收稿日期: 2025-09-12
修回日期: 2025-10-24
网络出版日期: 2025-10-24
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFF0506903);国家自然科学基金项目(42106048);国家自然科学基金项目(42506031)
Research Progress on Water Environmental Changes, Red Tide Risk Assessment, and Management in the Chinese Continental Shelf Driven by Terrestrial Input
Received date: 2025-09-12
Revised date: 2025-10-24
Online published: 2025-10-24
Supported by
the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF0506903);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42106048)
中国陆架海作为人类活动深度影响的典型海域，生态环境变化显著，对深化海洋学认知与推动海洋环境保护研究及资源开发具有重要的科学意义和实践价值。近年来，随着人类活动的加剧，该海域营养盐水平和结构发生了显著变化，赤潮（有害藻华）发生的特征和优势种群呈现出新的演变态势。系统综述了中国陆架海营养盐水平和结构变化与赤潮发生的研究进展，深入剖析了当前生态环境存在的主要问题，并对未来发展方向进行了展望。研究发现，中国陆架海的海洋生态环境演变呈现以下特征：磷的限制性和有机氮磷的作用日益凸显，出现赤潮优势种由硅藻向甲藻转变，以及在某些海域赤潮与绿潮并发的趋势。这一演变过程既受到陆源输入持续变化的驱动，也受到海洋生态系统自身调节机制的影响，是营养盐水平和结构变化长期累积作用的结果。值得注意的是，陆源营养盐管理与陆架海赤潮发生频率之间存在明显的时滞效应，其增加了治理效果评估的难度，也对生态风险临界点或阈值的科学设定提出了挑战。尽管中国在营养盐水平和结构演变与赤潮风险研究领域已取得了显著进展，但仍面临诸多挑战，特别是长期系统的观测数据积累不足、研究领域的广度和深度有待拓展、陆海相互作用机制尚未完全阐明。未来研究应着重深化陆海耦合过程研究，完善海洋环境监测网络，提升数据处理水平和技术创新能力，特别是明确氮磷管理的阈值和“测—溯—算—治（治理）”的系统策略，从而推动中国陆架海洋环境研究向更高水平发展。
冉祥滨 , 钟晓松 , 王昊 , 朱卓毅 . 陆源输入驱动下中国陆架海水环境变化与赤潮风险评估和环境管理研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2025 , 40(11) : 1129 -1147 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2025.095
The Chinese continental shelf, a region heavily influenced by human activities, has experienced significant ecological and environmental changes. Studying this area is of great scientific and practical importance for advancing oceanographic knowledge and promoting research on marine environmental protection and resource utilization. In recent years, intensified human activities have caused notable changes in the water environment, with Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) showing new characteristics and shifts in dominant species. This paper provides a systematic review of research on water environmental changes and HABs occurrences in the Chinese continental shelf, offering a comprehensive analysis of major ecological and environmental challenges and outlining prospects for future research. The findings indicate that the marine ecological environment in this region is increasingly influenced by phosphorus limitation and the roles of organic nitrogen and phosphorus, accompanied by a shift in dominant HABs species from diatoms to dinoflagellates, and, in some areas, the simultaneous occurrence of HABs and green tides. These changes are driven by both ongoing alterations in terrestrial inputs and intrinsic self-regulatory mechanisms within the marine ecosystem, reflecting the cumulative effects of long-term environmental changes. Notably, there is a significant time lag between reductions in terrestrial pollution and decreases in HABs frequency, complicating the evaluation of management effectiveness and challenging the scientific determination of ecological risk thresholds or tipping points. Despite considerable progress in understanding the evolution of water environments and risks of HABs in China, significant challenges remain, including insufficient long-term and systematic observational data, the requirement to expand the research scope, and incomplete knowledge of land-sea interaction mechanisms. Future research should focus on elucidating land-sea coupling processes, enhancing marine environmental monitoring networks, improving data processing and technological innovation, and clarifying the thresholds for nitrogen and phosphorus management while developing integrated strategies that encompass monitoring, tracing, calculation, and management. These efforts are crucial for advancing marine environmental research in the Chinese continental shelf.
