收稿日期: 2010-06-20
修回日期: 2010-07-02
网络出版日期: 2010-08-10
基金资助
国家杰出青年科学基金项目“流域尺度陆面数据同化系统研究”（编号：40925004）；中国科学院西部行动计划（二期）项目“黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验与综合模拟平台建设”（编号：KZCX2-XB2-09）;国家高技术研究发展计划（863计划）子课题“多频多谱段遥感数据生态环境参数综合反演技术”（编号：2009AA12Z1463）和“多源遥感数据同化通用软件系统研制”（编号：2009AA12Z130）资助.
Digital Heihe River Basin. 4: Watershed Observing System
Received date: 2010-06-20
Revised date: 2010-07-02
Online published: 2010-08-10
数字化的流域观测系统是数字流域的重要组成部分。①首先介绍了水循环卫星遥感和地面观测的最新进展，以及航空遥感在流域观测中的重要作用。②介绍了对于流域观测系统的构想。认为流域观测系统应兼顾陆面过程、水文、生态观测的不同空间尺度和时间尺度，监测与控制试验并重，地面与遥感配合，重视采样设计，重视新兴观测手段，与信息系统和模型高度集成，科学目标导向，模型需求驱动。③黑河流域观测系统由位于流域上中下游不同景观带的野外研究站、综合观测试验以及气象水文业务化观测网络组成，在流域内先后开展了HEIFE实验、金塔试验和黑河综合遥感联合试验。④介绍了对于流域观测系统的进一步构想：增强遥感观测能力是关键，集成遥感、地面观测和模型模拟才能更好地定量估计水循环，流域观测系统应和信息系统、综合模型等共同构成流域科学研究的信息基础设施，更好地为流域科学服务。
李新, 程国栋, 马明国, 肖青, 晋锐, 冉有华, 赵文智, 冯起, 陈仁升, 胡泽勇, 盖迎春 . 数字黑河的思考与实践4：流域观测系统[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010 , 25(8) : 866 -876 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2010.08.0866
Novel technologies in remote sensing and ground observations have made it possible to capture the spatial and temporal variations of hydrological variables. In the next decades, their spatial and temporal resolution will increase significantly. This paper provides our thoughts on the watershed observing system in the Digital Heihe River Basin research initiative. First, the latest advances in observing the water cycle using satellite remote sensing, airborne remote sensing, and ground-based observation are reviewed. The next part of the paper presents our prospects on how to build a watershed observing system. The system should take into account various spatiotemporal scales of the land surface, hydrological and ecological processes. It should make it a priority aim to serve the development, validation and modification of integrated watershed models. It should act as an integrated remote sensing and ground based observing system, and should integrate well with information systems and watershed models. The premiums on sampling strategy and new observation methods, and the equal importance of monitoring and control experiments are also discussed in this section. We then introduce the current watershed observing system of the Heihe River Basin as a prototype study. It is composed of well instrumented field stations located along its upper, middle, and lower reaches with different landscapes, and operational meteorological and hydrological networks. Some comprehensive observation experiments have so far been carried out in the Heihe River Basin. They include the HEIFE (Atmosphere-land surface processes experiment at the Heihe River Basin), the Jinta experiment, and the WATER (Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research). The last part of the paper introduces our further thinking of watershed observing system. It is of key importance to enhance the remote sensing observation ability of water cycle and related ecological processes in a river basin scale. It is only possible to better quantify the water cycle through the integration of remote sensing and in situ observations and model simulations. In summary, the water observing system, in good cooperation with watershed information system and integrated watershed models, constitutes a cyberinfrastructure and lays the foundation for the emerging watershed science.
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