收稿日期: 2003-02-24
修回日期: 2003-05-19
网络出版日期: 2004-04-01
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目“GPS应用于中国大陆地壳运动监测的资料处理统一规范”（编号：40174009）；中国科学院知识创新重要方向项目“空间对地观测与应用研究”（编号：KJCX2-SW-T1）资助.
THE MAIN PROBLEMS AND NEW ADVANCES IN GROUNDBASED GPS METEOROLOGY
Received date: 2003-02-24
Revised date: 2003-05-19
Online published: 2004-04-01
目前大多数映射函数在低高度角时精度都比较差，发展适应低高度角的映射函数，提高低高度角观测值的利用率，研究大气的水平梯度是目前地基GPS气象学的主要研究任务，发展随时空变化的动态映射函数也是国际上的一个主要研究问题。由于PWV不能提供水汽分布的三维信息，求定GPS信号斜路径方向上的水汽SWV，以及利用SWV层析大气的垂直结构是目前国际上 GPS气象学的研究前沿。文中总结了目前国际上SWV的求定及层析水汽三维结构的主要方法，及存在的问题。把GPS探测的水汽同化到数值天气预报中，以提高数值预报的能力是GPS气象学研究的目的，作者介绍了目前水汽在数值预报模型中的同化情况。另外还回顾了利用GPS观测结果进行全球气候变化和大气折射环境研究的进展。
廖新浩 , 宋淑丽 , 朱文耀 . 地基GPS气象学研究的主要问题及最新进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2004 , 19(2) : 250 -259 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2004.02.0250
Because the deficiency of the most mapping functions at low cutoff angles, it is necessary to develop new mapping functions so that the GPS observations at low cutoff angles could be used effectively. The dynamic mapping functions with spatial and temporal variety are also needed for the adaptability. Though we can get PWV (precipitable water vapor) with high accuracy, but it cannot provide three-dimensional distribution of water vapor in atmosphere. It has been proved that slant water vapor(SWV) contains vertical information of water vapor. The vertical distribution can be retrieved by tomography using SWV. In this paper, the techniques of how to determine SWV and analyze the threedimensional distribution using SWV and the main current problems are introduced. The assimilation of water vapor retrieved from GPS observations into numerical weather forecast is the main object of GPS meteorology and the forecast can be improved. The progresses of assimilation at present are also reviewed .The developments of monitoring global climate change and atmosphere refraction environment using GPS are also described.
［1］ Askne J,Nordius H.Estimation of tropospheric delay for microwaves from surface weather data［J］.Radio Science,1987,22:379-386.
［2］ Bevis M,Businger S, Herring T A, et al.GPS meteorology:Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the global positioning system［J］.Journal of Geophysics Research,1992,97:15 787-15 801.
［3］ Henk Klein Baltink,Hans van der Marel,Andre G A van der Hoeven.Integrated atmospheric water vapor estimates from a regional GPS network［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002,107（D3）：4 025-4 033.
［4］ Galina Dick,Gerd Gendt,Christoph Reigber.Operational Water Vapor Estimation in a Dense German Network［R］.IGS 1999 Technical Report, 1999.375-384.
［5］ Bevis M,Businger S,Chiswell S,et al. GPS meteorology:Mapping zenith wet delays onto precipitable water［J］.Journal of Application Meteorology,1994,33:379-386.
［6］ Wang Xiaoya(王小亚),Zhu Wenyao(朱文耀),Yan Haojian(严豪健),et al.Preliminary results of precipitable water vapor monitored by ground-based GPS［J］.Chinese Journal of Atmosphere Sciences(大气科学),1999,23(5):605-612(in Chinese).
［7］ Arthur Niell.Improved Mapping Function for GPS and VLBI［R］.IVS 2000 General Meeting Proceedings, 2000.263-266.
［8］ Niell A E.Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths［J］.Journal of Geophysics Research, 1996,101(B2):3 227-3 246.
［9］ James L Davis,Gunnar Elgered,Arthur E Niell,et al.Ground-based measurement of gradients in the “wet”radio refractivity of air［J］.Radio Science, 1993,28:1 003-1 018.