| [1] | BEUSEN A H W， DOELMAN J C， van BEEK L P H， et al. Exploring river nitrogen and phosphorus loading and export to global coastal waters in the shared socio-economic pathways［J］. Global Environmental Change， 2022， 72. DOI： 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102426 . |
| [2] | CHEN K， ACHTERBERG E P， LI K Q， et al. Governance pathway for coastal eutrophication based on regime shifts in diatom-dinoflagellate composition of the Bohai and Baltic Seas［J］. Water Research， 2024， 250. DOI： 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121042 . |
| [3] | de RAúS M E， TERAUCHI G， ISHIZAKA J， et al. Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication［J］. Nature Communications， 2021， 12. DOI： 10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 . |
| [4] | LU Y L， YUAN J J， LU X T， et al. Major threats of pollution and climate change to global coastal ecosystems and enhanced management for sustainability［J］. Environmental Pollution， 2018， 239： 670-680. |
| [5] | WANG F， LI X G， TANG X H， et al. The seas around China in a warming climate［J］. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment， 2023， 4（8）： 535-551. |
| [6] | WANG Y J， LIU D Y， XIAO W P， et al. Coastal eutrophication in China： trend， sources， and ecological effects［J］. Harmful Algae， 2021， 107. DOI： 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102058 . |
| [7] | FENG Y， XIONG Y L， HALL-SPENCER J M， et al. Shift in algal blooms from micro- to macroalgae around China with increasing eutrophication and climate change［J］. Global Change Biology， 2024， 30（1）. DOI： 10.1111/gcb.17018 . |
| [8] | ZHOU Z X， YU R C， ZHOU M J. Evolution of harmful algal blooms in the East China Sea under eutrophication and warming scenarios［J］. Water Research， 2022， 221. DOI： 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118807 . |
| [9] | FU X M， ZHANG M Q， LIU Y， et al. Protective exploitation of marine bioresources in China［J］. Ocean & Coastal Management， 2018， 163： 192-204. |
| [10] | WANG J J， BOUWMAN A F， LIU X C， et al. Harmful algal blooms in Chinese coastal waters will persist due to perturbed nutrient ratios［J］. Environmental Science & Technology Letters， 2021， 8（3）： 276-284. |
| [11] | YAMAMOTO A， HAJIMA T， YAMAZAKI D， et al. Competing and accelerating effects of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on climate-driven changes in ocean carbon and oxygen cycles［J］. Science Advances， 2022， 8（26）. DOI： 10.1126/sciadv.abl9207 . |
| [12] | WANG H， BOUWMAN A F， van GILS J， et al. Hindcasting harmful algal bloom risk due to land-based nutrient pollution in the eastern Chinese coastal seas［J］. Water Research， 2023， 231. DOI： 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119669 . |
| [13] | SILVA E， COUNILLON F， BRAJARD J， et al. Warming and freshening coastal waters impact harmful algal bloom frequency in high latitudes［J］. Communications Earth & Environment， 2025， 6. DOI： 10.1038/s43247-025-02421-y . |
| [14] | MCLAUCHLAN K K， WILLIAMS J J， CRAINE J M， et al. Changes in global nitrogen cycling during the Holocene epoch［J］. Nature， 2013， 495（7 441）： 352-355. |
| [15] | MACKENZIE F T， VER L M. Land-sea global transfers ［M］// COCHRAN J K， BOKUNIEWICZ H J， YAGER P L. Encyclopedia of ocean sciences （third edition）. Oxford：Academic Press， 2019： 90-99. |
| [16] | QIU B. Kuroshio and oyashio currents ［M］// COCHRAN J K， BOKUNIEWICZ H J， YAGER P L. Encyclopedia of ocean sciences （third edition）. Oxford： Academic Press， 2019： 384-394. |
| [17] | CUI X， YANG D Z， SUN C J， et al. New insight into the onshore intrusion of the Kuroshio into the East China Sea［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research： Oceans， 2021， 126（2）. DOI： 10.1029/2020JC016248 . |
| [18] | LIU X C， BEUSEN A H W， van BEEK L P H， et al. Exploring spatiotemporal changes of the Yangtze River （Changjiang） nitrogen and phosphorus sources， retention and export to the East China Sea and Yellow Sea［J］. Water Research， 2018， 142： 246-255. |
| [19] | ZHAO B， YAO P， BIANCHI T S， et al. Controls on organic carbon burial in the eastern China marginal seas： a regional synthesis［J］. Global Biogeochemical Cycles， 2021， 35（4）. DOI： 10.1029/2020GB006608 . |
| [20] | GAO L， GAO Y Q， SONG S Z， et al. Non-conservative behavior of dissolved organic carbon in the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea［J］. Continental Shelf Research， 2020， 197. DOI： 10.1016/j.csr.2020.104084 . |
| [21] | ZHANG J， LIU S M， REN J L， et al. Nutrient gradients from the eutrophic Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary to the oligotrophic Kuroshio waters and re-evaluation of budgets for the East China Sea Shelf［J］. Progress in Oceanography， 2007， 74（4）： 449-478. |
