地球科学进展 ›› 2008, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (4): 371 -381. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2008.04.0371

综述与评述 上一篇    下一篇

大气数值模式中城市效应参数化方案研究进展
王咏薇 1,蒋维楣 1,2,刘红年 1   
  1. 1. 南京大学大气科学系, 江苏 南京 210093; 2.中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
  • 收稿日期:2007-11-20 修回日期:2008-04-01 出版日期:2008-04-10
  • 通讯作者: 王咏薇 E-mail:wyw@nuist.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目“城市冠层对物质湍流扩散影响的模拟研究”(编号:40775014);国家重点实验室开放课题项目“城市区域气象与空气质量模拟中边界层参数的引入研究”(编号:LAPC-KF-2006-02)资助.

Advanced in Research of Urban Effect Parameterization Scheme on Models of Atmosphere

Wang Yongwei 1,Jiang Weimei 1,2,Liu Hongnian 1   

  1. 1.Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093,China;2.State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100029,China
  • Received:2007-11-20 Revised:2008-04-01 Online:2008-04-10 Published:2008-04-10
  • Contact: YongWei Wang E-mail:wyw@nuist.edu.cn

介绍了对城市效应影响大气运动的物理过程,以及在不同尺度大气模式中如何合理考虑这些物理过程,对进一步发展完善城市效应参数化方案中亟待解决的问题及困难作了论述,并着重强调了不同城市冠层参数化方案的优缺点。结论认为,随着城市的扩张,城市效应对大气运动的影响是数值模拟研究中一个不可或缺的物理过程,城市冠层模式的引入可以有效地提高数值模拟效果。对于不同尺度的数值模拟研究工作,应该采取不同的城市效应影响方案。目前,由于冠层模式中涉及的物理过程十分复杂,冠层模式还有待进一步完善,此外冠层方案的验证工作,尤其是应用城市地表能量平衡观测资料进行的验证工作还应该进一步深入开展。

Recent developments in the physical mechanism of urban effect on atmospheric movement, how to consider these process in the models of different scale, and the difficulty to further develop the parameterization scheme of urban effect have been presented and classified, and the advantages and weaknesses of each approach have been highlighted. However, there is need to validate further the different urban models available. In particular it is necessary to compare model output with urban surface energy balance measurements. An inter-comparison exercise involving these urban schemes is suggested as an efficient way to assess and improve these models.

中图分类号: 

[1] Best M J. Progress towards better weather forecasts for city dwellers: From short-range to climate change [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology200684: 47-56.

[2] Masson V. Urban surface modeling and the meso-scale impact of cities [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology200684: 35-45.

[3] Liu GangJiang WeimeiLuo Yunfeng. Status QUO and prospects of researches on atmospheric boundary layer over inhomogeneous underlying surface [J]. Advances in Earth Science2005202: 221-230.[刘罡,蒋维楣,罗云峰. 非均匀下垫面边界层研究现状与展望[J]. 地球科学进展,2005202: 221-230.]

[4] Grimmond C S BOke T R. Turbulent heat flux in urban areasObservations and a local-scale urban meteorological parameterization schemeLUMPS[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology200241:792-810.

[5] Oke T R. The surface energy budgets of urban areas [C]Hosker P R .Modeling the Urban Boundary Layer.Boston:American Meteorological Society1998.

[6] Roth M. Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities [J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society2000126: 1 941-1 990.

[7] Macdonald R WGriffiths R FHill D J. An improved method for estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays [J]. Atmospheric Environment199832:1 857-1 864.

[8] Rotach M W. Turbulence close to a rough urban surfacepart I: Reynolds stress [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology199365:1-28.

[9] Rotach M W. Turbulence close to a rough urban surfacepart II: Variances and gradiens [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology199366:75-92.

[10] Rotach M W. Profile of turbulence statistics in and above an urban street canopy [J]. Atmospheric Environment199529:1 473-1 486.

