收稿日期: 2009-02-16
修回日期: 2009-05-13
网络出版日期: 2009-08-10
基金资助
中国科学院知识创新重要方向性项目“城市生态系统过程、胁迫影响和生态整合方法”（编号：KZCX2-YW-422）；科技部国家重点实验室专项经费“北京城市生态系统格局和过程的驱动机制和生态环境效应研究”（编号：SKLURE2008-1-01）资助.
Perspectives in Long-term Studies of Urban Ecosystem
Received date: 2009-02-16
Revised date: 2009-05-13
Online published: 2009-08-10
王效科 , 欧阳志云 , 仁玉芬 , 王华锋 . 城市生态系统长期研究展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009 , 24(8) : 928 -935 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.08.0928
With accelerating urbanization in China as well as in the world, the profound environment impact of urban land has been concerned because urban system consumes large quantities of natural resources and releases large quantities of wastes which contain pollutants. The natural resources over-exhausted and air and water pollution seriously deteriorated the urban and suburban environments humans reside in. The degradation in urban environment has attracted the interests of ecologists in the last three decades. The ecology in cities has been developed to ecology of city. The latter as a holistic study focuses on the structure, pattern, process and function of urban ecosystem. It is widely recognized that urban ecosystem is a human-dominated system with artificial infrastructure, higher density of inputs and outputs of energy and materials, artificial path and human-controlled transportation of energy and materials and high efficient of social and economic production. In 1997, two long-term ecological studies programs initiated in Baltimore and Phoenix supported by National Sciences Foundation USA. In 2001, Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station was initiated to monitor and investigate environmental changes in Beijing. In this paper, we reviewed the research framework of urban ecosystem developed in recent years, and compared the Phoenix, Baltimore and Beijing long-term urban ecosystems studies in terms of goal, basic scientific principles, themes and methodology. The investigation of urban ecosystems should combine social-economic and natural physical templates, study the changes in structure and function of urban ecosystem under short-term pulses and long-term stresses, assess these changes effects on ecosystem services, and formulate policy to manage and regulate urban systems. Beijing Urban Ecosystem Station would aim to understand the evolution of structure-pattern-process-function and to provide scientific basis for preventing water shortage and environmental pollution, raising living quality, and improving social and economic development, by deploying remote sensing technology, long-term plots survey, long-term stationary and mobile monitoring and social survey, monitoring the structural and functional indicators of urban ecosystem, investigating long-term evolution of urban ecosystem, energy and materials flows of urban ecosystem, water resource and utilization, and environmental response of urban organism, and building eco-planning, eco-management and eco-engineering demonstrations for urban sustainable development. Innovations of theory and methodology in urban ecology and coupling physical and human processes in urban ecosystem are important issues for long-term studies in the future.
Key words： Urban; ecosystem; long-term evolution
[1] Grimm N, Faeth S, Golubiewski N, et al. Global change and the ecology of cities[J].Science, 2008, 319:756-760.
[2] Alberti M. Advances in Urban Ecology-Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems[M]. New York: Springer，2008.
[3] Grimm N, Foster D, Groffman P, et al. The changing landscape: Ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climate and societal gradients[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2008, 6(5):264-272.
[4] Fu B J, Zhuang X L, Jiang G B, et al. Environmental problems and challenges in China[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2007,41(22):7 597-7 602.
[5] McDonnell M J, Pickett S, Pouyat R. The application of the ecological gradient paradigm to the study of urban effects[C]// McDonnell M, Pickett S,eds. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: Subtle Human Effects and the Ecology of Populated Areas, New York:Springer-Verlag, 1993:175-189.
[6] Pickett S, Cadenasso M, Grove J, et al. Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,2001,32:127-157.
[7] Pickett S, Burch W, Dalton S, et al. A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas[J].Urban Ecosystems,1997,1:185-199.
[8] Berkowitz A R, Nilon C H，Hollweg K S. Understanding Urban Ecosystems: A New Frontier for Science and Education[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,2003.
[9] Gu Chaolin, Wu Liya. Review on achievements in urbanization studies in China[J].Urban Problem,2008, (12):2-12.[顾朝林,吴莉娅.中国城市化研究主要成果综述[J]. 城市问题, 2008, (12)：2-12.]
[10] Che Shengquan, Song Yongchang. Analysis of landscape pattern of park system in city of Shanghai[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Agricultural Sciences),2002, 20:322-327.[车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报：农业科学版，2002，20:322-327.]
[11] Lu Qingxuan, He Xingyuan. Vegetation structure and diversity in urban forest in Shenyang[J].Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry,2005, 3(4):15-17.[陆庆轩,何兴元.沈阳城市森林植被结构和植物多样性研究[J].中国城市林业, 2005, 3(4):15-17.]
[12] Zhang Lei, Song Fengbin, Wang Xiaobo. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils in China: Status and countermeasures[J].Ecology and Environment,2004,13:258-260.[张磊,宋讽斌,王晓波.中国城市土壤重金属污染现状及对策[J].生态环境, 2004,13:258-260.]
[13] Wang Rusong, Zhou Qixing, Hu Dan. Ecological Regulation and Control Measures for Urban Sustainable Development[M]. Beijing: Meteorological Press,2000.[王如松,周启星,胡聃.城市可持续发展的生态调控方法[M]. 北京:气象出版社, 2000.]
[14] Rebele F. Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters,1994, 4:173-187.
[15] Collins J, Kinzig A, Grimm N, et al. A new urban ecology[J].American Scientist,2000, 88:416-425.
[16] Kaye J, Groffman P, Grimm N, et al. A distinct urban biogeochemistry?[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2006, 21:192-199.[17] Park R, Burges E, McKenzie R, eds. The City[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1925.
[18] Wolman A. The Metabolism of Cities[J].Scientific American,1965, 213:179-188.
[19] Ma Shijun, Wang Rusong. Social-economic-natural ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1984, 4:1-9.[马世骏，王如松.社会—经济—自然复合生态系统[J]. 生态学报，1984，4:1-9.]
[20] Wang Rusong.High Efficiency, Harmony-Principle and Methodology of Urban Ecological Control[M]. Changsha: Hunan Educational Press,1988.[王如松.高效·和谐——城市生态调控原理与方法[M]. 长沙:湖南教育出版社, 1988.]
[21] Pickett T, Cadenasso M, Grove J, et al. Beyond urban legends: An emerging framework of urban ecology, as illustrated by the Baltimore ecosystem study[J].Bioscience,2008, 58(2):139-150.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
甘公网安备62010202000687