| [22] | WANG P X， LI Q Y， TIAN J， et al. Monsoon influence on planktic δ18O records from the South China Sea［J］. Quaternary Science Reviews， 2016， 142： 26-39. |
| [23] | YUAN D L， HAO J J， LI J L， et al. Cross-shelf carbon transport under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios in the East China Sea during winter［J］. Science China Earth Sciences， 2018， 61（6）： 659-667. |
| [24] | ZHANG J， GUO X Y， ZHAO L. Tracing external sources of nutrients in the East China Sea and evaluating their contributions to primary production［J］. Progress in Oceanography， 2019， 176. DOI： 10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102122 . |
| [25] | ZUO J L， SONG J M， YUAN H M， et al. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus in the East China Sea and its adjacent Kuroshio waters and evaluation of budgets for the East China Sea Shelf［J］. Continental Shelf Research， 2016， 131： 1-11. |
| [26] | CHI L B， SONG X X， YUAN Y Q， et al. Main factors dominating the development， formation and dissipation of hypoxia off the Changjiang Estuary （CE） and its adjacent waters， China［J］. Environmental Pollution， 2020， 265. DOI： 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115066 . |
| [27] | OEY L Y， CHANG M C， CHANG Y L， et al. Decadal warming of coastal China seas and coupling with winter monsoon and currents［J］. Geophysical Research Letters， 2013， 40（23）： 6 288-6 292. |
| [28] | LI M L， LIU J， WANG J J， et al. Phosphorus depletion is exacerbated by increasing nitrogen loading in the Bohai Sea［J］. Environmental Pollution， 2024， 352. DOI： 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124119 . |
| [29] | FANG Z， TIAN F， MENG Y J H， et al. Impacts of coastal nutrient increases on the marine ecosystem in the East China Sea during 1982-2012： a coupled hydrodynamic-ecological modeling study［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research： Oceans， 2025， 130（3）. DOI： 10.1029/2024JC021553 . |
| [30] | SHI M J， ZHONG X S， LV Z Q， et al. Tracking phosphorus dynamics in the Changjiang Estuary： causes and implications［J］. Journal of Environmental Sciences， 2026， 160： 755-764. |
| [31] | MORéE A L， BEUSEN A H W， BOUWMAN A F， et al. Exploring global nitrogen and phosphorus flows in urban wastes during the twentieth century［J］. Global Biogeochemical Cycles， 2013， 27（3）： 836-846. |
| [32] | BEUSEN A H W， BOUWMAN A F， van BEEK L P H， et al. Global riverine N and P transport to ocean increased during the 20th century despite increased retention along the aquatic continuum［J］. Biogeosciences， 2016， 13（8）： 2 441-2 451. |
| [33] | WU W F， ZHAI F G， LIU Z Z， et al. The spatial and seasonal variability of nutrient status in the seaward rivers of China shaped by the human activities［J］. Ecological Indicators， 2023， 157. DOI：10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111223 . |
| [34] | MORAGODA N， COHEN S. Climate-induced trends in global riverine water discharge and suspended sediment dynamics in the 21st century［J］. Global and Planetary Change， 2020， 191. DOI：10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103199 . |
| [35] | PE?UELAS J， POULTER B， SARDANS J， et al. Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances alter natural and managed ecosystems across the globe［J］. Nature Communications， 2013， 4. DOI： 10.1038/ncomms3934 . |
| [36] | SARDANS J， RIVAS-UBACH A， PE?UELAS J. The C∶N∶P stoichiometry of organisms and ecosystems in a changing world： a review and perspectives［J］. Perspectives in Plant Ecology， Evolution and Systematics， 2012， 14（1）： 33-47. |
| [37] | WU W T， WANG J J， WANG H， et al. Trends in nutrients in the Changjiang River［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2023， 872. DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162268 . |
| [38] | LIU S M， HONG G H， ZHANG J， et al. Nutrient budgets for large Chinese estuaries［J］. Biogeosciences， 2009， 6（10）： 2 245-2 263. |
| [39] | QU H J， KROEZE C. Nutrient export by rivers to the coastal waters of China： management strategies and future trends［J］. Regional Environmental Change， 2012， 12（1）： 153-167. |
| [40] | WANG B D， XIN M， WEI Q S， et al. A historical overview of coastal eutrophication in the China seas［J］. Marine Pollution Bulletin， 2018， 136： 394-400. |
| [41] | WANG J H， WU J Y. Occurrence and potential risks of harmful algal blooms in the East China Sea［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2009， 407（13）： 4 012-4 021. |
| [42] | WEI Q S， WANG B D， YU Z G， et al. Mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrences of hypoxia and a preliminary analysis of the associated acidification off the Changjiang Estuary in summer［J］. Science China Earth Sciences， 2017， 60（2）： 360-381. |