[11] Raupach M RShaw R H. Averaging procedures for flow within vegetation Canopies [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology198222: 79-90.

[12] Finnigan J J. Turbulence in plant canopies [J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics200032:519-572.

[13] Bohm MFinnigan J JRaupach M R. Dispersive fluxes in canopy flows: Just how important are they? [C]Proceedings of 24th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. Boston: American Meteorological Society2000:106-107.

[14] Cheng HCastro I P. Near wall flow over urban-like roughness [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2002104: 229-259.

[15] Uno IUeda H. Numerical modeling of nocturnal urban boundary layer [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology1989491:77-98.

[16] Maruyama T. Surface and inlet boundary conditions for the simulation of turbulent boundary layer over complex rough surfaces [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics199981:311-322.

[17] Raupach M R. drag and Drag partition on rough surface [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology1992603: 375-395.

[18] Chen YanJiang Weimei. The numerical experiments of the effect of buildings on boundary layer structure [J]. Plateau Meteorology2006255:824-833.[陈燕,蒋维楣. 城市建筑物对边界层影响的数值模拟[J]. 高原气象,2006255:824-833.]

[19] Coceal OBelcher S E. A canopy model of mean winds through urban areas [J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society2004130:1 349-1 372.

[20] Finnigan J JBelcher S E. Turbulence in plant canopies [J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics200032:519-572.

[21] Coceal OBelcher S E. Mean Winds through an inhomogeneous urban canopy [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2005115: 47-68.

[22] Coceal ODobre AThomas T Get al. Structure of turbulent flow over regular arrays of cubical roughness [J]. The Journal of Fluid Mechanics2007589:375-409.

[23] Zhou Rongwei. Study on the Structure of Urban Boundary Layer and Fine Numerical Simulation [D].Nanjing: Nanjing University2007.[周荣卫.城市边界层结构与精细化数值模拟研究[D].南京:南京大学,2007.]

[24] Grimmond C S BOke T R. Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburban of four North American cities [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology199534:873-889.

[25] Tong HuaLiu HuizhiSang Jianguoet al. The impact of urban anthropogenic heat on Beijing heat environment [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research200393: 409-421.[佟华,刘辉志,桑建国,等.城市人为热对北京热环境的影响[J].气候与环境研究,200393:409-421.]

[26] Oke T RSpronken-Smith RJauregui Eet al. Recent energy balance observations in Mexico City [J]. Atmospheric Environment199933: 3 919-3 930.

[27] Kallos G. Regional/Mesoscale Models [C]Urban Air Pollution-European Aspects.Dordrecht BostonLondon: Kluwer Academy Publishers1998:177-196.

[28] Mestayer P G. Urban Scale Models [C]Urban Air Pollution European Aspects.Dordrecht BostonLondon: Kluwer Academy Publicshors1998:197-222.

[29] Grimmond C S BOke T R. Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburbs of four North American cities [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology199534: 873-889.

[30] Grimmond C S BOke T R. Heat storage in urban areas: Local-scale observations and evaluation of a simple model [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology199938:922-940.

[31] Grimmond C S BOke T R. Turbulent heat flux in urban areasObservations and a local-scale urban meteorological parameterization schemeLUMPS[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology200241:792-810.

[32] Grimmond C S BSouch CHubble M. The influence of tree cover on summertime energy balance fluxesSan Gabriel ValleyLos Angeles [J]. Climate Research1996645-57.

[33] Oke T RGrimmond C S BSpronken S R. On the confounding role of rural wetness in assessing urban effect on climate [Z]. Preprints of the AMS Second Urban Environment Symposium1998:59-62.

[34] Spronken-smith R. Comparison of summer and wintertime observation energy fluxes over a suburban neighborhood [Z]. Preprints of the AMS Second Urban Environment Symposium 1998:243-246.

[35] Feigenwinter CVogt RParlow E. Vertical structure of selected turbulence characteristics above an urban canopy [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology199962:51-63.

