地球科学进展, 2021, 36(1): 29-44 DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.002

综述与评述

亚洲奥陶系牙形刺生物地层研究进展

薛春玲,1, 戴霜,2, 陈中阳3, 汪卫国4

1.兰州大学资源环境学院 西部环境教育部重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000

2.兰州大学地质科学与 矿产资源学院 甘肃省矿山环境和城市地质工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730000

3.中国科学院南京 地质古生物研究所和生物演化与环境卓越创新中心 现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210008

4.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005

Research Progress of Ordovician Conodont Biostratigraphy in Asia

XUE Chunling,1, DAI Shuang,2, CHEN Zhongyang3, WANG Weiguo4

1.Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education & College of Resources and Environment,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China

2.Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources in Western China (Gansu Province) & School of Earth Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China

3.State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment,Nanjing 210008,China

4.Third Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources of China,Xiamen 361005,China

通讯作者: 戴霜(1967-),男,甘肃陇南人,教授,主要从事古地磁与环境磁学研究. E-mail:daisher@lzu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2020-09-09   修回日期: 2020-12-18   网络出版日期: 2021-03-19

基金资助: 中央高校项目“鄂尔多斯西南缘奥陶系磁性地层年代与磁化率研究”.  lzujbky-2017-k27
联合国教科文组织和国际地球科学联合会国际地学计划项目“利用多重地层学方法研究古生代沉积岩石记录的地质年代信息”.  IGCP 652

Corresponding authors: Correponding author: DAI Shuang (1967-), male, Longnan City, Gansu Province, Professor. Research areas are paleomagnetism and environmental magnetism. E-mail:daisher@lzu.edu.cn

Received: 2020-09-09   Revised: 2020-12-18   Online: 2021-03-19

作者简介 About authors

薛春玲(1995-),女,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,主要从事微体古生物学研究.E-mail:xuechl18@lzu.edu.cn

XUEChunling(1995-),female,YulinCity,ShaanxiProvince,Masterstudent.Researchareaismicropaleontology.E-mail:xuechl18@lzu.edu.cn

摘要

牙形刺是奥陶纪地层划分的主导化石门类,目前已建立了可以全球对比的牙形刺生物化石带,但还缺乏对洲际尺度牙形刺生物带对比资料,特别缺乏精细年代控制的牙形刺生物地层资料。以研究程度较高的亚洲地区为例,梳理了亚洲内部奥陶纪牙形刺生物地层研究资料,初步建立了亚洲地区牙形刺生物地层对比格架,结合国际地质年表研究进展,提出了亚洲地区奥陶纪牙形刺研究需要解决的问题,即以目前执行的IGCP 652项目中国工作组研究任务为依托,开展我国鄂尔多斯西南缘奥陶系多重地层研究,有望获得高精度年代控制的奥陶纪牙形刺生物地层资料。

关键词: 牙形刺生物地层 ; 奥陶系 ; 亚洲 ; 鄂尔多斯盆地

Abstract

Conodont is the predominant fossil which is used to study the Ordovician stratigraphy. Although the conodont biozones which can be correlated in the globe have been built up, the correlation of each continent has not been paid more attention to, especially there is not conodont biostratigraphy constraint by high precision and accurate chronological data. We compiled the published Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy data of Asia and preliminarily set up an Ordovician conodont stratigraphy framework. Furthermore, in combination with the progress of International Geologic Time Scale, we proposed the solution for the Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy studies which should be addressed; that is, based on the running program IGCP 652 and the task of the China workgroup, we should carry out multiple stratigraphy studies for the Ordovician strata in southwest Ordos, and set up the improved conodont biostratigraphy.

Keywords: Conodont biostratigraphy ; Ordovician ; Asia ; Ordos Basin.

PDF (5373KB) 元数据 多维度评价 相关文章 导出 EndNote| Ris| Bibtex  收藏本文

本文引用格式

薛春玲, 戴霜, 陈中阳, 汪卫国. 亚洲奥陶系牙形刺生物地层研究进展. 地球科学进展[J], 2021, 36(1): 29-44 DOI:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.002

XUE Chunling, DAI Shuang, CHEN Zhongyang, WANG Weiguo. Research Progress of Ordovician Conodont Biostratigraphy in Asia. Advances in Earth Science[J], 2021, 36(1): 29-44 DOI:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2021.002

1 引 言

牙形刺是一种个体微小的齿状微体化石,大小一般为0.25~2.00 mm,通常小于1 mm,广泛分布于寒武纪—三叠纪海相地层中,相对三叶虫、笔石、有孔虫和菊石等化石,分布时限较长12;另外,牙形刺通常被认为是牙形动物的进食器官3~8,因为进食的频繁运动,随着生态系统中食物链的改变,导致其演化迅速,所以常居于同期生物演化中的先锋位置;而且,相对于其他生物,牙形刺受重大地质事件的影响较小,在地史时期演化序列连续9;再者,牙形刺质地坚硬、易于石化、保存较好,不受海底地貌限制,可以分布在不同的岩相,建立的化石带可以在全球进行对比。因此,牙形刺在海相地层划分和对比中发挥着重要作用10~17,被称为“最准确的地质计时器”。

自俄罗斯地质学家Pander于1856年发表第一个牙形刺的研究工作(爱沙尼亚奥陶系)以来的160多年,古生物学家基本确定了牙形刺的生物分类位置51617,积累了大量的牙形刺化石带组成与生物地层131819及古生态古地理20研究成果。特别是Sweet等13编辑出版的牙形刺生物地层学专辑,囊括了当时最系统的牙形刺研究成果。此后,Sweet等18进一步明确牙形刺可以作为生物地层的对比标志,确认了寒武系顶部至三叠系发育有150个具有生物地层对比意义的牙形刺带,指出一些生物演化特征明确的牙形刺带的时间分辨率可以达到0.5 Ma。随着高分辨率高精度的地质年代和重大地质—生物事件精细过程研究的深入,个体微小的牙形刺化石,在厘米级的生物地层学研究及持续时间万年级别的事件地层研究方面的作用越来越突出。这些研究成果与牙形刺研究资料一起,促进了高分辨率全球生物地层格架的建立和对比,尤其在影响深远的国际地质年表GTS2004、GTS20122122及GTS201623中得到了充分体现。

奥陶纪是牙形刺最繁茂和分布最广泛的时代,牙形刺具有极高的分异度和丰度,形成很多生物区20,全球大多数奥陶系剖面地质年代的研究,均将牙形刺作为主导化石21。奥陶纪(485.4~443.8 Ma)也是古生代气候环境和生物演变重要的阶段,早中期气候温暖湿润,海水温度可达45 °C24,海平面最高2526,海洋发生了生物大辐射事件(Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event,GOBE)2728,生物科属大幅增加29~32;晚期冰川发育,地球进入雪球地球时期33~35,在末期发生了生物大灭绝事件3637。这些地质—生物事件,对包括牙形动物在内的海洋生物的演化有着非常重要的影响。

从现有的奥陶系牙形刺研究成果来看,大多注重单一剖面或某一地区地层界线、牙形刺带组成、重要气候—环境—生物事件研究,对于区域性的生物地层对比,以及与其他高分辨率地层学方法研究的结合,还需要给予更多的关注。本文拟通过对研究程度较高的亚洲地区奥陶系牙形刺生物地层研究资料的梳理,明确亚洲地区奥陶纪牙形刺生物地层框架,然后对我国北方鄂尔多斯地区奥陶系牙形刺生物地层资料进行总结,为进一步完善该区生物地层学研究、开展高精度高分辨率的地质年代研究提供基础。

2 亚洲地区奥陶系牙形刺生物地层

奥陶纪亚洲大部分地区处于中低纬度地区(图1),包括位于北半球中纬度地区的西伯利亚、赤道附近的华南、南半球中低纬度地区的华北(包括鄂尔多斯、朝鲜半岛、日本)、塔里木、柴达木(可能包括伊朗)、印支半岛(包括泰国、缅甸、马里西亚等)和印度、巴基斯坦38~40以及外陆浅海至半深海地区,保存有大量的早古生代地层。亚洲地区作为全球奥陶系最为发育、研究程度最高的地区之一,积累了大量的牙形刺生物地层资料。