| [43] | LI D J， ZHANG J， HUANG D J， et al. Oxygen depletion off the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary［J］. Science in China （Series D）， 2002， 45（12）： 1 137-1 146. |
| [44] | YUAN H M， SONG J M， XING J W， et al. Spatial and seasonal variations， partitioning and fluxes of dissolved and particulate nutrients in Jiaozhou Bay［J］. Continental Shelf Research， 2018， 171： 140-149. |
| [45] | WANG G Z， WANG S L， WANG Z Y， et al. Significance of submarine groundwater discharge in nutrient budgets in tropical Sanya Bay， China［J］. Sustainability， 2018， 10（2）. DOI： 10.3390/su10020380 . |
| [46] | GARNIER J， BEUSEN A， THIEU V， et al. N∶P∶Si nutrient export ratios and ecological consequences in coastal seas evaluated by the ICEP approach［J］. Global Biogeochemical Cycles， 2010， 24（4）. DOI： 10.1029/2009GB003583 . |
| [47] | ZHANG P， XIE J L， ZHANG J B， et al. Tidal variation modulates the dissolved silicate behavior and exchange flux across the semi-enclosed bay-coastal water continuum， China［J］. Frontiers in Marine Science， 2023， 10. DOI： 10.3389/fmars.2023.1229267 . |
| [48] | YADAV A， PANDEY J. The pattern of N/P/Si stoichiometry and ecological nutrient limitation in Ganga River： up- and downstream urban influences［J］. Applied Water Science， 2018， 8（3）： 94. DOI： 10.1007/s13201-018-0734-6 . |
| [49] | FLYNN K J. Ecological modelling in a sea of variable stoichiometry： dysfunctionality and the legacy of Redfield and Monod［J］. Progress in Oceanography， 2010， 84（1/2）： 52-65. |
| [50] | FERREIRA J G， ANDERSEN J H， BORJA A， et al. Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European marine strategy framework directive［J］. Estuarine， Coastal and Shelf Science， 2011， 93（2）： 117-131. |
| [51] | COLLOS Y， BEC B， JAUZEIN C， et al. Oligotrophication and emergence of picocyanobacteria and a toxic dinoflagellate in Thau lagoon， southern France［J］. Journal of Sea Research， 2009， 61（1/2）： 68-75. |
| [52] | ZHANG G C， LIANG S K， SHI X Y， et al. Dissolved organic nitrogen bioavailability indicated by amino acids during a diatom to dinoflagellate bloom succession in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent shelf［J］. Marine Chemistry， 2015， 176： 83-95. |
| [53] | ZHANG Guicheng. Bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen and its role in red tide outbreaks in Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters ［D］. Qingdao： Ocean University of China， 2015. |
| 张桂成. 长江口及其邻近海域溶解有机氮的生物可利用性及其在赤潮爆发过程中的作用研究 ［M］. 青岛：中国海洋大学， 2015. | |
| [54] | TAKASU H， MIYAKE Y， SHIRAGAKI T， et al. Urea is a potentially important nitrogen source for phytoplankton during red tide formation in Isahaya Bay， Japan［J］. Journal of Oceanography， 2022， 78（3）： 177-183. |
| [55] | GENTRY R R， FROEHLICH H E， GRIMM D， et al. Mapping the global potential for marine aquaculture［J］. Nature Ecology & Evolution， 2017， 1（9）： 1 317-1 324. |
| [56] | GAO J H， SHI Y， SHENG H， et al. Rapid response of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River and East China Sea source-to-sink conveying system to human induced catchment perturbations［J］. Marine Geology， 2019， 414： 1-17. |
| [57] | LIANG W， WANG Y， LIU S M， et al. Nutrient dynamics and coupling with biological processes and physical conditions in the Bohai Sea［J］. Frontiers in Marine Science， 2022， 9. DOI： 10.3389/fmars.2022.1025502 . |
| [58] | ZHENG L W， ZHAI W D. Nutrient dynamics in the Bohai and North Yellow seas from seasonal to decadal scales： unveiling Bohai Sea eutrophication mitigation in the 2010s［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2023， 905. DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167417 . |
| [59] | LIU Sumei. Nutrient exchange across sediment-water interface and mass balance in the Bohai and Yellow Seas ［D］. Qingdao： Ocean University of China，2012. |
| 刘素美. 黄、渤海沉积物——水界面营养盐的交换及其质量平衡 ［M］. 青岛：中国海洋大学，2012. | |
| [60] | ZHOU N， ZHANG G L， LIU S M. Nutrient exchanges at the sediment-water interface and the responses to environmental changes in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea［J］. Marine Pollution Bulletin， 2022， 176. DOI： 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113420 . |
| [61] | DONG S H， LIU S M， REN J L， et al. Nutrient dynamics and cross shelf transport in the East China Sea［J］. Acta Oceanologica Sinica， 2024， 43（10）： 48-62. |
| [62] | LEE K， MATSUNO T， ENDOH T， et al. A role of vertical mixing on nutrient supply into the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the shelf region of the East China Sea［J］. Continental Shelf Research， 2017， 143： 139-150. |
| [63] | WONG G T F， PAN X J， LI K Y， et al. Hydrography and nutrient dynamics in the northern South China Sea shelf-sea （NoSoCS）［J］. Deep Sea Research Part II： Topical Studies in Oceanography， 2015， 117： 23-40. |
