海洋沉积硅藻研究方法与应用综述

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.12.1296

针对海洋沉积硅藻的研究方法及其应用,分别从沉积硅藻的纯化方法、数据分析及其环境学应用3个方面进行了概述。纯化方法主要分为4个步骤：去除碳酸钙、去除有机质、去除矿物质和制片,依次介绍了各步骤中常用的处理方法和方法改进,分析比较了其各自的优缺点。在数据分析方面,为确保数据的可靠性,从硅藻种类鉴定与计数、数据表达、误差评价3个方面,详述了所需的方法原则,以便最大程度地消减误差。在此基础上,进一步解释了如何运用数值分析方法来提高分析的精准度。国际上,对沉积硅藻在反演环境演变方面的应用已经开展了较深入的研究,包括表层沉积硅藻与上层水环境的关系,利用深层沉积硅藻重建古海洋环境、追踪盐度梯度以及反演水体富营养化等。针对国内该研究的不足,倡导今后应综合多学科的技术手段,结合上层水体观测资料,以推进我国沉积硅藻定量化的研究并增强反演环境的准确性。

关键词: 海洋沉积硅藻, 硅藻分离纯化, 数值方法, 海洋环境学应用

With regard to the analysis and application of diatoms in the marine sediments, diatom purification method, data analysis method and diatom application in environmental reconstruction were summarized. The diatom purification is composed of four main processes (removing calcium carbonate, organic and minerogenic matter, and slide preparation). For each process, frequently used methods and improvements were introduced, while their pros and cons were compared. As to the data analysis, in order to ensure statistical reliability, the essential methods and principles were represented in detail with species identification and counting, data expression and error estimation involved to reduce errors as much as possible. On this basis, the numerical method application was explained for its advantage of improving the accuracy for analysis. The applications of diatom fossils in environmental reconstruction were studied more deeply abroad, including the investigation of relationship between diatom fossils and upperwater environment, the application of diatoms from deeper core sediment for reconstructing oceanic paleoenvironment, tracing salinity and reflecting eutrophication. As far as the deficiency of the domestic research was concerned, multidisciplinary technologies and observational data were suggested to be combined into the study in order to promote the quantitative research of diatom fossils and the accuracy of environmental reconstruction.

Key words: Marine sedimentary diatom, Diatom extraction and purification, Numerical method, Paleo-oceanographic application.

图1 海洋沉积硅藻的纯化步骤

Fig.1 Flow diagram for marine sedimentarydiatoms#cod#x02019;purification and slides preparation

图2 硅藻计数的累计丰富度曲线 ^{[

7
]} 4条曲线分别代表来自法国4个地区的样品；绿线Marais表明计数到250即可

Fig.2 Relationships between the numbers of valves counted and diatom species recorded (Accumulative richness curves) ^{[

7
]} The 4 curves stand for the samples collected in 4 regions in France, respectively; The green curve (Marais) shows that the count of only 250 was satisfying

表1 数据概况、数据分析和数据释读的相关数值方法 ^{[

28
]}

Table 1 List of relevant numerical methods for DS, DA, DI in relation to the assumed diatom species response model to the environmental variable(s) of interest ^{[

28
]}

	响应模型
解决方法及应用	线性	单峰型
回归(DA, DI)	线性回归多元线性回归	高斯逻辑回归(GLR) 多元Gaussionlogit回归；样本分值的加权平均(WA)
校准(DA)	线性校准#cod#x0201c;逆回归#cod#x0201d;	用GLR系数的最大概似(ML)校准；
		物种分值WA和简易双向WA
	偏导最小平方(PLS)	WA-PLS(WAPLS)
排序法(DS, DA)	主成分分析(PCA)	对应分析(CA)和去趋势CA(DCA)
限制性排序(=简化等级回归)(DS, DA, DI)	冗余分析(RDA)	经典对应分析(CCA)
偏导序列法(DS, DA)	偏导PCA	偏导CA
偏导限制性排序(DS, DA, DI)	偏导RDA	偏导CCA

表1 数据概况、数据分析和数据释读的相关数值方法 ^{[

28
]}

Table 1 List of relevant numerical methods for DS, DA, DI in relation to the assumed diatom species response model to the environmental variable(s) of interest ^{[

28
]}

	响应模型
解决方法及应用	线性	单峰型
回归(DA, DI)	线性回归多元线性回归	高斯逻辑回归(GLR) 多元Gaussionlogit回归；样本分值的加权平均(WA)
校准(DA)	线性校准#cod#x0201c;逆回归#cod#x0201d;	用GLR系数的最大概似(ML)校准；
		物种分值WA和简易双向WA
	偏导最小平方(PLS)	WA-PLS(WAPLS)
排序法(DS, DA)	主成分分析(PCA)	对应分析(CA)和去趋势CA(DCA)
限制性排序(=简化等级回归)(DS, DA, DI)	冗余分析(RDA)	经典对应分析(CCA)
偏导序列法(DS, DA)	偏导PCA	偏导CA
偏导限制性排序(DS, DA, DI)	偏导RDA	偏导CCA

图3 转换函数重建环境3步简图 ^{[

37
]}

Fig.3 Schematic protocol of a transfer function highlighting the databases and the three-step mathematical technique ^{[

37
]}

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Review of the Analysis and Application of Diatoms in the Marine Sediments