图1

图1   中奥陶世(460 Ma)全球古地理重建图(据参考文献[38]修改)

Fig.1   The reconstruction paleogeography during the Middle Ordovician (460 Ma) (modified after reference [38])


2.1 我国奥陶系牙形刺生物地层研究

中国是亚洲地区乃至世界早古生代地层发育最全、出露最广的地区,有丰富的化石资料4142。我国是世界上奥陶系研究程度最高的国家之一,经过几代人的努力,逐步完善了可以进行全球对比的奥陶纪地层表,在我国建立了大坪阶、达瑞威尔阶及赫南特阶底界金钉子43~46

我国牙形刺研究虽然起步较晚,但却是世界上奥陶系牙形刺研究程度最高的国家之一,早在20世纪80年代初就分别在华南和华北识别出15个和8个牙形刺带,其中大多数带可进行全球对比14。其中,安太庠47对河北唐山、平泉等剖面牙形刺形态和组合的系统研究,为华北地区牙形刺研究建立了范式。华南地区奥陶系牙形刺生物地层工作最早也由安太庠等开展1448。在前人的基础上,自20世纪90年代至今,华南和华北奥陶系牙形刺研究取得了丰硕的成果49~74,建立起系统的牙形刺化石带。在华南地区标定了几个重要的地层界线,如奥陶系底界的Monocostodussevierensis带和Cordyloduslindstromi5765,湖北宜昌黄花场剖面的Baltoniodus triangularis带,该带被确立为全球奥陶系的金钉子而广泛应用75,另外,在扬子台地五峰组所识别的Amorphognathusordovicicus带被认为是目前华南地区奥陶系最高层位的牙形刺带76

对于华北地区奥陶系底界,安太庠等47最早以Utahconus beimadaoensis-Monocostodus sevierensis带作为冶里组的底部,相当一段时间被确定为奥陶系的底界54。王志浩等67再次研究了河北唐山赵各庄剖面,将Cordylodus lindstromi带定义为奥陶系冶里组的底界,认为Iapetognathus jilinensis-Cordylodus lindstromi序列是更为准确的寒武系—奥陶系界线牙形刺化石带55。吉林大阳岔小洋桥剖面被认为是研究寒武系—奥陶系界线最具代表性的剖面,在2019年获得国际地层委员会奥陶系分会批准为全球寒武系—奥陶系辅助界线层型剖面和点位(Auxiliary Boundary Stratigraphic Section and Point section,ASSP)。在对小洋桥剖面的研究中,奥陶系的底界标志被厘定为牙形刺Iapetognathus preaengensis,比前人选定的Iapetognathus jilinensisCordylodus lindstromi的首现都更低77对于奥陶系的顶界,华北缺失上奥陶统顶部地层7578,而华南奥陶系的顶界多位于碎屑岩相地层中(多为龙马溪组),以笔石Akidograptus ascensus的首现为标志79,仅Wang等80在贵州石阡雷家屯剖面做过少量研究,因而目前暂不能根据牙形刺来界定华南奥陶系的顶界。

在详细总结我国奥陶纪牙形刺研究资料的基础上,王志浩等58在华北地区明确了17个牙形刺带,这比此前各剖面获得的牙形刺带多3~5个带47,而在华南则有19个牙形刺带;同时,作者根据全球牙形刺生物地理分区特征,指出华北牙形刺动物群属于北美中大陆牙形动物地理区系(大约位于赤道以北和以南30°的范围8182),属暖水型动物群;华南区牙形动物群属于北大西洋牙形动物地理区系,属冷水型动物群(南纬和北纬30°~40°至极地范围8182)。2011年,王志浩等54结合我国十多年新的研究成果,在北方地区(包括华北、东北及部分西北地区)划分出24个牙形刺带,南方地区(包括我国扬子地区在内的南方大部分地区)划分出27个牙形刺带,这是我国目前最系统和权威的奥陶纪牙形刺研究成果总结。华南地区和华北地区与原先的方案474850相比,均厘定出了许多新的牙形刺化石带。通过南、北方牙形刺带的对比,作者提出奥陶纪早期,南、北方地区并未显现牙形刺生物地理分区特征,这一时期两地的带分子和特征分子可直接进行对比;奥陶纪中、晚期两地牙形动物群的差异越来越大,以致造成牙形刺带对比的困难。

随着研究的深入,王志浩等55~57重新梳理了华北、华南和塔里木地区奥陶纪牙形刺生物地层资料83~85,建立起这些块体的牙形刺生物地层格架(图2)。华北地区奥陶系牙形刺生物带厘定为22带,从下向上包括:特马豆克阶的Iapetognathus jilinensis-Cordylodus lindstromi带、C.angulatus带、Chosonodina herfurthi带、Rossodus manitouensis带、Glyptoconus quadraplicatus带和Scalpellodus tersus-Triangulodus aff.bifidus带;弗洛阶的Serratognathus bilobatus带、S.extensus、Paraserratognathus obesus带和Jumudontus gananda带;达瑞威尔阶的Histiodella holodentata-Tangshanodus tangshanensis带、Eoplacognathus suecicus-Histiodella kristinae带,Pygodus anitae带和P. serra带;桑比阶的P. anserinus带、Plectodina aculeata带、Erismodus quadridactylus带、Belodina compressa带和Phragmodus undatus带;凯迪阶的Belodina confluens带、Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis带和Y. yaoxianensis带。华南地区奥陶系牙形刺带厘定为27个带和4个亚带,从下向上包括:特马豆克阶的Iapetognathus fluctivagus带、Cordylodus angulatus带、Chosonodina herfurthi带、Rossodus manitouensis带、Colaptoconus quadraplicatus-Paltodus deltifer带、Paroistodus proteus带和Triangulodus bifidus带;弗洛阶的Serratognathus diversus带、Prioniodus honghuayuanensis带、Oepikodus communis带和Oepikodus evae带;大坪阶的Baltoniodus triangularis带、Baltoniodus navis带、Paroistodus originalis带和Microzarkodina parva带;达瑞威尔阶的Lenodus antivariabilis带、Lenodus variabilis带、Yangtzeplacognathus pseudoplanus-Dzikodus tablepointensis带、Eoplacognathus suecicus带、Pygodus serra带(含4个亚带,分别是Yangtzeplacognathus foliaceus带、Baltoniodus reclinatus带、Baltoniodus robustus带和Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus带);桑比阶的Pygodus anserinus-Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带、Baltoniodus varibilis带和Baltoniodus alobatus带;凯迪阶的Amorphognathus superbus带、Hamarodus brevirameus带和Protopanderodus insculptus带;赫南特阶的Amorphognathus ordivicicus带。塔里木地区奥陶系牙形刺生物带厘定为特马豆克阶的Variabiloconus aff. basseleri带、Cordylodus angulatus带、Chosonodina herfurthi-Rossodus manitouensis带和Colaptoconus quadraplicatus带;弗洛阶—达瑞威尔阶的Serratognathus diversus带、Glyptoconus tarimensis带、Paroistodus originalis带、Lenodus vaiabilis带、Histiodella kristinae带、Eoplacognathus suecicus带和Pygodus serra带;桑比阶的P. anserinus带、Baltoniodus variabilis带和Bal. alobatus带;凯迪阶—赫南特阶的Belodina confluens带、Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis带、Yaoxianognathus yaoxianensis带和Aphelognathus pyramidalis带。这一工作使得我国各地的奥陶系剖面能够开展精细划分和对比,以及确立了地块尺度(华北、华南与塔里木)的牙形刺生物地层对比框架(图2),也能更准确地开展全球对比。他们这一工作的重要性还在于,在原来认为华北地区连续沉积的奥陶系中,发现了大坪阶的沉积间断,改变了长期以来关于华北地区奥陶系中下部连续沉积的认识,而且提出这一沉积间断是区域性构造运动—怀远运动的产物5786

