Under the impact of climate disasters， social changes and economic development， the rural livelihood system is facing many uncertainties， which hinder the process of rural construction in China. Therefore， how to improve the resilience of rural livelihood and how to maintain the stability of rural livelihood system has gradually become a brandnew research focus.Since livelihood resilience research is an effective tool to achieve sustainable development， using three dimensions of resilience-capacity for responding， self-organization degree and renewal ability to construct the evaluation indicator system of rural livelihood resilience.Set Pair Analysis method （SPA） is used to assess the Rural Livelihood Resilience Index （RLRI） of Hubei Province and regression analysis method is used to explore the influence mechanism.The result shows that： ①From the year 1990 to 2004， RLRI of Hubei kept rising， with an average annual growth rate of 11.91%， which was the result of the joint effect of capacity for responding， self-organization degree and renewal ability. From 2005 to 2017， RLRI was mainly affected by self-organization degree and less influenced by renewal ability.It showed a steady upward trend， and slowed down after 2015. In general， the RLRI kept rising， suggesting the increasing self-regulation ability of the system. According to the index， three stages of livelihood resilience are as follows： 1990-1998 is the weak stage； 1999-2008 is the medium stage； 2009-2017 is the strong stage. ② From regression analysis， the five influencing factors of per capita output value （ec1）， food safety support of rural families （hs2）， school age children's enrollment rate （se1）， popularization level of higher education （se2）， and agricultural mechanization level （am1） have significant and positive influences on rural livelihood resilience （E）. According to the regression results， the corresponding policy implicationsare given from five aspects of improving rural social output value， promoting diversified consumption of rural families， developing basic education， popularizing higher education and promoting agricultural modernization to improve rural livelihood resilience.