收稿日期: 1998-09-14
修回日期: 1999-01-10
网络出版日期: 1999-06-01
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目“云贵现代湖泊沉积地球化学过程及环境信息的辨识与提取”(编号:49333040)资助。
PROBLEMS IN STUDIES ON CARBON AND OXYGEN STABLE ISOTOPES IN CARBONATES
Received date: 1998-09-14
Revised date: 1999-01-10
Online published: 1999-06-01
碳酸盐岩氧、碳同位素的研究是地球化学重要的示踪手段之一。它可以为认识地质历史时期的地质过程、地球表面的气候过程和海洋环境过程等提供定量依据。40多年的研究结果,尤其是进入80年代方解石质的腕足化石壳体和早期成岩胶结物等特殊样品的应用,取得了若干重大研究进展,但同时也发现了一些新的问题。他们包括:碳酸盐岩氧、碳同位素分析结果的解释问题;反映原始氧、碳同位素组成样品的保存程度识别方法问题;腕足化石壳体是否具有氧、碳同位素生命效应问题;原始生活环境差异对腕足化石壳体同位素组成的影响强度问题和碳酸盐岩早期成岩胶结物的应用问题等。该文在讨论这些问题的同时,综述了针对各种问题的解决所出现的新的研究方向及其最新研究进展。
李心清,万国江 . 碳酸盐岩氧、碳稳定同位素地球化学研究目前面临的几个问题[J]. 地球科学进展, 1999 , 14(3) : 262 -268 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.1999.03.0262
Carbon and Oxygen stable isotopes in carbonates have long been the important geochemical tracers. Studies on the isotopic compositions can provide insights into the paleoclimatic processes, the paleoceanic environmental processes and the geological processes as well. Researches of more than four decades in the field, especially from the early 1980s on, during which the analysis of the isotopes in fossil brachiopods and early diagenetic cements has contributed much to the knowledge, achieved appreciable progress. However, problems still remained with how to explain the data that already existed on the isotopic compositions of carbonates, on which there is a dichotomy between those who advocate that the data represent the original characteristics of the isotopes and those who argue that the data have been altered diagenetically; with how to select the samples of carbonate for analysis of the isotopic ratios, which has a set of criteria, namely, the microstructure, the Cathodoluminescence and trace elements, for tests of the sample preservations; with whether the fossil brachiopods′shells have vital effects on the isotopic compositions, on which there is a tendency toward the existence in recent years; with to what extent the living environment variations of the fossil affect their carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios and with the utilization of early diagenetic cement as analyzing samples. Along with the problem raising, this paper reviewed the
methods on, and new developing trends toward, the problem-solvings, as well as the up-to-date advances of studies on each problem.
〔1〕Veizer J,Hoefs J.The nature of O18/O16 and C13/C12secular trends in sedimentary carbonate rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1976,40:1 387~1 395.
〔2〕Veizer J,Fritz P,Jones B.Geochemistry of brachiopods: oxygen and carbon isotopic records of Paleozoic oceans. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1986,40: 1 679~1 696.
〔3〕Popp B N,Anderson T F,Sandberg P A.Brachiopods as indicators of original isotopic compositions in some Paleozoic limestones. GSA Bull,1986,97:1 262~1 269.
〔4〕Popp B N,Anderson T F,Sandberg P A.Textural, elemental and isotopic variations among constituents in Middle Devonian Limestones,North America. J Sedim Petrol,1986,56:715~727.
〔5〕Lohmann K C,Walker J C G.Theδ18O record of Phanerozoic abiotic marine calcite cements. Geophys Res Lett,1989,16:319~322.
〔6〕Walker J G C,Lohmann K C.Why the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater changes through time. Geophys Res Lett,1989,16:323~326.
〔7〕Carpenter S J,Lohmann K C,Holden P,et al.δ18O values,87Sr/86Sr and Sr/Mg ratios of Late Devonian abiotic marine calcite: implications for the composition of ancient seawater.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1991,55:1 991~2 010.
〔8〕Wadleigh M A,Veizer J.18O/16O and13C/12C in lower Paleozoic articulate brachiopods: Implication for the isotopic composition of seawater. Geochim Cosmochun Acta,1992,56:431~443.
〔9〕Qing H,Veizer J.Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician brachiopods: Implications for coeval sea water.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1994,58:4 429~4 442.
〔10〕Veizer J.Reply to the Comment by L S Land on“Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician brachiopods: implications for coeval seawater”. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1995,59:2 845~2 846.
〔11〕Karhu J,Epstein S.The implication of the oxygen isotope records in coexisting cherts and phosphates. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1986,50:1 745~1 756.
〔12〕Land L S.Comment on“Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician brachiopods: implications for coeval seawater”by H Qing &J Veizer. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1995,59:2 843~2 844.
〔13〕Muehlenbachs K,Clayton R N.Oxygen isotope composition of the oceanic crust and its bearing on seawater. J Geophys Res,1976,81:4 365~4 369.
〔14〕Gregory R T,Taylor HP.An oxygen isotope profile in a section of Cretaceous oceanic crust, Samoil Ophiolite, Oman:evidence for18O buffering of the oceans by deep (≥5 km)seawater hydrothermal circulation at midocean ridges. J Geophys Res,1981,86:2 737~2 755.
〔15〕Degens E T,Epstein S.Relationship between O18/O16 ratios in coexisting carbonates, cherts and diatomites. Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull,1962,46:534~542.
〔16〕Hoffman S E,Wilson M,Stakes D S.Inferred oxygen isotope profile of Archaean oceanic crust, Onverwacht Group, South Africa. Nature,1986,321:55~58.