图2

图2   中国牙形刺带

Fig.2   Conodont zones in China


此外,从华北板块这一维度来看,奥陶系生物地层序列的建立均存在较强的区域性,生物带的建立和地层之间的对比仍处于进一步完善的过程中,鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘作为奥陶系保存较好的区域之一,近年来取得了丰富的成果69~717387,并建立了该区域特有的牙形刺生物带,由下至上分别为Histiodellacf. holodentata带、Histiodella kristinae带、Histiodella bellburnensis带、Dzikodus tablepointensis带、Eoplacognathus suecicus带、Pygodus serra带、Pygodus anserinus带、Belodina compressa带、Belodina confluens带、Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis带和Yaoxianognathus yaoxianensis带。这一成果极大地完善了华北板块牙形刺生物地层研究,为区域间地层的精确对比提供了可靠的基础资料74

2.2 亚洲其他地区

东亚地区是亚洲奥陶系牙形刺研究程度最高的地区,除中国外,韩国和日本研究程度高,资料多,蒙古国研究资料少。其中,韩国早古生代地层出露广泛,1964年由Müller88首次发现并报道了牙形刺,这也是亚洲奥陶系牙形刺研究的开端。对于韩国寒武—奥陶系界线,研究最成熟的地层是韩国东北部Kangweon-Do地区的Hwajeol组,建立了具有界线指示意义的牙形刺Cordylodus proavus带和Fryxellodontus inornatus8990,并得到了韩国其他地区的验证91~93。在邻近的Taebaeksan盆地,Lee 等94Fryxellodontus inornatus带之上又建立了Monocostodus sevierensis带和Semiacontiodus lavadamensis带。对于奥陶系牙形刺带,Seo等95在前人研究8896~98的基础上,在Kangweon-Do地区的Dumugol组进行了详细研究,在大化石生物地层框架的控制下,按地层层序依次建立了牙形刺带Chosonodina herfurthi-Rossodus manitouensis带、Glyptoconus quadralicatus带、Paracordylous gracilis带和Triangulodus dumugolensis带,而且指出这些化石带具有洲际对比意义。进一步的工作,确定Dumugol组的年代为晚特马豆克期—早阿雷尼格期96。对奥陶系中上部,在Jeongseon西部Hoedongri组报道了牙形刺生物带Aurilobodus serratus带和Tasmanognathus sishuiensis-Erismodus asymmetricus带,地层归属推断为达瑞威尔阶上部至桑比阶中部99,这也是韩国Taebaeksan盆地奥陶系最上部的牙形刺带。总体来看,韩国奥陶纪牙形刺生物地层框架还有待进一步细化。

日本的奥陶系分布在西南部,中—晚奥陶世Yokokurayama组的牙形刺Belodina属是日本本土最早报道的奥陶系牙形刺100,但并未建立起可对比的化石带。随后,在Hitoegane组中获得了具有地层指示意义的牙形刺标本101。目前,在日本九州岛、本州岛、四国岛获得了丰富的牙形刺属种,发现了可与全球对比的牙形刺动物群102

在可获取的文献中,蒙古国有关奥陶系牙形刺的研究仅见王成源103的报道,在Onoo Tolgoi地区发现了包括Icriodella baotaensisIcriodella cf. baotaensisEoplacognathus jianyeensisEoplacognathus protoramosus、Baltoniodus alobatus、Ambalodus triangularis等大量晚奥陶世早—中期牙形刺属种。

东南亚的研究资料来自马来西亚和泰国。马来西亚半岛西北部兰卡威岛碳酸盐岩保存完好,特别是奥陶系—志留系界线沉积连续,建立了志留系底界牙形刺带:Pterospathodus amorphognathoides104105带,并在中—上奥陶统建立了可进行洲际对比的牙形刺Scolopodus striatus带、Periodon sp.A带、Baltoniodus alobatus带和Hamanodus europaeus106。在Kaki Bukit组识别出了早奥陶世弗洛阶动物群107

泰国的研究主要来自西部Thong Pha Phum地区,Tha Manao组灰岩含有丰富的牙形刺化石,下—中奥陶统包含Juanognathus variabilis带、Walliserodus comptus带、Juanognathus jaanussoni-Histiodella holodentata带和Plectodina onychodonta带4个牙形刺带,且牙形刺动物群表现出与北美中大陆牙形刺动物群关系密切108的特点。后续工作重新解释了Thong Pha Phum 地区的牙形刺生物地层格架,建立了Triangulodus larapintinensis带和Aurilobodus leptosomatus牙形刺带,新的化石带中包含之前作为带化石出现的分子;并依据牙形刺生物地层学结果,确定该区两次海退事件的时间为早奥陶世最晚期至中奥陶世最早期109。在中—上奥陶统中,发现了冷水型牙形刺动物群:Eoplacognathus suecicus、Pygodus lunnensis、Protopanderodus calceatus、Protopanderodus cooperiProtopanderodus graeai,这些冷水型动物群出现的原因,可能是大坪期到达瑞威尔早期海平面升高导致的110

西亚的工作主要来自伊朗,大多涉及上寒武统—下奥陶统的研究,土耳其的研究资料较少111~113。在伊朗中东部Katkoyeh组中识别出了尼格期至卡拉道克—阿石极期的牙形刺动物群114,并且存在中国华南(红花园组)、华北(亮甲山组)均可识别的重要属种Bergstroemognathus hubeiensis115,限定Katkoyeh组的年代为早奥陶世。在伊朗中部Derenjal山Shirgesht组,有上寒武统芙蓉阶至下奥陶统弗洛阶7个牙形刺富集带116。在伊朗中北部厄尔布尔士东部地区发现了上寒武统芙蓉阶和下奥陶统特马豆克阶牙形刺生物带序列,但弗洛阶底界的位置还尚不清楚117。在伊朗东北部Kopet-Dagh地区首次发现并记录了出现在芙蓉统—特马豆克阶的7个牙形刺生物地层序列118

南亚地区仅有少量巴基斯坦的资料,截止目前并未建立起可对比的化石带119

中亚的工作仅见有哈萨克斯坦的报道,Zhylkaidarov120于1998年在哈萨克斯坦中部蛇绿岩中发现牙形刺,其中大量暖水型动物群的发现为确定该区的古地理位置提供了参考依据。在哈萨克斯坦中部上奥陶统桑比阶硅质沉积中发现了相似的牙形刺动物群,表明这两个盆地具有统一的生物地理区系121

综合上述资料,亚洲地区牙形刺生物地层格架及对比可以归纳如图3所示,从图中可以看出,东亚地区牙形刺生物带多,生物带跨时分辨率较高。

图3

图3   亚洲地区奥陶系牙形刺生物地层格架

Fig.3   Conodont biostratigraphic framework of Ordovician in Asia


3 牙形刺在奥陶纪地质年表中的应用

21世纪以来,随着高分辨率地层学方法的发展,如磁性地层学、旋回地层学的广泛应用以及高精度放射性测年技术的进步,国际地质年代表的研究进入了一个新的阶段,其中2004年和2012年出版的2本地质年代研究成果,简称GTS2004和GTS20122122,是一段时间内地质年代研究的集成,代表了当时地质年代研究的最新成果和最高水平。这两个版本的地质年代表中,对于地质界线的限定,牙形刺的研究成果发挥了重要的作用。

在2004版地质年代表(GTS2004)中,奥陶纪的起止年代介于(488.3±1.7) Ma和(443.7±1.5) Ma之间,生物地层框架中,选用了北大西洋冷水型牙形刺动物群作为微体动物化石的标志,从下向上由Iapetognathus fluctivagus等17个牙形刺带组成,其中第4个带Paroistodus proteus带包含4个亚带,第15个带Amorphognathus tvaerensis带包含3个亚带,奥陶系底界为Iapetognathus fluctivagus带,顶界为Amorphognathus ordovicicus带(图4)。

图4

图4   不同版本奥陶纪地质年表的牙形刺带

Fig.4   Conodont zones from different Ordovician Geologic time scales


在2012版地质年代表(GTS2012)中,奥陶纪底界、顶界年龄分别向前、向后延伸2.9 Ma和0.1 Ma,为443.8~485.4 Ma。在这个表中,牙形刺研究结果最大的变化是,加入了暖水型牙形刺生物带的代表即北美中大陆牙形刺序列(图4),从下向上由Iapetognathus fluctivagus等25个牙形刺带组成。其次,北大西洋型牙形刺生物序列中,Pygodus anserinus带分为Sagittodontina kielcensisR. inequalis两个亚带,把R. inequalis作为上奥陶统的底界(图4)。由于顶、底界线年龄的变化,化石序列对应的年代也发生了变化,GTS2012中牙形刺带的起、止时间,与GTS2004对应的带相比,相差达0.7~4.5 Ma2122