| [64] | HAN A Q， DAI M H， GAN J P， et al. Inter-shelf nutrient transport from the East China Sea as a major nutrient source supporting winter primary production on the northeast South China Sea shelf［J］. Biogeosciences， 2013， 10（12）： 8 159-8 170. |
| [65] | LU Z M， GAN J P， DAI M H， et al. Nutrient transport and dynamics in the South China Sea： a modeling study［J］. Progress in Oceanography， 2020， 183. DOI： 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102308 . |
| [66] | CHEN Y L， CHEN H Y， KARL D M， et al. Nitrogen modulates phytoplankton growth in spring in the South China Sea［J］. Continental Shelf Research， 2004， 24（4/5）： 527-541. |
| [67] | ZHU T Y， ZHAO S B， XU B C， et al. Large scale submarine groundwater discharge dominates nutrient inputs to China’s coast［J］. Nature Communications， 2025， 16. DOI：10.1038/s41467-025-58103-y . |
| [68] | MORELLE J， CLAQUIN P， ORVAIN F. Evidence for better microphytobenthos dynamics in mixed sand/mud zones than in pure sand or mud intertidal flats （Seine Estuary， Normandy， France）［J］. PLoS ONE， 2020， 15（8）. DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0237211 . |
| [69] | RIOS-YUNES D， GRANDJEAN T， di PRIMIO A， et al. Sediment resuspension enhances nutrient exchange in intertidal mudflats［J］. Frontiers in Marine Science， 2023， 10. DOI： 10.3389/fmars.2023.1155386 . |
| [70] | BARTOLI M， NIZZOLI D， ZILIUS M， et al. Denitrification， nitrogen uptake， and organic matter quality undergo different seasonality in sandy and muddy sediments of a Turbid Estuary［J］. Frontiers in Microbiology， 2021， 11. DOI： 10.3389/fmicb.2020.612700 . |
| [71] | BACKER H， LEPP?NEN J M， BRUSENDORFF A C， et al. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan—a regional programme of measures for the marine environment based on the ecosystem approach［J］. Marine Pollution Bulletin， 2010， 60（5）： 642-649. |
| [72] | BRYHN A C， H?KANSON L. Coastal eutrophication： whether N and/or P should be abated depends on the dynamic mass balance［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 2009， 106（1）. DOI： 10.1073/pnas.0810905106 . |
| [73] | CONLEY D J， PAERL H W， HOWARTH R W， et al. Controlling eutrophication： nitrogen and phosphorus［J］. Science， 2009， 323（5 917）： 1 014-1 015. |
| [74] | SCHELSKE C L. Eutrophication： focus on phosphorus［J］. Science， 2009， 324（5 928）. DOI： 10.1126/science.324_72 . |
| [75] | LENHART H J， MILLS D K， BARETTA-BEKKER H， et al. Predicting the consequences of nutrient reduction on the eutrophication status of the North Sea［J］. Journal of Marine Systems， 2010， 81（1/2）： 148-170. |
| [76] | PASSY P， GYPENS N， BILLEN G， et al. A model reconstruction of riverine nutrient fluxes and eutrophication in the Belgian Coastal Zone since 1984［J］. Journal of Marine Systems， 2013， 128： 106-122. |
| [77] | WU Z， LI J C， SUN Y X， et al. Imbalance of global nutrient cycles exacerbated by the greater retention of phosphorus over nitrogen in lakes［J］. Nature Geoscience， 2022， 15（6）： 464-468. |
| [78] | RUTTENBERG K C. Phosphorus cycle ［M］// COCHRAN J K， BOKUNIEWICZ H J， YAGER P L. Encyclopedia of ocean sciences （third edition）. Oxford： Academic Press， 2019： 447-460. |
| [79] | BURSON A， STOMP M， AKIL L， et al. Unbalanced reduction of nutrient loads has created an offshore gradient from phosphorus to nitrogen limitation in the North Sea［J］. Limnology and Oceanography， 2016， 61（3）： 869-888. |
| [80] | WEBER E D， AUTH T D， BAUMANN-PICKERING S， et al. State of the California current 2019-2020： back to the future with marine heatwaves ［J］. Frontiers in Marine Science， 2021， 8. DOI： 10.3389/fmars.2021.709454 . |
| [81] | LIU J， KROM M D， RAN X B， et al. Sedimentary phosphorus cycling and budget in the seasonally hypoxic coastal area of Changjiang Estuary［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2020， 713. DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136389 . |
| [82] | SAKAMOTO S， LIM W A， LU D D， et al. Harmful algal blooms and associated fisheries damage in East Asia： current status and trends in China， Japan， Korea and Russia［J］. Harmful Algae， 2021， 102. DOI： 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101787 . |
| [83] | MULHOLLAND M R， HEIL C， BRONK D， et al. Does nitrogen regeneration from the N2 fixing cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. fuel Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico ［J］. Harmful Algae， 2004， 59： 47-49. |
| [84] | GOBLER C J， LONSDALE D J， BOYER G L. A review of the causes， effects， and potential management of harmful brown tide blooms caused by Aureococcus anophagefferens （Hargraves et sieburth）［J］. Estuaries， 2005， 28（5）： 726-749. |
