The Sumatera Basin Group is a typical back-arc basin in Southeast Asia and is the largest oil and gas enrichment area in Indonesia. In the past five years, it has been found that the new oil and gas reserves are on the rise, and the amount of resources to be discovered is large, which has great exploration potential. This study systematically sorts out the hydrocarbon exploration history, main oil and gas resource distribution, and basin tectonic evolution characteristics of the Sumatra Basin group and analyzes the differences in oil and gas distribution and its main controlling factors in the back-arc basin of Sumatra. The uneven distribution patterns of oil and gas were mainly controlled by the differential distribution of source rocks during the fault depression period. The three-stage tectonic evolution during the fault depression period controlled the distribution of sedimentary facies in different types of sedimentary environments, which in turn affected the distribution of the main source rocks. Secondly, crustal tension thinning and magmatism promoted the formation of high heat flow values in the shallow layer of the back-arc area, which accelerated the pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon source rocks. Combined with the oil and gas exploration history of the back-arc basin group in Sumatra and the amount of oil and gas resources to be discovered, it is considered that deep-water areas, such as the Andaman III PSC block in the northern part of the Sumatra Basin, the new strata of the basement buried hill under the source of the South Sumatra Basin, and the low exploration degree areas on land in the Central Sumatra Basin are new areas for the next mature basin exploration.