GTS2012出版4年后,Ogg等23编辑出版了GTS2016,奥陶纪起止时间没有变化,牙形刺等化石带的持续时间也没有变化。唯一的变化是,北大西洋型牙形刺动物群标定的奥陶系—志留系的界线为新的化石带:Ozarkodina hassi带,其余化石序列保持不变。另外,Pygodus anserinus带、Amorphognathus tvaerensis带和Paroistodus proteus带不再有亚带的细分。该年表中,对前人研究过的火山灰夹层,更高精度的绝对年代测试(如CA-ID-TIMS方法)进展不大,对这些化石带的起止时间可能的变化未做修订。

总体来说,奥陶系牙形刺生物地层格架已经非常完善,完全可以作为全球生物地层年代及生物地理区系研究的参考标准。但是,这一标准与亚洲地区的牙形刺生物地层格架,还需要进一步的研究对比。

4 展 望

如前所述,尽管亚洲地区获得了比较丰富的牙形刺化石资料,在中国建立了完善的牙形刺生物地层格架,为全球对比奠定了基础。但是,由于各国地层发育、出露情况不同,研究程度也有差异,更为重要的是,除了少数剖面有火山灰夹层的绝对年代控制以外,大多数剖面还缺乏独立的绝对年代的控制。即使有火山灰夹层的剖面,火山灰层的数量有限、其测年方法也多是常规的锆石U-Pb法测年结果,缺乏CA-ID-TIMS等公认的高精度的年代资料制约。而且,由于缺乏磁性地层学等长序列的年代控制,对于各生物带的起止时间缺乏高分辨率的年代控制。因此,要获得完善的生物地层年代资料,以及对牙形刺等生物门类的生物学、古生态古环境等方面的信息,还需要选择发育完善、出露良好的剖面,开展多种方法的地层年代研究,包括牙形刺生物地层学、磁性地层学、旋回地层学、火山灰夹层锆石CA-ID-TIMS测年研究122,为全面理解奥陶纪牙形刺及生态环境演变、完善生物地层、地质年代研究提供依据。

最近在鄂尔多斯西南缘地区开展的联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,UNESCO)和国际地质科学联合会(International Union of Geological Sciences,IUGS)联合运行的国际地球科学计划(International Geoscience Programme,IGCP)第652项目,由中国、比利时、德国和美国等国家7位研究人员申请立项,项目名称“利用多重地层学方法研究古生代沉积岩石记录的地质年代信息(Reading geologic time in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks: The need for an integrated stratigraphy)”,代号IGCP 652,实施期限5年(2017—2021年)。项目拟通过对全球几个奥陶系—泥盆系典型剖面生物地层、磁性地层、旋回地层及高精度锆石测年方法研究,开展早古生代地质年代标尺研究。中国工作组由兰州大学、国家自然资源部第三海洋研究所、中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所、长安大学和中国科学院地球环境研究所等单位研究人员组成,负责完成我国鄂尔多斯西南缘奥陶系高分辨率高精度时间标尺研究,其中牙形刺生物地层是核心研究内容之一,有望在该地区取得多重地层方法控制的牙形刺生物地层成果。

鄂尔多斯盆地是我国北方奥陶系层位发育最高的地区,也是北方奥陶系烃源岩最发育的地区之一。盆地经历了漫长的构造演化过程,早古生代沉积了巨厚的海相碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩,沉积类型分为海岸沉积、碳酸盐台地沉积、台地边缘沉积和深水斜坡—海槽沉积123,下古生界在盆地周缘出露广泛。鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系通常厚500~2 000 m,最厚可达2 500 m124。地层从下向上划分为下奥陶统冶里组、亮甲山组,中奥陶统马家沟组,上奥陶统平凉组、背锅山组,在盆地东部和西部出露最好,其余地方地层系统以地方性名称命名(图5)。

图5

图5   鄂尔多斯周缘奥陶纪地层格架

Fig.5   The Ordovician stratigraphic framework of the Ordos


鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系牙形刺研究较早,成果丰富49506469~717374125~129图6),其中西南缘和西缘研究程度较高。安太庠等50于1990年出版了《鄂尔多斯周缘的牙形石》,系统总结了20世纪90年代以前关于鄂尔多斯牙形刺研究成果。其后,王志浩等535556646768129多次在该区开展研究,对前人在该区建立的牙形刺带进行了核实和修正,但还是缺乏其他年代学资料的约束。

图6

图6   鄂尔多斯盆地周缘奥陶系牙形刺带

Fig.6   The Ordovician conodont zones of the Ordos


鄂尔多斯北缘以内蒙乌拉特前旗佘太乡白彦花剖面为代表,可以识别出Belodina compressa带、Tasmanognathus careyi带、Phragmodus undatus带、Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis带和Taoqupognathus blandus带5个带130。其中Belodina compressa带、Phragmodus undatus带、Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis带和Belodina confluens带为华北地区标准牙形刺带56Belodina compressa带和Phragmodus undatus带是北美中大陆标准牙形刺带23。白彦花剖面牙形刺生物序列在其后得到了修订,除了在种属上有新的认识外,在二哈公组、乌兰胡洞组和白彦花组组成的岩石地层单元中由下向上建立牙形刺带Belodina confluens带、Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis带和Yaoxianognathus yaoxianensis带,为华北和塔里木地区凯迪阶标准的牙形刺带,由此确定二哈公组—白彦花组的地质时代为早—中凯迪期7374。向西在内蒙乌海大石门山剖面,在乌拉力克组—克里摩里组识别出Histiodella kristinae带和Pygodus anserinus?带129;在老石旦东剖面、卧龙岗剖面、哈土克沟剖面、工业园北剖面和工业园东剖面,建立了达瑞威尔阶—桑比阶牙形刺带:Histiodella holodentata带、Histiodella kristinae带、Histiodella bellurnensis带、Plectodina onychodonta带、Pygodus anserinus带和Belodina compressa87Histiodella holodentata带和Histiodella kristinae带属华北型标准牙形刺带56Belodina compressa带属北美中大陆型标准牙形刺带23。老石旦剖面、卧龙岗剖面和哈土克沟剖面随后得到了进一步的研究,老石旦剖面的岩石地层单元组成为三道坎组和桌子山组,由下向上识别出牙形刺带Histiodella cf. holodentata带、H. kristinae带和H. bellburnensis带;卧龙岗剖面和哈土克沟剖面的岩石地层单元组成为克里摩里组和乌拉力克组,由下向上建立牙形刺带Dzikodus tablepointensis带、Eoplacognathus suecicus带、Pygodus serra带和P. anserinus带,Eoplacognathus suecicus带又分为Pygodus lunnensis带和P. anitae两个亚带,P. serra带含Yangtzeplacognathus foliaceus一个亚带。研究中所建立的牙形刺带均可与国际上的标准牙形刺带进行直接对比,同时,在卧龙岗剖面和哈土克沟剖面还识别出对生物相和古构造具有明确指示意义的特殊属种,另外,在老石旦剖面引入了多元统计分析方法这一新的技术来进一步论证牙形刺生物相所反映的海平面变化模式6970,为古环境的恢复提供了新的研究思路,该方法在河南内乡上奥陶统石燕河组得到了进一步的推广131132。西北缘公乌苏剖面则仅发现了早桑比期的牙形刺动物群,而尚未建立具体的化石带71。在东缘山西柳林三川河剖面,识别出了Scalpellodus tersus带、Paroistodus proteus带、Scolopodus euspinus带、Tangshanodus tangshanensis带和Plectodina onychodonta128。在西南缘甘肃平凉银洞官庄剖面,在平凉组中建立牙形刺带:Pygodus anserinus带、Plectodina aculeatus带、Erismodus quadridactylus带和Belodina compressa64,均属华北型标准牙形刺带56Pygodus anserinus带为北大西洋型标准牙形刺带,Plectodina aculeatus带、Erismodus quadridactylus带和Belodina compressa带为北美中大陆标准牙形刺带23

尽管近年来在鄂尔多斯盆地周缘获得了新的牙形刺资料,但从这些资料来看,对周缘地层牙形刺研究还不全面,如东缘上奥陶统白彦花组、中奥陶统乌兰胡洞组、下奥陶统山黑拉组,西北缘下奥陶统桌子组,西缘青龙山、环县、彭阳等剖面,西南缘岐山等地都缺乏系统的牙形刺资料。西南缘岐山(位置见图1)等地奥陶系出露广泛且连续,IGCP 652项目工作组已获得了大量的牙形刺标本133,结合目前开展的与磁性地层学、旋回地层学、火山灰夹层锆石CA-ID-TIMS测年研究,有望获得精确年代控制的奥陶系牙形刺研究结果,为进一步开展生物地层、年代地层研究提供依据。

参考文献

ALDRIDGE R J.

