Watershed geomorphology and river network structure controlled by tectonic frameworks, regional climate, vegetation, and biological factors are the combined results of the long-term internal and external forces of the Earth. Owing to the different tectonic, lithological, and climatic conditions in various regions, different watersheds have different geomorphic and river network structural characteristics that influence hydrological response mechanisms. In this study, the characteristic parameters for a quantitative description of the watershed geomorphic system and river network morphology are presented, and the impacts of tectonics, lithology, climate, and other factors on watershed geomorphology and river network structures are reviewed. Based on this, it is emphasized that reproducing the evolution of watershed geomorphology and quantifying its main controlling factors is the main problem. Subsequently, the birth, development, and application of the geomorphic evolution model are expounded. Finally, it is suggested that the main future development direction should involve combining traditional geomorphological research methods and geomorphic evolution models to study the influencing mechanisms of watershed geomorphology and river network structure.