| [85] | Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China. China marine disaster bulletin （1989-2022）［EB/OL］. （2022-05-10） ［2025-09-27］. . |
| 自然资源部. 中国海洋灾害公报（1989-2022）［EB/OL］. （2022-05-10） ［2025-09-27］. . | |
| [86] | WANG K， LIN H， PENG C H， et al. Long-term changes in Noctiluca scintillans blooms along the Chinese coast from 1933 to 2020［J］. Global Change Biology， 2023， 29（17）： 5 099-5 113. |
| [87] | WANG C Y， XU Y W， GU H F， et al. Potential geographical distribution of harmful algal blooms caused by the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in the China Sea［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2024， 906. DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167741 . |
| [88] | YU R C， Lü S H， LIANG Y B. Harmful algal blooms in the coastal waters of China［M］// Global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms. Cham： Springer International Publishing， 2018： 309-316. |
| [89] | DING X K， GUO X Y， GAO H W， et al. Seasonal variations of nutrient concentrations and their ratios in the central Bohai Sea［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2021， 799. DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149416 . |
| [90] | SHI X Y， QI M Y， TANG H J， et al. Spatial and temporal nutrient variations in the Yellow Sea and their effects on Ulva prolifera blooms［J］. Estuarine， Coastal and Shelf Science， 2015， 163： 36-43. |
| [91] | ZHANG Haibo， LIU Ke， WANG Lisha， et al. Seasonal variation of nutrients forms and its effects on nutrients pools in the center of the Bohai Sea， China［J］. Acta Ecologica Sinica， 2020， 40（15）： 5 424-5 432. |
| 张海波， 刘珂， 王丽莎， 等. 渤海中部营养盐赋存形态季节变化及其对营养盐库的影响［J］. 生态学报， 2020， 40（15）： 5 424-5 432. | |
| [92] | DUAN L Q， SONG J M， YUAN H M， et al. Distribution， partitioning and sources of dissolved and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus in the north Yellow Sea［J］. Estuarine， Coastal and Shelf Science， 2016， 181： 182-195. |
| [93] | CHEN C T， GUO X Y. Changing Asia-Pacific marginal seas. atmosphere， Earth， ocean & space ［M］. Singapore： Springer， 2020： 121-137， 155-178. |
| [94] | XIAO R S， ZHAO Z H， GUO J T， et al. Variations of dissolved inorganic nutrients and their influences on harmful algal blooms in Bohai Sea over the past thirteen years［J］. Estuarine， Coastal and Shelf Science， 2023， 287. DOI： 10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108335 . |
| [95] | WANG S F， TANG D L， HE F L， et al. Occurrences of Harmful Algal Blooms （HABs） associated with ocean environments in the South China Sea［J］. Hydrobiologia， 2008， 596（1）： 79-93. |
| [96] | ZHANG X S， YU K L， LI M， et al. Diatom-dinoflagellate succession in the Bohai Sea： the role of N/P ratios and dissolved organic nitrogen components［J］. Water Research， 2024， 251. DOI： 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121150 . |
| [97] | ZHANG Y Y， HE P M， LI H M， et al. Ulva prolifera green-tide outbreaks and their environmental impact in the Yellow Sea， China［J］. National Science Review， 2019， 6（4）： 825-838. |
| [98] | FANG F T， ZHU Z Y， GE J Z， et al. Reconstruction of the main phytoplankton population off the Changjiang Estuary in the East China Sea and its assemblage shift in recent decades： from observations to simulation［J］. Marine Pollution Bulletin， 2022， 178. DOI： 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113638 . |
| [99] | JIANG Z B， LIU J J， CHEN J F， et al. Responses of summer phytoplankton community to drastic environmental changes in the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary during the past 50 years［J］. Water Research， 2014， 54： 1-11. |
| [100] | CHEN C， LIANG J T， YANG G， et al. Spatio-temporal distribution of harmful algal blooms and their correlations with marine hydrological elements in offshore areas， China［J］. Ocean & Coastal Management， 2023， 238. DOI： 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106554 . |
| [101] | LI X Y， YU R C， RICHARDSON A J， et al. Marked shifts of harmful algal blooms in the Bohai Sea linked with combined impacts of environmental changes［J］. Harmful Algae， 2023， 121. DOI： 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102370 . |
| [102] | LI X Y， YU R C， GENG H X， et al. Increasing dominance of dinoflagellate red tides in the coastal waters of Yellow Sea， China［J］. Marine Pollution Bulletin， 2021， 168. DOI： 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112439 . |
| [103] | XU Y N， XU T B. An evolving marine environment and its driving forces of algal blooms in the southern Yellow Sea of China［J］. Marine Environmental Research， 2022， 178. DOI： 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105635 . |