Microfossils,conodonts

[C]//SELLEY R C. Encyclopedia of Geology. AmsterdamElsevier2005440-448.

[本文引用: 1]

SARASWATI P KSRINIVASAN M S.

Phosphatic microfossils

[C]//SARASWATI P K,SRINIVASAN M S. Micropaleontology. ChamSpringer2016133-138.

[本文引用: 1]

BRIGGS D E GCLARKSON E N KALDRIDGE R J.

The conodont animal

[J]. Lethaia,1983161): 1-14.

[本文引用: 1]

ALDRIDGE R J.

Conodont Palaeobiology: A historical review

[C]//ALDRIDGE R J. Palaeobiology of Conodonts. ChichesterEllis Horwood198711-34.

ALDRIDGE R JSMITH M PBRIGGS D E Get al.

The Architecture and function of carboniferous polygnathacean conodont apparatuses

[C]//Aldridge R J. Palaeobiology of conodonts. ChichesterEllis Horwood198763-76.

[本文引用: 1]

PRIDMORE P ABARWICK R ENICOLL R S.

Soft anatomy and the affinities of conodonts

[J]. Lethaia,1996294): 317-328.

ZHANG Shunxin.

A review of conodonts and the first vertebrates

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,1997141): 93-109.

张舜新.

关于牙形石和早期脊椎动物

[J]. 微体古生物学报,1997141): 93-109.

DONOGHUE P CFOREY P LALDRIDGE R J.

Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny

[J]. Biological Reviews,200075191-251.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG Chengyuan.

The elite fossil-conodont

[J]. Fossils,20074): 5-8.

[本文引用: 1]

王成源.

化石精英——牙形刺

[J]. 化石,20074): 5-8.

[本文引用: 1]

LINDSTRÖM M.

Conodonts from the lowermost Ordovician strata of South-Central Sweden

[J]. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar,1954764): 517-604.

[本文引用: 1]

CANIS W F.

Conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian of Missouri

[J]. Journal of Paleontology,1968422): 525-555.

SWEET W CMOSHER L CCLARK D Let al.

Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic

[J]. Geological Society of America Memoirs,1971127441-466.

SWEET W CBERGSTRÖM S M.

Symposium on conodont biostratigraphy

[J]. Geological Society of America Memoirs,19711271-499.

[本文引用: 2]

AN Taixiang.

Recent progress in Cambrian and Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of China

[J]. Geological Society of America Special Papers,1981187209-226.

[本文引用: 2]

WANG Chengyuan. Conodonts[M]. BeijingScience Press1987.

王成源. 牙形刺[M]. 北京科学出版社1987.

MORRIS S C.

Conodont palaeobiology: Recent progress and unsolved problems

[J]. Terra Nova,198912): 135-150.

[本文引用: 1]

SWEET W CDONOGHUE P C J.

Conodonts: Past,present and future

[J]. Journal of Paleontology,2001756): 1 174-1 184.

[本文引用: 2]

SWEET W CBERGSTRÖM S M.

Conodonts and biostratigraphic correlation

[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1986141): 85-112.

[本文引用: 2]

NICOLL R S.

Analysis of conodont apparatus organisation and the genus Jumudontus (Conodonta),a coniform-pectiniform apparatus structure from the Early Ordovician

[J]. BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics,1992133): 213-228.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG Chengyuan.

Conodont Palaeobiogeography

[C]//SHI Baoheng. China's New Exploration into Chinese Earth Sciences. BeijingPetroleum Industry Press199844-64. [

[本文引用: 2]

王成源.

牙形刺生物古地理

[C]//石宝珩,编. 中国地质科学新探索. 北京石油工业出版社199844-64.]

[本文引用: 2]

GRADSTEIN FOGG JSMITH A. A geologic time scale 2004[M]. CambridgeCambridge University Press2004.

[本文引用: 4]

GRADSTEIN F MOGG J GSCHMITZ Met al. The geologic time scale 2012[M]. AmsterdamElsevier2012.

[本文引用: 3]

OGG J GOGG GGRADSTEIN F M. A concise geologic time scale 2016[M]. AmsterdamElsevier2016.

[本文引用: 5]

TROTTER J AWILLIAMS I SBARNES C Ret al.

Did cooling oceans trigger Ordovician Biodiversification?Evidence from conodont thermometry

[J]. Science,20083215 888): 550-554.

[本文引用: 1]

HAQ B USCHUTTER S R A.

Chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes

[J]. Science,20083225 898): 64-68.

[本文引用: 1]

MUNNECKE ACALNER MHARPER D A Tet al.

Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry,sea level,and climate: A synopsis

[J]. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,20102963): 389-413.

[本文引用: 1]

DROSER M LSHEEHAN P MFORTEY R Aet al.

The nature of diversification and paleoecology of the Ordovician radiation with evidence from the Great Basin

[C]//Cooper J D,Droser M L,Finney S C. Ordovician odyssey: Short papers for the seventh international symposium on the ordovician system. CaliforniaSEPM1995405-408.

[本文引用: 1]

STIGALL A LEDWARDS C TFREEMAN R Let al.

Coordinated biotic and abiotic change during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Darriwilian assembly of early Paleozoic building blocks

[J]. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2019530249-270.

[本文引用: 1]

SEPKOSKI J J.

The Ordovician radiations: Diversification and extinction shown by global genus-level taxonomic data

[C]//Cooper J D,Droser M L,Finney S C. Ordovician odyssey: Short papers for the seventh international symposium on the ordovician system. CaliforniaSEPM1995393-396.

[本文引用: 1]

WEBBY B DPARIS FDROSER M Let al. The great ordovician biodiversification event[M]. New YorkColumbia University Press2004.

HARPER D A T.

The Ordovician biodiversification: Setting an agenda for marine life

[J]. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,20062322): 148-166.

ZHANG YuandongZHAN RenbinFAN Junxuanet al.

Principal aspects of the Ordovician biotic radiation

[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2010533): 382-394.

[本文引用: 1]

NARDIN EGODDÉRIS YDONNADIEU Yet al.

Modeling the early Paleozoic long-term climatic trend

[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin,20111235/6): 1 181-1 192.

[本文引用: 1]

CHERNS LWHEELEY J RPOPOV L Eet al.

Long-period orbital climate forcing in the early Palaeozoic?

[J]. Journal of the Geological Society,2013170707-710.

POHL ADONNADIEU YHIR G Let al.

Effect of the Ordovician paleogeography on the (in) stability of the climate

[J]. Climate of the Past,2014106): 2 053-2 066.

[本文引用: 1]

RAUP D MSEPKOSKI J J.

Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past

[J]. PNAS,1984813): 801-805.

[本文引用: 1]

RONG JiayuFANG Zongjie. Mass extinction and recovery: Evidences from the palaeozoic and triassic of South China (Volumes 1 and 2)[M]. HefeiUniversity of Science and Technology of China Press2004.

[本文引用: 1]

戎嘉余方宗杰. 生物大灭绝与复苏:来自华南古生代和三叠纪的证据(上、下)[M]. 合肥中国科学技术大学出版社2004.

[本文引用: 1]

HUANG BaochunYAN YonggangPIPER J D Aet al.

Paleomagnetic constraints on the paleogeography of the East Asian blocks during Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic times

[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,20181868-36.

[本文引用: 3]

TORSVIK T HCOCKS L R M. Earth history and palaeogeography[M]. CambridgeCambridge University Press2017.

