Continental subduction belts are usually formed following the development of oceanic subduction; therefore, information on oceanic and continental subduction should be recorded in continental orogens. The Dabie Orogen records the Triassic continent-continent collision between the South China Block and North China Block, but shows little evidence of oceanic subduction. Based on the speculation that rocks related to oceanic subduction may have been covered at the bottom of the Hefei Basin or migrated to the deep mantle during continental subduction, this study conducted detailed zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotope analyses for basalt and diabase samples from the central Hefei Basin. The results show that both the diabase from Dashushan and the basalt from Xiaoshushan have late Paleozoic zircon ages, with weighted average ages of 338 Ma and 270 Ma and 349 Ma and 273 Ma, respectively, while the diabase from Jimingshan mainly has Early Cretaceous zircon age. The zircon ages in these mafic igneous rocks are characterized by a continuous distribution from the Paleoproterozoic to the Cretaceous. The two smallest ages indicate the time of Cenozoic mafic magmatism, and the other zircons originate from the recycling of ancient rocks. Based on the comprehensive analysis of zircon preservation under high-temperature conditions and their source, it can be concluded that the Late Paleozoic zircon in the Cenozoic mafic igneous rocks of the Hefei Basin originated from magmatic rocks formed by the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. During the Triassic continent-continent subduction, the Paleozoic magmatic rocks were partly transported to the mantle depth and then partially melted with the mantle during the subduction of the Cenozoic Pacific plate to form Cenozoic mafic igneous rocks. This provides direct evidence of the occurrence of late Paleozoic oceanic subduction in the Dabie Orogen.