| [104] | TANG D L， DI B P， WEI G F， et al. Spatial， seasonal and species variations of harmful algal blooms in the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea［J］. Hydrobiologia， 2006， 568（1）： 245-253. |
| [105] | ZHANG C Y. Interannual and decadal changes in harmful algal blooms in the coastal waters of Fujian， China［J］. Toxins， 2022， 14（9）. DOI： 10.3390/toxins14090578 . |
| [106] | TANG Y Z， MA Z P， HU Z X， et al. 3 000 km and 1 500-year presence of Aureococcus anophagefferens reveals indigenous origin of brown tides in China［J］. Molecular Ecology， 2019， 28（17）： 4 065-4 076. |
| [107] | XIAO J， WANG Z L， LIU D Y， et al. Harmful Macroalgal Blooms （HMBs） in China’s coastal water： green and golden tides［J］. Harmful Algae， 2021， 107. DOI： 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102061 . |
| [108] | WANG H， BOUWMAN A F， WANG J J， et al. Competitive advantages of HAB species under changing environmental conditions in the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea， Yellow Sea and East China Sea［J］. Continental Shelf Research， 2023， 259. DOI： 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106554 . |
| [109] | XIAO W P， LIU X， IRWIN A J， et al. Warming and eutrophication combine to restructure diatoms and dinoflagellates［J］. Water Research， 2018， 128： 206-216. |
| [110] | KEMP W M， BOYNTON W R， ADOLF J E， et al. Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay： historical trends and ecological interactions［J］. Marine Ecology Progress Series， 2005， 303： 1-29. |
| [111] | QIN X， OU L， LV S. Comparative alkaline phosphatase physiological characteristics of Pseudonitzschia pungens and Aureococcus anophagefferens ［J］. Ecological Science， 2014， 33： 1-6. |
| [112] | LIU J N， DU J Z， YI L X. Ra tracer-based study of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes into the Bohai Sea， China： a highly human-affected marginal sea［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research： Oceans， 2017， 122（11）： 8 646-8 660. |
| [113] | WU N， LIU S M， ZHANG G L， et al. Anthropogenic impacts on nutrient variability in the lower Yellow River［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2021， 755. DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142488 . |
| [114] | XIAO X， AGUSTí S， PAN Y R， et al. Warming amplifies the frequency of harmful algal blooms with eutrophication in Chinese coastal waters［J］. Environmental Science & Technology， 2019， 53（22）： 13 031-13 041. |
| [115] | LI H M， TANG H J， SHI X Y， et al. Increased nutrient loads from the Changjiang （Yangtze） River have led to increased harmful algal blooms［J］. Harmful Algae， 2014， 39： 92-101. |
| [116] | HINDER S L， HAYS G C， BROOKS C J， et al. Toxic marine microalgae and shellfish poisoning in the British Isles： history， review of epidemiology， and future implications［J］. Environmental Health， 2011， 10. DOI： 10.1186/1476-069X-10-54 . |
| [117] | HOAGLAND P， SCATASTA S. The economic effects of harmful algal blooms［M］// Ecology of harmful algae. Berlin， Heidelberg： Springer， 2006： 391-402. |
| [118] | COCHLAN W P， HERNDON J， KUDELA R M. Inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake by the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-Nitzschia australis （Bacillariophyceae）［J］. Harmful Algae， 2008， 8（1）： 111-118. |
| [119] | STOECKER D K， GUSTAFSON D E. Predicting grazing mortality of an estuarine dinoflagellate， Pfiesteria piscicida［J］. Marine Ecology Progress Series， 2002， 233： 31-38. |
| [120] | SCHINDLER D W. Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication［J］. Limnology and Oceanography， 2006， 51： 356-363. |
| [121] | KANA T M， LOMAS M W， MACINTYRE H L， et al. Stimulation of the brown tide organism， Aureococcus anophagefferens， by selective nutrient additions to in situ mesocosms［J］. Harmful Algae， 2004， 3（4）： 377-388. |
| [122] | BURKHOLDER J， GLIBERT P. Intraspecific variability： an important consideration in forming generalisations about toxigenic algal species［J］. African Journal of Marine Science， 2006， 28（2）： 177-180. |
| [123] | LI B L， ZHANG X K， PAERL H W， et al. Making waves： emphasizing integrated research on harmful algal blooms over single-species laboratory studies［J］. Water Research， 2025， 285. DOI：10.1016/j.watres.2025.124051 . |
| [124] | VALETT H M， de LIMA R F， PEIPOCH M， et al. Bloom succession and nitrogen dynamics during snowmelt in a mid-order montane river［J］. Biogeochemistry， 2023， 166（3）： 227-246. |
| [125] | LOGAN R D， TORREY M A， FEIJó-LIMA R， et al. UAV-based hyperspectral imaging for river algae pigment estimation［J］. Remote Sensing， 2023， 15（12）. DOI： 10.3390/rs15123148 . |
| [126] | HARLIN M M. Changes in major plant groups following nutrient enrichment ［M］ // MCCOMB J. Eutrophic shallow estuaries and lagoons. Boca Raton： CRC Press. 1993： 173-187. |