LI SanzhongZHAO ShujuanLIU Xinet al.

Closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and Early Paleozoic amalgamation of microcontinental blocks in East Asia

[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,201818637-75.

[本文引用: 1]

FU Kun.

The outline of Ordovician palaeogeography and the basic characteristics of sedimentation in China

[J]. Journal of Guizhou University of Technology (Natural Science Edition),19813): 5-13.

[本文引用: 1]

付锟.

中国奥陶纪古地理轮廓和沉积的基本特征

[J]. 贵州工业大学学报:自然科学版,19813): 5-13.

[本文引用: 1]

HERRMANN A DPATZKOWSKY M EPOLLARD D.

The impact of paleogeography,pCO2,poleward ocean heat transport and sea level change on global cooling during the Late Ordovician

[J]. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,20042061/2): 59-74.

[本文引用: 1]

MITCHELL C ECHEN XuBERGSTRÖM S Met al.

Definition of a global boundary stratotype for the Darriwilian Stage of the Ordovician System

[J]. Episodes,199720158-166.

[本文引用: 1]

CHEN XuRONG JiayuFAN Junxuanet al.

The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System)

[J]. Episodes,200629183-196.

WANG XiaofengSTOUGE SCHEN Xiaohonget al.

The global stratotype section and point for the base of the middle ordovician series and the third stage (Dapingian)

[J]. Episodes,20093296-113.

Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences. Global standard stratotype-sections and points in China[M]. HangzhouZhejiang University Press2013.

[本文引用: 1]

中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所. 中国“金钉子”——全球标准层型剖面和点位研究[M]. 杭州浙江大学出版社2013.

[本文引用: 1]

AN TaixiangZHANG FangXIANG Weidaet al. The conodont of North China and the adjacent regions[M]. BeijingScience Press1983.

[本文引用: 4]

安太庠张放向维达. 华北及邻区牙形石[M]. 北京科学出版社1983.

[本文引用: 4]

AN Taixiang. The lower paleozoic conodonts of South China[M]. BeijingPeking University Press1987.

[本文引用: 2]

安太庠. 中国南部早古生代牙形石[M]. 北京北京大学出版社1987.

[本文引用: 2]

AN TaixiangZHANG AntaiXU Jianmin. Ordovician conodonts from Yaoxian and Fuping

Shaanxi and their stratigraphic significance

[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,1985592): 97-108.

[本文引用: 2]

安太庠张安泰徐建民.

陕西耀县、富平奥陶系牙形石及其地层意义

[J]. 地质学报,1985592): 97-108.

[本文引用: 2]

AN TaixiangZHENG Zhaochang. The conodonts of the marginal areas around the Ordos Basin,North China[M]. BeijingScience Press1990.

[本文引用: 3]

安太庠郑昭昌. 鄂尔多斯盆地周缘的牙形石[M]. 北京科学出版社1990.

[本文引用: 3]

ZHANG Jianhua. Llanvirnian Conodonts from the upper Ningguo Formation of Wuning

Jiangxi; with discussion on sedimentary environment of black shales and conodont ecology

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,1993102): 191-200.

张建华.

江西武宁宁国组上部牙形刺兼论黑色页岩的形成环境和牙形刺的生态

[J]. 微体古生物学报,1993102): 191-200.

DING Liansheng. An approach to the conodonts from Xiaoshigai section at the boundary between the Cambrian-Ordovician systemsXiaoshan

Zhejiang Province

[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment,1994162): 188-197.

丁连生.

浙江萧山小石盖寒武—奥陶系界线地层牙形刺

[J]. 石油实验地质,1994162): 188-197.

WANG ZhihaoBERGSTRÖM S M.

Conodonts provinces and biostratigraphy in Ordovician of China

[J]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,1996351): 26-59.

[本文引用: 1]

王志浩伯格斯特龙.

中国奥陶纪牙形刺分区和生物地层

[J]. 古生物学报,1996351): 26-59.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG ZhihaoQI YupingWU Rongchang. Cambrian and ordovician conodonts in China[M]. HefeiUniversity of Science and Technology of China Press2011.

[本文引用: 2]

王志浩祁玉平吴荣昌. 中国寒武纪和奥陶纪牙形刺[M]. 合肥中国科学技术大学出版社2011.

[本文引用: 2]

WANG ZhihaoZHEN YongyiZHANG Yuandonget al.

Review of the Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in the different facies of North China

[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy,2016401): 3-18.

[本文引用: 3]

王志浩甄勇毅张元动.

中国华北不同相区奥陶纪牙形刺生物地层的再认识

[J]. 地层学杂志,2016401): 3-18.

[本文引用: 3]

WANG ZhihaoZHEN Y YBERGSTRÖM S Met al.

Ordovician conodont biozonation and biostratigraphy of North China

[J]. Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs,20185165-79.

[本文引用: 4]

WANG ZhihaoZHEN Y YBERGSTRÖM S Met al.

A new conodont biozone classification of the Ordovician System in South China

[J]. Palaeoworld,2019281/2): 173-186.

[本文引用: 3]

ZHANG Jianhua.

Lithofacies and stratigraphy of the Ordovician Guniutan Formation in its type area,China

[J]. Geological Journal,1996313): 201-215.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG ZhihaoBERGSTRÖM S M.

Conodonts across the base of the Darriwilian Stage in South China

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,1999164): 325-350.

王志浩伯格斯特龙.

华南奥陶系达瑞威尔阶底界附近的牙形刺

[J]. 微体古生物学报,1999164): 325-350.

DONG XipingREPETSKI J EBERGSTRÖM S M.

Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian through lowermost Ordovician in Hunan,South China

[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2004786): 1 185-1 206.

ZHEN Y YPERCIVAL I GLIU Jianbo.

Early Ordovician Triangulodus (Conodonta) from the Honghuayuan Formation of Guizhou,South China

[J]. Alcheringa,2006302): 191-212.

WANG ZhihaoWU Rongchang.

Ordovician conodont diversification of the Lower Yangtze Valley

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2009264): 331-350.

王志浩吴荣昌.

下扬子区奥陶纪牙形刺多样性演变初探

[J]. 微体古生物学报,2009264): 331-350.

LI ZhihongSTOUGE SCHEN Xiaohonget al.

Precisely compartmentalized and correlated Lower Ordovician Oepikodus evae Zone of the Floian in the Huanghuachang section,Yichang,Hubei Province

[J]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2010491):108-124.

李志宏Stouge S陈孝红.

湖北宜昌黄花场下奥陶统弗洛阶Oepikodus evae带精细地层划分对比

[J]. 古生物学报,2010491): 108-124.

WANG ZhihaoBERGSTRÖM S MZHEN Yongyiet al.

New discovery of conodonts from the Upper Ordovician Pingliang Formation of Pingliang,Gansu,China and its significance

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2013302): 123-131.

[本文引用: 3]

王志浩伯格斯特龙甄勇毅.

甘肃平凉晚奥陶世平凉组牙形刺的新发现及其意义

[J]. 微体古生物学报,2013302): 123-131.

[本文引用: 3]

FAN RuLU YuanzhengZHANG Xueleiet al.

Conodonts from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary interval in the southeast margin of the Sichuan Basin,China

[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,201364115-124.

[本文引用: 1]

FAN RuLU YuanzhengZHANG Xueleiet al.

Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the Ordovician Liangcun section in Guizhou Province,South China

[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy,2015391): 15-32.

樊茹卢远征张学磊.

贵州习水奥陶系牙形石生物地层

[J]. 地层学杂志,2015391): 15-32.

WANG ZhihaoBERGSTRÖM S MZHEN Yongyiet al.

New conodont data from the Lower Ordovician of Tangshan,Hebei Province,North China

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2014311): 1-14.

[本文引用: 2]

王志浩伯格斯特龙甄勇毅.

河北唐山下奥陶统牙形刺生物地层的新认识

[J]. 微体古生物学报,2014311): 1-14.

[本文引用: 2]

WANG ZhihaoZHEN YongyiZHANG Yuandonget al.

Review of Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in the different facies of North China

[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy,2016401): 1-16.

[本文引用: 1]

王志浩甄勇毅张元动.