[36] Offerle BGrimmond C S B. Parameterization of net al l-wave radiation for urban areas [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology200342: 1 157-1 173.

[37] Grimmond C S BOke T R. Heat storage in urban areas: Local-scale observations and evaluation of a simple model [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology199938:922-940.

[38] Monteith J L. Evaporation and the environment [Z]. Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology196519:205-224.

[39] Arnfield A JGrimmond C S B. An urban energy budget model and its application to urban storage heat flux modeling [J]. Energy and Build199827:61-68.

[40] Taha H. Modifying a mesoscale meteorological model to better incorporate urban heat storage:A bulk-parameterization approach [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology199938: 466-473.

[41] Kondo H. A numerical experiment of the extended sea breeze over the Kanto plain [J]. Journal of the Meteorology Society of Japan1990684: 419-433.

[42] Kondo H. The thermally induced local wind and surface inversion over the Kanto plain on calm winter nights [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology1995346: 1 439-1 448.

[43] Atkinson B W. Numerical modeling urban heat-island intensity [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2003109:285-310.

[44] Brown M JWilliams M. An urban canopy parameterization for mesoscale meteorological models [Z]. AMS 2nd Urban Environment SymposiumAlbuquerqueNM1998.

[45] Ca VAsaeda TAshie Y. Development of a numerical model for the evaluation of the urban thermal environment [J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics1999 81:181-196.

[46] Voogt J AGrimmond C S B. Modeling surface sensible heat flux using surface radiative temperatures in a simple urban area [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology200039: 1 679-1 699.

[47] Brown M J. Urban parameterization for mesoscale meteorological models [C]Boybeyi Z. Mesoscale Atmospheric Dispersion.SouthamptonUK: WIT Press2000:193-256.

[48] Kanda M. Progress in the scale modeling of urban climate: Review [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology2005DOI 10.1007/s00704-005-0141-4.

[49] Masson V. A physically based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric Models [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology200094:357-397.

[50] Kusaka HKondo H. A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmpspheric models: Comparison with mutil-layer and slab models [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2001101: 329-358.

[51] Lemonsu AGrimmond C S B. Modeling the surface energy balance of the core of an old Mediterranean city: Marseille [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology200443: 312-327.

[52] Masson V. Urban surface modeling and the meso-scale impact of cities [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology2004841/3: 35-45.

[53] He Xiaofeng. Study on establishment and application of a land-surface process parameterization scheme in urban area [D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University2006.[何晓凤. 一种城市陆面过程参数化方的建立与应用研究[D].南京:南京大学,2006.]

[54] Kanda MKawai TKiyotakaet al. A Simple Theoretical Radiation Scheme for Regular Building Arrays [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2005114: 71-90.

[55] Kanda MKawai TKanega Met al. A Simple Energy Balance Model for Regular Building Arrays [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2005116: 423-443.

[56] Lemonsu AMasson V . Simulation of summer urban breeze over Paris [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2002104:463-490.

[57] Lemonsu ALeroux AStéphane Bélairet al. A General Methodology of Urban Cover Classification For Atmospheric Modeling [J/OL]. http:ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/100125.pdf2006.

[58] Chenfei. Current Status of Urban Modeling in the Community Weather Research and ForecastWRF Model [J/OL]. http:ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2006/techprogram/paper_98678.htm2006.

[59] Kusaka HKimura F. Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model: Impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized Case [J]. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan2004821: 67-80.

[60] Kusaka HKimura F. Thermal effects of urban canyon structure on the nocturnal heat island: Numerical experiment using a mesoscale model coupled with an urban canopy model [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology200443:1 899-1 910.

[61] Timothy E N. Results and sensitivities of an urban parameterization coupled to the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System RAMS over Washington DC [J/OL]. http:ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2006/techprogram/paper_101637.htm2006.