| [127] | BOESCH D F， BRINSFIELD R B， MAGNIEN R E. Chesapeake bay eutrophication： scientific understanding， ecosystem restoration， and challenges for agriculture［J］. Journal of Environmental Quality， 2001， 30（2）： 303-320. |
| [128] | ISHII D， YANAGI T， SASAKURA S. Long-term trends in the occurrence of red tides in the Seto Inland Sea， Japan［J］. Oceanography in Japan， 2014， 23（6）： 217-236. |
| [129] | IMAI I， YAMAGUCHI M， HORI Y. Eutrophication and occurrences of harmful algal blooms in the Seto Inland Sea， Japan［J］. Plankton and Benthos Research， 2006， 1（2）： 71-84. |
| [130] | BARRERA J， CANTILLI R， DAVIS I， et al. Nutrient criteria technical guidance manual： estuarine and coastal marine waters （EPA-822-B-01-003） ［R］. Washington DC： US Environmental Protection Agency， Office of Water， 2001. |
| [131] | GLIBERT P M， WAZNIAK C E， HALL M R， et al. Seasonal and interannual trends in nitrogen and brown tide in maryland’s coastal bays［J］. Ecological Applications， 2007， 17（）： S79-S87. |
| [132] | MIAO Wei， Yanjing OU， WU Qiushuang， et al. Study on nutrient criteria development in the Chishui River based on multiple approaches［J］. Research of Environmental Sciences， 2025， 38（7）： 1 552-1 566. |
| 苗蔚， 欧延静， 吴秋双， 等. 基于多种方法的赤水河营养物基准制定研究［J］. 环境科学研究， 2025， 38（7）： 1 552-1 566. | |
| [133] | WEI Chao， LING Jianan， YAN Zhenguang， et al. Research on nutritional criteria of dissoloved inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate in Hangzhou Bay［J］. Research of Environmental Sciences， 2024， 37（7）： 1 412-1 422. |
| 魏超， 凌佳楠， 闫振广， 等. 杭州湾溶解性无机氮、活性磷酸盐营养物基准研究［J］. 环境科学研究， 2024， 37（7）： 1 412-1 422. | |
| [134] | ZHU M X， YU D， YU Y Q， et al. ENSO enhances seasonal river discharge instability and water resource allocation pressure［J］. Water Resources Research， 2025， 61（1）. DOI： 10.1029/2023WR036965 . |
| [135] | HUO S L， XI B D， SU J， et al. Determining reference conditions for TN， TP， SD and Chl-a in eastern plain ecoregion lakes， China［J］. Journal of Environmental Sciences， 2013， 25（5）： 1 001-1 006. |
| [136] | WANG L， WANG Y L， CHENG H M， et al. Estimation of the nutrient and Chlorophyll a reference conditions in Taihu Lake based on a new method with extreme-Markov theory［J］. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health， 2018， 15（11）. DOI： 10.3390/ijerph15112372 . |
| [137] | ZHANG L B， WU L L， WU C G， et al. Construction of lake reference conditions for nutrient criteria based on system dynamics modelling［J］. Ecological Modelling， 2018， 383： 69-79. |
| [138] | LI Junlong， ZHENG Binghui， LIU Yong， et al. Classification of estuaries in China based on eutrophication susceptibility to nutrient load［J］. Science China Earth Sciences， 2015， 45（4）： 455-467. |
| 李俊龙， 郑丙辉， 刘永， 等. 中国河口富营养化对营养盐负荷的敏感性分类［J］. 中国科学： 地球科学， 2015， 45（4）： 455-467. | |
| [139] | STROKAL M， KROEZE C. Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the black sea in 1970-2050［J］. Regional Environmental Change， 2013， 13（1）： 179-192. |
| [140] | MIKAELYAN A S， SERGEEVA A V， PAUTOVA L A， et al. 75-year dynamics of the Black Sea phytoplankton in association with eutrophication and climate change［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2024， 954. DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176448 . |
| [141] | ZHANG Q， FISHER T R， TRENTACOSTE E M， et al. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay： development of an empirical approach for water-quality management［J］. Water Research， 2021， 188. DOI： 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116407 . |
| [142] | SAVCHUK O P. Large-scale nutrient dynamics in the Baltic Sea， 1970-2016［J］. Frontiers in Marine Science， 2018， 5. DOI：10.3389/fmars.2018.00095 . |
| [143] | NISHIJIMA W. Management of nutrients concentrations in the Seto Inland Sea ［J］. Bulletin on Coastal Oceanography， 2018， 56： 13-19. |
| [144] | TADA K， NISHIKAWA T， TARUTANI K， et al. Nutrient decrease in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea and its influence on the ecosystem’s lower trophic levels ［J］. Bulletin on Coastal Oceanography， 2020， 52： 39-47. |
| [145] | WANG J J， YU Z G， WEI Q S， et al. Long-term nutrient variations in the Bohai Sea over the past 40 years［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research： Oceans， 2019， 124（1）： 703-722. |
| [146] | YAMAMOTO T. The seto inland sea—eutrophic or oligotrophic？［J］. Marine Pollution Bulletin， 2003， 47（1/2/3/4/5/6）： 37-42. |
| [147] | URAL-JANSSEN A， KROEZE C， MEERS E， et al. Large reductions in nutrient losses needed to avoid future coastal eutrophication across Europe［J］. Marine Environmental Research， 2024， 197. DOI： 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106446 . |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