中国华北不同相区奥陶纪牙形刺生物地层的再认识

[J]. 地层学杂志,2016401): 1-16.

[本文引用: 1]

JING XiuchunZHOU HongruiWANG Xunlian.

Ordovician (Middle Darriwilian-earliest Sandbian) conodonts from the Wuhai area of Inner Mongolia,North China

[J]. Journal of Paleontology,2015895): 768-790.

[本文引用: 3]

JING XiuchunZHOU HongruiWANG Xunlian.

Biostratigraphy and biofacies of the Middle Darriwilian (Ordovician) conodonts from the Laoshidan section in the western margin of the North China Craton

[J]. Marine Micropaleontology,201612551-65.

[本文引用: 1]

JING XiuchunZHOU HongruiWANG Xunlian.

Conodont biostratigraphy of the Gongwusu Formation (Upper Ordovician) in the Wuhai area of Inner Mongolia,North China

[J]. Paleontological Research,2017212): 183-194.

[本文引用: 3]

WANG ZhihaoBERGSTRÖM S MSONG Yanyanet al.

On the diachronous nature of the top of the Ordovician Kuniutan Formation on the Yangtze Platform: Implications of the conodont biostratigraphy of the Dacao section,Chongqing

[J]. Palaeoworld,2017261): 37-49.

YANG ZhihuaJING XiuchunWANG Xunlianet al.

New recognitions on the Late Ordovician conodont genera Tasmanognathus Burrett and Yaoxianognathus An

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2019362): 115-129.

[本文引用: 3]

杨志华景秀春王训练.

关于晚奥陶世牙形刺属Tasmanognathus Burrett和Yaoxianognathus An的几点新认识

[J]. 微体古生物学报,2019362): 115-129.

[本文引用: 3]

JING XiuchunZHOU HongruiWANG Xunlianet al.

A review on Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in North China Plate and new advances in its northwestern margin

[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2020276): 199-212.

[本文引用: 4]

景秀春周洪瑞王训练.

华北板块奥陶纪牙形石生物地层研究回顾及在西北缘区新进展

[J]. 地学前缘,2020276): 199-212.

[本文引用: 4]

ZHANG YuandongZHAN RenbinZHEN Y Yet al.

Ordovician integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China

[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2019621): 61-88.

[本文引用: 2]

CHEN XuRONG JiayuFAN Juanxuanet al.

The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System)

[J]. Episodes,2006293):183-196.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG XiaofengSTOUGE SMALETZ Jet al.

Correlating the global Cambrian-Ordovician boundary: Precise comparison of the Xiaoyangqiao section,Dayangcha,North China with the Green Point GSSP section,Newfoundland,Canada

[J]. Palaeoworld,2019283): 243-275.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG FuliHUANG ShunxingYANG Changguiet al. Gas geology of the Ordos Basin[M]. BeijingGeological Publishing House1994.

[本文引用: 1]

张福礼黄舜兴杨昌贵. 鄂尔多斯盆地天然气地质[M]. 北京地质出版社1994.

[本文引用: 1]

RONG JiayuWANG YiZHAN Renbinet al.

Silurian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China

[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2019621): 89-111.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG ChengyuanALDRIDGE R J.

Silurian conodonts from the Yangtze Platform,South China

[J]. Special Papers in Palaeontology,2010835-136.

[本文引用: 1]

SWEET W CBERGSTRÖM S M.

Conodont biostratigraphy of the middle and upper ordovician of the united states midcontinent

[C]//Bassett M G. The Ordovician SystemProceedings of a palaeontological association symposium,Birmingham. CardiffUniversity of Wales Press and National Museum of Wales1976121-151.

[本文引用: 2]

SWEET W CBERGSTRÖM S M.

Conodont provinces and biofacies of the Late Ordovician

[J]. Geological Society of America Special Papers,198419669-87.

[本文引用: 2]

WANG ZhihaoZHOU Tianrong.

Ordovician conodonts from western and northeastern Tarim and their significance

[J]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,1998372): 173-193.

[本文引用: 1]

王志浩周天荣.

塔里木西部与东北部奥陶系的牙形刺及其意义

[J]. 古生物学报,1998372): 173-193.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHAO ZhixinZHANG GuizhiXIAO Jinan. Paleozoic strata and conodonts in Xinjiang[M]. BeijingPetroleum Industry Press2000.

赵治信张桂芝肖继男. 新疆古生代地层及牙形石[M]. 北京石油工业出版社2000.

ZHEN Y YWANG ZhihaoZHANG Yuandonget al.

Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) conodonts from the Dawangou section,Kalpin area of the Tarim Basin,northwestern China

[J]. Records of the Australian Museum,201163203-266.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHEN Y YZHANG YuandongWANG Zhihaoet al.

Huaiyuan Epeirogeny—Shaping Ordovician stratigraphy and sedimentation on the North China Platform

[J]. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2016448363-370.

[本文引用: 1]

JING XiuchunWANG XunlianZHOU Hongruiet al.

New advances in Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in Wuhai area,Inner Mongolia

[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy,2013374): 227.

[本文引用: 2]

景秀春王训练周洪瑞.

内蒙古乌海地区奥陶系牙形类生物地层研究新进展

[J]. 地层学杂志,2013374): 227.

[本文引用: 2]

MÜLLER K J.

Conodonten aus dem Unteren Ordovizium von Südkorea

[J]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 196411993-102.

[本文引用: 2]

LEE B S.

Upper Cambrian and lowest Ordovician conodont fauna: of the Hwajeol Formation,Cheungsan area,Kangweon-Do,Korea

[J] Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea,1989a,52): 124-136.

[本文引用: 1]

LEE B S.

Conodonts from the Upper Hwajeol Formation (Upper Cambrian-lowest Ordovician) in northern district of Taebaeg City,Kangweon-Do,Korea

[J]. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea,1989253): 322-336.

[本文引用: 1]

LEE B S.

Additional conodonts from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds in the Paekunsan Syncline

[J]. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea,1992286): 590-603.

[本文引用: 1]

LEE B S.

Late Cambrian conodonts from Cheungsan,Kangwon Province,Korea

[J]. Alcheringa,2004281): 53-64.

LEE B SSEO K S.

Conodonts from the Hwajeol Formation (Upper Cambrian) in the Seokgaejae area,southeast margin of the Taebaeksan Basin

[J]. Geosciences Journal,2008123): 233-242.

[本文引用: 1]

LEE B SBAK Y S.

Revision of the conodont zonation of the uppermost Hwajeol Formation (Furongian),Taebaeksan Basin,Korea

[J]. Geosciences Journal,2015194): 621-630.

[本文引用: 1]

SEO K SLEE H YETHINGTON R Y.

Early Ordovician conodonts from the Dumugol formation in the Baegunsan Syncline,eastern Yeongweol and Samcheog areas,Kangweon-Do,Korea

[J]. Journal of Paleontology,1994683): 599-616.

[本文引用: 1]

LEE H Y.

Conodonts from the Dumugol Formation (Lower Ordovician): South Korea

[J]. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 1975112): 75-93.

[本文引用: 2]

LEE H Y.

Conodonten aus der Choson-Gruppe (unteres Ordovizium) von Korea

[J]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen,1970136303-344.

TEIICHI K.

On the Relation between the lower Ordovician trilobites and conodont horizons in South Korea

[J]. Proceedings of the Japan Academy,197652800-808.

[本文引用: 1]

LEE B S.

Upper Ordovician (Sandbian) conodonts from the Hoedongri Formation of western Jeongseon,Korea

[J]. Geosciences Journal,2019235): 695-705.

[本文引用: 1]

KUWANO Y.

Reworked Ordovician conodonts from Yokokura-Yama,Shikoku,Japan

[J]. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan,1983894): 245-248.

[本文引用: 1]

TSUKADA KKOIKE T.

Ordovician conodonts from the Hitoegane area,Kamitakara Village,Gifu Prefecture

[J]. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan,19971032): 171-174.

[本文引用: 1]

MÄNNIK PMAEKAWA TTANAKA Get al.

The Ordovician and Silurian conodonts of Japan: Their biostratigraphical and paleobiogeographical significance

[J]. Island Arc,20182712 269-12 279.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG ChengyuanBYAMBADASH DBOIJIR Bet al.