〔17〕Land L S,Lynch F L.δ18O values of mudrocks: More evidence for an18O—buffered ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1996,60:3 347~3 352.
〔18〕Brand U,Veizer J.Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system—1: trace elements. J Sediment Petrol,1980,50:1 219~1 236.
〔19〕Brand U,Veizer J.Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system—2: stable isotopes. J Sediment Petrol,1981,51:987~997.
〔20〕Veizer J.Chemical diagenesis of carbonate rocks: theory and application of trace element technique. In: Arthur M A,Anderson T F,Kaplan I R,et al. Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology.1983, III/1 - III/100. short Course Notes 10,SEPM.
〔21〕Veizer J.Trace elements and isotopes in sedimentary carbonates. Reviews in Mineralogy,1983,11:265~300.
〔22〕Bruckschen P,Bruhn F,Meijer,et al.Diagenetic alteration of calcitic fossil shells: Proton microprobe (PIXE) as a trace element tool. Nuclear Inst Methods Phys Res,1995(B),104:427~431.
〔23〕Pierson B J.The control of cathodoluminescence in ddomite by iron and manganese. Sedimentology,1981,28:601~610.
〔24〕Maliva R G,Dickson J A P,Raheim A.Modelling of chalk diagenisis (Eldfish, Norwegian North Sea) using whole rock and laser ablation stable isotope data. Geol Mag,1991,128(1):43~49.
〔25〕Rush P F,Chafetz H S.Fabric-retentive, non-luminescent brachiopods as indicators of original δ13C and δ18O composition: A test. J Sediment Petrol,1990,60:968~981.
〔26〕Banner J L,Kaufman J.The isotopic record of ocean chemistry and diagenesis preserved in non-luminescent brachiopods from Mississippian carbonate rocks, Illinois and Missouri. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 1994,106:1 074~1 082.
〔27〕Weber J N,Raup D M.Fractionation of the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in marine organisms—the Echinoidea,Part 1: Variation of C13and O18content within individuals.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1966,33:19~38.
〔28〕Weber J N.Possible changes in the isotopic composition of the oceanic and atmospheric carbon reservoir over geologic time. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1967,31,2 343~2 351.
〔29〕Weber J N,Woodhead P M J.Factors effecting the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of marine carbonate sediments—II, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1969,33:19~38.
〔30〕Weber J N,Woodhead P M J.Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation in the skeletal carbonate of reef-building corals. Chem Geol,1970,6:93~117.
〔31〕Erez J.Vital effect on stable isotope compositions seen in foraminifera and coral skeletond. Nature,1978,273:199~202.
〔32〕McConnaughey T.13C and 18O isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates: I Patterns. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1989,53:151~162.
〔33〕McConnaughey T.13C and 18O isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates: II In vitro simulation of kinetic isotope effects. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1989,53:163~171.
〔34〕Fastoysky D E,Arthur M A,Strater N H,et al.Freshwater bivalves (Unionidae), disequilibrium isotopic fractionation and temperature. Palaios,1993,8:602~608.
〔35〕Lowenstam H A.Mineralogy, O18/O16 ratios and strontium and magnesium contents of recent and fossil brachiopods and their bearing on the history of the oceans. J Geol,1961,69:241~260.
〔36〕Grossman E L,Zhang C,Yancey T E.Stable isotope stratigraphy of brachiopods from Pennsylvanian shales in Texas.GSA Bull,1991,103:953~965.
〔37〕Lepzelter C G,Anderson T F,Sandberg P A.Stable isotope variation in modern articulate brachiopods (abstr) Bull.Amer Assoc Petroleum Geologists,1983,67:500~501.
〔38〕Carpenter S J,Lohmann K G.δ18O and δ13C values of modern brachiopod shells. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1995,59:3749~3 764.
〔39〕Fursich F T,Hurst J M.Environmental factors determining the distribution of brachiopods. Palaeontology,1974,17:879~900.
〔40〕Bates N R,Brand U.Depositional and taxonomic control of elemental and isotopic contents of Middle Devonian Hamilton Group brachiopods, New York State and Ontario. Geol Assoc Can-Mineral Assoc Can, Joint Annu Meet, Prog Abstr,1990,15:A7.
〔41〕Bates N R,Brand U.Biogeochemistry of Lower Paleozoic brachiopods: Paleoenvironmental and secular oceanic variation.Geol Assoc Can-Mineral Assoc Can, Joint Annu Meet, Prog Abstr,1990,15:A8.
〔42〕Bates N R,Brand U.Environmental and physiological influences on isotopic and elemental compositions of brachiopod shell calcite: implications for the isotopic evolution of Paleozoic oceans. Chem Geol,1991,94:67~78.
〔43〕Given R K,Lohmann K C.Derivation of the original isotopic composition of Permian marine cements. J Sediment Petrol,1985,55:430~439.
〔44〕Popp B N,Podosek F A,Brannon J C,et al.87Sr/86Sr ratio in Permo-Carboniferous sea water from the analyses of well preserved brachiopod shells. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1986,50:1 321~1 328.
〔45〕Prezbindwski D.Microsumpling technique for stable isotopic analysis of carbonates. J Sediment Petrol,1980,50:643~644.
〔46〕Talent J A,Mawson R,Andrew A S,et al. Middle Palaeozoic extinction events: Faunal and isotopic data. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,1993,104:139~152.
〔47〕Wenzel B,Joachimski M M.Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of Silurian brachiopods (Gotland/Sweden): Palaeoceanograhic implications. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,1996,122:143~166.
〔48〕Bickert T,Patzold J,Samtleben C,et al.Paleoenvironmental changes in the Silurian indicated by stable isotopes in brachiopod shells from Gotland, Sweden. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1997,61:2 717~2 730.
/
〈 |
|
〉 |