Mount Qomolangma over two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). Utilizing backward air mass trajectory analysis and source receptor models, this study delved into the pathways and potential sources of Alnus pollen, the predominant component during autumn. The analysis also explored the relationships between Alnus pollen, plant distribution, atmospheric circulation, and its environmental implications. The study yielded three main findings: Firstly, the predominant air mass transport pathway during the Alnus pollen season originated predominantly from the southwest of the sampling site. Secondly, the potential source area of Alnus pollen was primarily situated in the middle Himalayan region, encompassing central, eastern, and southern Nepal Tibet, largely aligning with the principal air mass transport pathway. Thirdly, interannual variations in Alnus pollen quantity, transport pathways, and potential source areas may be linked to atmospheric circulation patterns. Specifically, the southwest air mass, influenced by the upper westerlies, exhibited a more pronounced impact on Alnus pollen dispersion. These findings offer foundational insights into the climatic significance of exotic pollen on the northern slope of Mount Qomolangma.