Abstract：Drought stress affects plant stomatal behavior through the dual pathways of soil and atmosphere. An essential physiological parameter for plants' adaptation to drought stress is stomatal conductance, which is regulated by both internal plant mechanisms and external environmental factors. Based on the analysis of domestic and international studies, the development and application of stomatal conductance models under drought stress scenarios are reviewed, including Jarvis-type empirical models, Ball-Berry-type semi-empirical models, and two types of mechanistic models based on stomatal hydraulics theory and optimization theory, with in-depth analyses of their respective strengths and shortcomings. Despite being straightforward and practical, the empirical and semi-empirical models of stomatal conductance nevertheless have a weak theoretical foundation and are unable to adequately explain biophysical mechanisms. Mechanistic models, on the other hand, have greater biophysical explanatory power and adaptability and, despite their complexity, can clarify the inherent patterns of stomatal behaviors under drought stress. This makes them a universal prediction framework for simulating stomatal conductance in plants under intricate drought scenarios. Even if there are numerous obstacles in the way of creating mechanistic models of stomatal conductance, more research in this area is still crucial. In addition, the development of emerging technologies such as machine learning and stable isotopes has also provided new avenues for model improvement, and these models have not only broadened the theoretical boundaries of the models, but also improved the simulation ability of stomatal conductance in plants under drought stress to a certain extent.We concluded by outlining our prognosis and recommendations for future research directions, emphasizing the necessity to incorporate cutting-edge technology and expand mechanistic knowledge in order to create robust and high-precision mechanistic stomatal conductance models. This will offer a stronger theoretical foundation and methodological point of reference for a more thorough comprehension of how to optimize transpiration, photosynthesis, and stomatal regulation in drought-stressed plants.