［10］ MacMillan D S.Atmospheric gradients from very long baseline interferometry observations［J］.Geophysical Research Letters, 1995,22:1 041-1 044.
［11］ Yoaz E BarSever , Peter M Kroger,Jorgen A Borjesson.Estimating horizontal gradients of tropospheric path delay with a single GPS receiver［J］.Journal of Geophysics Research, 1998,103:5 019-5 035.
［12］ Lubomir P. Gradinarsky, Rüdiger Haas, Gunnar Elgered,et al.Wet path delay and delay gradients inferred from microwave radiometer,GPS and VLBI observations［J］.Earth Planets Space, 2000,52:695-698.
［13］ Korner U, Sonnemann G R,Global three-dimensinal modeling of the water vapor concentration of the mesospheremesopause region and implications with respect to the noctilucent cloud region［J］.Journal of Geophysics Research,2001,106:9 639-9 651.
［14］ Seko H, Shimada S,Nakamura H,et al.Threedimensional distribution of water vapor estimated from tropospheric delay of GPS data in a mesoscale precipitation system of the Baiu front［J］.Earth Planets Space, 2000,52:927-933.
［15］ Duan J, Bevis M, Fang P,et al.GPS Meteorology:Direct estimation of the absolute value of precipitable water［J］.Journal of Application Meteorology, 1996,35:830-838.
［16］ Flores A,Ruffini G,Rius A.4D tropospheric tomography using GPS slant wet delays［J］.Annal of Geophysicae,2000,18:223-234.
［17］ Braun J, Rocken C, Ware R.Validation of line-of-sight water vapor measurements with GPS［J.Radio Science, 2001,36:459-472.
［18］ Alber C, Ware R, Rocken C,et al.Obtaining single path phase delays from GPS double differences［J］.Geophysical Research Letter, 2000,27:2 661-2 664.
［19］ Randolph H Ware,David W Fulker,Seth A Stein,et al.Real-time national GPS networks:Opportunities for atmospheric sensing［J］.Earth Planets Space, 2000,52:901-905.
［20］ Yuan L L,Richard A,Anthes,et al.Sensing climate change using the global positioning system［J］.Journal of GeophysicsResearch, 1993,98: 14 925-14 937.
［21］ Foelsche U, Kirchengast GTroposphere water vapor imaging by combination of ground-based and spaceborne GNSS sounding data［J］.Journal of Geophysics Research, 2001,106:27 221-27 231.
［22］ Fjeldbo G, Eshleman V R. The atmosphere of Mars analyzed by integral inversion of the Mariner 4 occultation data［J］. Planet Space Science, 1968,16: 1 35-1 059.
［23］ Fjeldbo G, Kliore A J, Eshleman V R. The neutral atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner 5 radio occultation experiments［J］. Astronomy Journal, 1971,76: 123-140 .
［24］ Kursinski ER, Hajj G A, Hardy K R, et al. Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements［J］. Journal of Geophysics Research, 1997,102: 23 429-23 465.
［25］ Flores A, Gradinarsky L P, Elosegui P,et al.Sensing atmospheric structure:Tropospheric tomographic results of the small-scale GPS campaign at the Onsala Space Observatory［J］. Earth Planets Space, 2000,52:941-945.
［26］ Lowry Anthony R,Rocken Chris,Sokolovskiy,et al.Vertical profiling of atmospheric refractivity from ground-based GPS［J］.Radio Science, 2002,37(3):13/1-19.
［27］ Zuffada C, Hajj G A, Kursinski E R. A novel approach to atmospheric profiling with a mountain-based or air-borne GPS receiver［J］. Journal of Geophysics Research, 1999,104: 24 435-24 447.
［28］ Gaikovich K P, Sumin M I. Reconstruction of the altitude pro_les of the refractive index, pressure,and temperature of the atmosphere from observations of astronomical refraction［J］. Izvestiya Atmospheric Oceanic Physics, 1986,22: 710-715.
［29］ Azizov A A, Gaikovich K P, Kashkarov S S. Determination of atmosphere parameters using navigation satellite signals［J］. Radiophys Quantum Electron, 1998,41: 737-751.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
