收稿日期: 2019-07-01
修回日期: 2019-09-15
网络出版日期: 2019-12-05
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目“风电场;环境影响评价研究”(2018YFB1502800);国家自然科学基金项目“大型风电场引起的局地气候效应研究”(41575112)
Progress in the Research on the Impact of Wind Farms on Climate and Environment
Received date: 2019-07-01
Revised date: 2019-09-15
Online published: 2019-12-05
Supported by
the National Key Research and Development Plan "Study on eco-climate effects and environmental impact assessment of wind and solar farms"(2018YFB1502800);The National Natural Science Foundation of China "Study on local climate effects caused by large wind farms"(41575112)
风电是发展最快的可再生能源之一，随着风能在全球范围内大规模发展，人们开始关注大规模风电场的部署及运行对生态环境和气候的影响。通过调研相关文献，总结归纳了风电场对气候和生态环境的影响：一方面风机的架设改变了原有空气动力学粗糙度高度，加强了下垫面对湍流的阻挡作用，直接影响边界层湍流运动，改变原有陆地表面和近地层大气之间的物质能量和水分交换的强弱程度和模式，影响大气环流和气候；另一方面由于风力涡轮机将一部分风动能转化为电能，产生风机尾流效应，改变了边界层中大尺度运动动能的收支模式与时空分布，导致大气各种通量（热量通量和水汽通量等）的变化，对温度、降水和风速等产生影响。通常情况下，风电场对近地面的增温或降温效应与大气的层结稳定性有关。尽管如此，在全球气候模式中的模拟结果表明，风电场对全球气候的平均影响很小，其影响远远小于温室气体排放引起的预期变化和自然气候的年际变化。风电几乎不排放二氧化碳和污染物，与其他传统能源相比，减少水资源消耗，同时可能破坏动物栖息地、鸟类碰撞和产生噪声视觉等一些消极生态影响，但是可以采取相应的一些措施来减缓这些不良影响。
蒋俊霞 , 杨丽薇 , 李振朝 , 高晓清 . 风电场对气候环境的影响研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019 , 34(10) : 1038 -1049 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.10.1038
Wind power has become one of the fastest growing renewable energy. With the large-scale deployment of wind farms in the world, people have started to pay attention to the impact of wind farms on the ecological environment and climate. This paper summarized the impact of wind farms on climate and ecological environment by investigating relevant literature: In the areas of wind farms, on the one hand, the set-up of wind turbines changes original aerodynamic roughness height and strengthens the dragging of the land surface against turbulence, directly affecting the turbulent motion of the boundary layer, resulting in the changes of intensity and pattern of material energy and water vapor exchange between land surface and near-surface atmosphere, further affecting the atmospheric circulation and climate. On the other hand, wind turbines convert the majority of the wind kinetic energy into electric energy, which produces the wake effect of the wind turbine. The budget patterns and spatial and temporal distribution of large-scale kinetic energy in the boundary layer are changed correspondingly, generating changes in various fluxes (heat flux, water vapor flux, etc.) in the atmosphere, which affect temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Generally, the warming or cooling effect of wind farms on the near-surface is related to the stability of atmosphere. However, simulations in the global climate model showed that the average impact of wind farms on global climate is small, much smaller than the expected changes in greenhouse gas emissions and the interannual changes in natural climate.Wind power emits almost no carbon dioxide and pollutants. Compared with other traditional energy sources, it reduces water consumption but may generate some negative ecological impacts such as animal habitats, bird collisions, and noise, vision impact. However, some measures can be taken to mitigate these adverse effects.
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