[62] Keith OBoulder C Oet al. Development of an urban parameterization for a global climate model [J/OL]. http:ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2006/techprogram/paper_100843.htm2006.

[63] Li XiaoliHe JinhaiBi Baoguiet al. The desin of urban canopy parameterization of MM5 and its'numerical simulation [J]. Acta Meteorological Sinica2003615):526-538.[李晓莉,何金海,毕宝贵,等. MM5模式中城市冠层参数化方案的设计及其数值试验[J].气象学报,2003 615):526-538.]

[64] Dupont SOtte T L. Simulation of meteorological fields within and above urban and rural canopies with a mesoscale modelMM5 [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2004113:111-158.

[65] Tanya L OAvraham LSylvain Det al. Implementation of an urban canopy parameterization in a mesoscale meteorological model [J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology200443: 1 648-1 665.

[66] Martilli AClappier ARotach M. An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2002104: 261-304.

[67] Kondo HLiu F H. A study on the urban thermal environment obtained through one-dimensional urban canopy model [J]. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment199833: 179-192.

[68] Kondo HKikegawa Y. Temperature variation in the urban canopy with anthropogenic energy use [J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics2003160: 317-324.

[69] Kondo HGenchi YKihegawa Yet al. Development of a mutil-layer urban canopy model for the analysis of energy consumption in a big city: Structure of the urban canopy model and its basic performance [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2005116: 395-421.

[70] Wang Yongwei. Numerical study on boundary layer structure respond to urban land surface process [D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University.[王咏薇.城市陆面过程与边界层响应的数值研究[D].南京:南京大学,2007.]

[71] Bornstein RLin Q. Urban heat islands and summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta: Three case studies [J]. Atmospheric Environment200034: 507-516.

[72] Yukihiro KYutaka GHiroshi Yet al. Development of a numerical simulation system toward comprehensive assessments of urban warming countermeasures including their impacts upon the urban buildings'energy-demands [J]. Applied Energy200376: 449-466.

[73] Martilli A. A two-dimensional numerical study of the impact of a city on atmospheric circulation and pollutant dispersion in a coastal environment [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2003108: 91-119. 

[74] Martilli ARoulet YJunier Met al. On the impact of urban surface exchange parameterizations on air quality simulations: The Athens case [J]. Atmospheric Environment200337: 4 217-4 231.

[75] Sarrata CLemonsub AMasson Vet al. Impact of urban heat island on regional atmospheric pollution [J]. Atmospheric Environment200640:1 743-1 758.

[76] Lemonsu APigeon Get al. Sea-town interactions over Marseille: 3-D urban boundary layer and thermodynamic fields near the surface [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology2005841/3: 171-178.

[77] Lemonsu ABastin SMasson Vet al. Vertical structure of the urban boundary layer over Marseille under sea-breeze condition [J]. Boundare Layer Meteorology20051883:477-501.

[78] Best M J. Representing urban areas within operational numerical weather prediction models [J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology2005114: 91-109.

[79] Best M J. Progress towards better weather forecasts for city dwellers:From short range to climate change [J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology2005: DOI 10.1007/s00704-005-0143-2.

[80] Teddy HJulie P. Urban Canopy Modeling of the New York City Metropolitan Area: A Comparison and Validation of Single-and Multilayer Parameterizations [J]. Monthly Weather Review2007135:1 906-1 930.

[1] 孟春雷. 城市地表特征数值模拟研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(4): 464-474.
[2] 徐自为,刘绍民,徐同仁,丁闯. 不同土壤热通量测算方法的比较及其对地表能量平衡闭合影响的研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(8): 875-889.
[3] 蒋维楣,苗世光,张宁,刘红年,胡非,李磊,王咏薇,王成刚. 城市气象环境与边界层数值模拟研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(5): 463-473.
[4] 李宏宇,张强,王胜. 陇中黄土高原夏季陆面辐射和热量特征研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(10): 1070-1081.
阅读次数
全文


摘要