The challenge is put forward to scientific hydrology by the advancement of water sciences, that is, how to carry out the multidisciplinary, integrated and cooperative researches on hydrological processes in the basin, regional and global scales, in order to better understand the role of water playing in the changes of natural resources and environment of the Earth, and to understand the hydrosphere and its interactions with atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It has yet to be understood that how are the changes and transformation of the water cycle and water balance components in an inland river basin, what are the interactions of water cycle, ecosystems and environment, and how are the response and feedback of the changes to global change and human activities. The water cycle in an inland river basin characterize the runoff generation region of the mountains at the upper stream, the artificial oases region of water resources exploitation and utilization at the middle stream and the natural desert oases region of runoff dissipating at the down stream. The mountain hydrological processes are discusses from energy and water fluxes, ecology and biogeochemistry, the interactions of hydrology and ecosystems are discussed from ecohydrology, scaling, threshold and feedback, and the hydrological processes in the ground water soil vegetation zone are discussed from the newly put forward concept of critical zone abroad. The basic frame is put forward to carry out the field measurement, experiment and studies of hydrological processes in a typical inland river basin.