Underwater cultural heritage is closely related to the development of history, art, economy, and science. Buried shipwrecks are an important type of underwater cultural heritage that must be considered in the future exploration of underwater cultural relic sites in China. Marine geophysical methods play an important role in the exploration of these sites. Based on research on the application of marine geophysical acoustic detection methods in buried shipwrecks, the characteristics of reflection coefficient and polarity change between buried shipwrecks and the surrounding environment was analyzed, and the application and progress of marine geophysical acoustic detection in the identification of buried shipwrecks, degradation degree evaluation of buried shipwrecks, and 3D reconstruction of buried shipwrecks remains was discussed. The detection and research of buried shipwrecks in China needs to be strengthened in terms of controllable experimental simulation, fine data processing, and interdisciplinary comprehensive research to satisfactorily detect buried shipwrecks.