海相沉积型磷块岩及富稀土深海沉积物（统称海相沉积磷灰石相关稀土资源）因分布广、储量大和重稀土富集，被认为是继碱性岩型与离子吸附型稀土之后的重要接替性资源。该类矿床产业化开发需以深入认知其资源禀赋及成矿机制为前提，基于此，梳理了近15 年研究进展，聚焦该类矿床的全球分布、开采技术、稀土赋存及富集机制。研究表明，全球已发现多处具经济价值的矿化区，资源潜力巨大，但受制于开采技术，商业化开采尚难实现。在成矿机理上，该类资源整体受控于“磷—稀土”耦合机制，矿物—溶液界面反应与早期成岩作用是稀土富集的关键，其中磷块岩型主要依赖胶磷矿吸收与黏土矿物吸附固定来自陆源、海水或热液的稀土，而深海沉积型则通过生物磷灰石骨架类质同像置换直接捕获海水中的稀土。这些认识为稀土成矿理论完善和未来开发奠定了基础，但研究仍处早期阶段，系统性和深度不足，未来亟须多学科多技术协同攻关，重点突破储量精确评估、开采技术研发及成矿理论完善。

Abstract： Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are one of the most critical strategic resources in the world today. However, the intensive exploitation and supply of conventional rare metal deposits—primarily those associated with alkaline igneous rocks and ion-adsorption clays, have led to mounting challenges for the rare earth industry, including declining resource security and increasing environmental pressure. This situation underscores the urgent need to seek alternative rare earth resources. Sedimentary phosphate rocks and deep sea REY-rich sediments have emerged as promising alternatives. They are widely distributed, possess large reserves, and are enriched in heavy rare earth elements. In recent years, considerable research have focused on the REY resource potential and mineralization mechanism of these two deposits. They found that there are several economically valuable the mineral concentrated area, distributing globally. Several studies have established mining and utilization models and developed REY extraction strategies. In terms of the ore formation mechanism, current knowledge suggests that the enrichment of REY in deep-sea sediments and phosphorus deposits is closely tied to phosphorus-enrichment, although these deposits have certain differences in terms of occurrence form, mineralization environment, and rare earth source, etc. Sorption at mineral-solution interface along with early diagenesis, are considered as the key processes to REY enrichment. However, Most of these studies were published in the past 15 years, and their systematicness and depth still fall short. For example, despite their potential, commercial development remains constrained by technical, environmental, and economic challenges— including mining equipment limitations, ecological risks, and uncertain market revenues. As a result, large-scale industrial extraction from deep-sea sediments has yet to be realized. Additionally, REY enrichment mechanisms is poorly understood. In the future, multidisciplinary collaboration will be essential. Collaborative research involving multiple disciplines and multiple technical methods will enable more precise estimation of resource reserves and contribute to the metallogenic enrichment theories. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the understanding of the rare earth resource replacement potential and offers perspectives for future research directions in this field.