Late Ordovician and early Devonian conodonts from Onoo Tolgoi area of Mongolia

[J]. Global Geology,2008111): 1-13.

[本文引用: 1]

IGO HKOIKE T.

Ordovician and Silurian conodonts from the Langkawi Islands,Malaya,Part I

[J]. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia,196631-35.

[本文引用: 1]

IGO HKOIKE T.

Ordovician and Silurian conodonts from the Langkawi Islands,Malaya,Part II

[J]. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 196851-21.

[本文引用: 1]

AGEMATSU SSASHIDA KIBRAHIM A B.

Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Middle and Late Ordovician conodonts from the Langkawi Islands,northwestern Peninsular Malaysia

[J]. Journal of Paleontology,2008825): 957-973.

[本文引用: 1]

AGEMATSU SSACHIKO A.

Establishment of the Lower to Middle Ordovician biostratigraphy on the Langkawi Islands,Malaysia

[J]. Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi),20101195): 872-877.

[本文引用: 1]

AGEMATSU SSASHIDA KSALYAPONGSE Set al.

Ordovician conodonts from the Thong Pha Phum area,western Thailand

[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2006261): 49-60.

[本文引用: 1]

AGEMATSU SSASHIDA KSARDSUD A.

Reinterpretation of Early and Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Thong Pha Phum area,western Thailand,in the context of new material from western and northern Thailand

[J]. Paleontological Research,2008122): 181-194.

[本文引用: 1]

AGEMATSU SSASHIDA KSARDSUD A.

A new Middle Ordovician conodont fauna from the Thong Pha Phum area of western Thailand

[J]. Paleontological Research,2013172): 179-188.

[本文引用: 1]

GÖNCÜOGLU YKOZUR H WGNCÜOGLU M C.

Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician conodonts from the Antalya Unit in the Alanya Tectonic Window,southern Turkey

[J]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte,199910593-604.

[本文引用: 1]

KOZLU HGÖNCÜOGLU M CSARMIENTO G Net al.

Mid-Ordovician (late Darriwilian) conodonts from the southern-central Taurides,Turkey: Geological implications

[J]. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences,2002112): 113-126.

BONCHEVA IGÖNCÜOǦLU M CLESLIE S Aet al.

New conodont and palynological data from the Lower Palaeozoic in Northern Camdag,NW Anatolia,Turkey

[J]. Acta Geologica Polonica,2009592):157-171.

[本文引用: 1]

HAMEDI M AWRIGHT A JALDRIDGE R Jet al.

Cambrian to Silurian of East-Central Iran: New biostratigraphic and biogeographic data

[J]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte,19977412-424.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHEN Y YNICOLL R SPERCIVAL I Get al.

Ordovician rhipidognathid conodonts from Australia and Iran

[J]. Journal of Paleontology,2001751): 186-207.

[本文引用: 1]

GHADERI AAGHANABATI AHAMDI Bet al.

Biostratigraphy of the first and second members of type section of the Shirgesht Formation in north of Tabas with special emphasis on conodonts

[J]. Geosciences,20091767): 150-163.

[本文引用: 1]

JAHANGIR HPOUR M GASHURI Aet al.

Terminal Cambrian and early Ordovician (Tremadocian) conodonts from Eastern Alborz,north-central Iran

[J]. Alcheringa,2016402): 219-243.

[本文引用: 1]

JAHANGIR HPOUR M GHOLMER L Eet al.

Biostratigraphy of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds at Kopet-Dagh,Iran

[J]. Stratigraphy,2015122): 40-47.

[本文引用: 1]

TALENT J AGAETANI MMAWSON Ret al.

Early Ordovician and Devonian conodonts from the western Karakoram and Hindu Kush,northernmost Pakistan

[J]. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,19991052): 201-230.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHYLKAIDAROV A.

Conodonts from Ordovician ophiolites of central Kazakhstan

[J]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,199841): 53-68.

[本文引用: 1]

TOLMACHEVA T YDEGTYAREV K ERYAZANTSEV A Vet al.

Conodonts from the Upper Ordovician siliceous rocks of central Kazakhstan

[J]. Paleontological Journal,20094311): 1 498-1 512.

[本文引用: 1]

DAI ShuangLUO JunhuaDEKKERS Met al.

The Ordovician magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy: A review

[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,201993(): 94-97.

[本文引用: 1]

LI WenhouCHEN QiangLI Zhichaoet al.

Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Early Paleozoic in Ordos area

[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography,2012141): 85-100.

[本文引用: 1]

李文厚陈强李智超.

鄂尔多斯地区早古生代岩相古地理

[J]. 古地理学报,2012141): 85-100.

[本文引用: 1]

DAI ShuangQIANG LeiTIAN Chaoet al.

Multiple stratigraphy study of the Ordovician in SW Ordos,China

[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,201993(): 98-101.

[本文引用: 1]

CHEN JunyuanZHOU ZhiyiLIN Yaokunet al.

Ordovician biostratigraphy of western Ordos

[J]. Memoirs of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1984201-31.

[本文引用: 1]

陈均远周志毅林尧坤.

鄂尔多斯地台西缘奥陶纪生物地层研究进展

[J]. 中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所集刊,1984201-31.

[本文引用: 1]

FU LipuHU YunxuZHANG Zifuet al.

The mark on the ecology of sedimentarial environment in Middle and Upper Ordovician at Ordos Basin

[J]. Northwest Geoscience,1993142): 1-88.

傅力浦胡云绪张子福.

鄂尔多斯中、上奥陶统沉积环境的生物标志

[J]. 西北地质科学,1993142): 1-88.

SONG Lisheng. Discussions on graptolite zones of Pingliang formation in Pingliang region

Gansu Province

[J]. Acta Geologica Gansu,199652): 1-10.

宋礼生.

甘肃平凉地区平凉组笔石带的商榷

[J]. 甘肃地质学报,199652): 1-10.

SUN Hao.

Ordovician conodonts and its biostratigraphy in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin

[D]. BeijingChina University of Geosciences (Beijing)2013.

[本文引用: 1]

孙浩.

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘奥陶系牙形石及其生物地层

[D]. 北京中国地质大学(北京)2013.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG ZhihaoBERGSTRÖM S MZHEN Yongyiet al.

Ordovician conodonts from Dashimen,Wuhai in inner Mongolia and the significance of the discovery of the Histidodella fauna

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2013304): 323-343.

[本文引用: 3]

王志浩伯格斯特龙甄勇毅.

内蒙古乌海大石门奥陶系牙形刺和Histiodella动物群发现的意义

[J]. 微体古生物学报,2013304): 323-343.

[本文引用: 3]

YANG ZhihuaJING XiuchunWANG Xunlianet al.

A preliminary study on the late Ordovician conodonts from the Dashetai area,Inner Mongolia

[C]//National congress and annual academic meeting of Chinese Palaeontological Society2018S17-04200-201.[

[本文引用: 1]

杨志华景秀春王训练.

内蒙古大佘太地区晚奥陶世牙形石初步研究

[C]//中国古生物学会全国会员代表大会暨学术年会2018S17-04200-201.]

[本文引用: 1]

DING Ling.

The Upper Ordovician (Katian) conodonts biostratigraphy and biofacies from Neixiang,Henan Province

[D]. BeijingChina University of Geoscience (Beijing)2017.

[本文引用: 1]

丁菱.

河南内乡上奥陶统石燕河组牙形石生物地层及生物相研究

[D]. 北京中国地质大学(北京)2017.

[本文引用: 1]

JING XiuchunSTOUGE SDING Linget al.

Upper Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy and biofacies from the Sigang section,Neixiang,Henan,central China

[J]. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,201748018-32.

[本文引用: 1]

DAI ShuangXUE ChunlingCHEN Zhongyanget al.

Upper Ordovician conodonts of the Majiagou Formation in the Jueshan section, Shananxi, southwestern Ordos Basin, and the diachroneity of the upper boundary of the Majiagou Frmation

[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 2021374):317-327.

[本文引用: 1]

戴霜薛春玲陈中阳.

鄂尔多斯西南缘陕西崛山剖面马家沟组牙形刺兼论马家沟组的时代

[J]. 微体古生物学报,2021374):317-327.

[本文引用: 1]

/