Environmental problems and natural resources are two hot topics of earth sciences. The new satellite-and airgun geophysical observation techniques developed in the late twentieth century make it possible to monitor the real time structure, state, and dynamic processes of the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and their further interactions with the biosphere. This has been regarded as a revolutionary advance in the systematic Earth sciences. This paper systematically introduces the objectives of our proposed “Underground Bright Lump” project. This project aims to construct new three-dimensional structures of the Earth's interior in different scales. This will shed new light on our knowledge of both the Earth's interior processes (including continental dynamics) and the structure and state of the lithosphere (including the mineral resources and geological hazards).