地球科学进展, 2019, 34(9): 950-961 DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.09.0950

综述与评述

东海到南海晚中生代岩浆弧及陆缘汇聚体制综述

张成晨,1, 许长海,1, 何敏2, 高顺莉3

1. 同济大学海洋与地球科学学院 海洋地质国家重点实验室,上海 200092

2. 中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司,广东 深圳 518054

3. 中海石油(中国)有限公司上海分公司,上海 200335

Late Mesozoic Convergent Continental Margin with Magmatic Arc from East to South China Seas: A Review

Zhang Chengchen,1, Xu Changhai,1, He Min2, Gao Shunli3

1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

2. CNOOC China Limited-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518054, China

3. CNOOC China Limited-Shanghai, Shanghai 200335, China

通讯作者: 许长海(1971-),男,内蒙古乌兰察布人,教授,主要从事区域构造等教学和科研工作. E-mail:xchxch@tongji.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2019-02-20   修回日期: 2019-07-19   网络出版日期: 2019-10-19

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目“东海陆架到南海北部晚中生代东亚汇聚边缘演变的岩浆弧记录”.  41876045
国家科技重大专项课题“海相盆地构造热体制与资评选区评价平台开发研究”.  2017ZX05005001-005

Corresponding authors: Xu Changhai (1971-), male, Wulanchabu City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Professor. Research areas include regional geological structure. E-mail:xchxch@tongji.edu.cn

Received: 2019-02-20   Revised: 2019-07-19   Online: 2019-10-19

作者简介 About authors

张成晨(1988-),女,新疆昌吉人,硕士研究生,主要从事区域构造方面的研究.E-mail:1632964@tongji.edu.cn

ZhangChengchen(1988-),female,ChangjiCity,XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,Masterstudent.Researchareasincluderegionalgeologicalstructure.E-mail:1632964@tongji.edu.cn

摘要

晚中生代是古太平洋板块俯冲汇聚东亚大陆的重要时期,这一构造期促发了华南强烈的岩浆活动和陆内变形,相关俯冲杂岩残留在日本西南、中国台湾到婆罗洲一线。华南大陆特别是岩浆岩研究已取得了丰富的成果认识,但缺乏与典型岩浆弧相关的中性岩浆岩发现。位于海陆结合部的东海到南海区域,将是开展晚中生代岩浆弧和弧前盆地等研究的优选地区,目前已陆续发现了相关岩浆岩和沉积记录。开展东海到南海这一区域性的岩浆弧和弧前盆地等研究,同时结合东部俯冲杂岩和华南大陆岩浆岩等成果资料,将有助于形成和完善晚中生代古太平洋俯冲体制和东亚活动大陆边缘的演变模式,也是深化认识我国海域中生界沉积盆地性质及其油气潜力的重要环节。

关键词: 岩浆弧 ; 汇聚大陆边缘 ; 晚中生代 ; 东海到南海

Abstract

The Late Mesozoic is an important tectonic period for subduction of Paleo-Pacific slab beneath East Asia continent. It intensely led to Jurassic to Cretaceous magmatism associated with intracontinental deformation in South China. Subduction-related accretionary complexes remained regionally from SW Japan, E Taiwan to the W Philippines and Borneo. Studies on geology in South China, especially in magmatism, have been performed with good data, results, and sufficient understandings; whereas those arc-related intermediate igneous rocks have been less found. The areas from East to South China Seas which are located at the junction between sea and land will be the preferred areas for the study of the Late Mesozoic magmatic arc and the forearc basin. The relevant arc-related magmatic rocks and forearc sedimentary records have been increasingly discovered. Studies of magmatic arc and forearc basin combined with subdction complex will be essential to the reconstruction of the convergent continental margin in South China. Analyses of magmatic arc identification from South to East China Seas, arc to forearc relationship, and assembly between arc and regional faults will become necessary to improve the knowledge of the model of East Asia convergent continental margin, and as well help to develop the understanding of Late Mesozoic forearc basin and resource potentials in the southeast sea areas.

Keywords: Magamatic arc ; Active continental margin ; Late Mesozoic ; South to East China Seas.

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本文引用格式

张成晨, 许长海, 何敏, 高顺莉. 东海到南海晚中生代岩浆弧及陆缘汇聚体制综述. 地球科学进展[J], 2019, 34(9): 950-961 DOI:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.09.0950

Zhang Chengchen, Xu Changhai, He Min, Gao Shunli. Late Mesozoic Convergent Continental Margin with Magmatic Arc from East to South China Seas: A Review. Advances in Earth Science[J], 2019, 34(9): 950-961 DOI:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2019.09.0950

1 引 言

晚中生代是古太平洋板块汇聚东亚大陆的重要时期[1,2,3,4],它导致华南强烈岩浆活动[5,6,7],形成的俯冲杂岩带残留在沿日本西南、经中国台湾、巴拉望—加里曼丹一线[8,9,10,11],在中国台湾以东、菲律宾和婆罗洲等地的蛇绿岩块[12,13,14,15,16]应代表晚中生代俯冲洋壳残留。岩浆活动是华南晚中生代最显著的地质特征,岩浆岩出露约240 000 km2[6]。近60年来,华南岩浆岩研究经历了从时空分布到岩浆来源、从壳幔作用到构造控制等,形成了丰富的成果和认识[6,17,18,19,20,21]。研究表明,华南(这里指江绍断裂以东南地区)晚中生代岩浆岩以花岗岩和流纹岩为主,同时代玄武岩与流纹岩、辉长岩和正长岩与花岗岩共生[22],明显缺乏与岩浆弧环境相关的中性岩浆岩。钦杭结合带被认为是华夏与扬子地块新元古代弧陆碰撞[23]形成的结合带[24,25,26]。报道的晚中生代弧岩浆岩或埃达克岩绝大多数分布在这一结合带内[27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34],它们有可能与古老岩浆弧熔融有关[35]。Xia等[36]认为钦杭带北段的钙碱性埃达克岩(175~130 Ma)是新元古代岩浆弧熔融的结果,与古太平洋俯冲引发板内伸展控制有关。类似地,Chen等[37]将庐枞地区安山质—玄武质弧火山岩(137~127 Ma)归结为新元古代岩浆弧在伸展环境下熔融的结果。因此,回答与古板块俯冲相关的岩浆弧及弧前盆地是否存在以及在哪里发育等问题就显得愈来愈重要和迫切。现有研究表明,位于华南岩浆岩带[38,39]与东亚俯冲杂岩结合部[10]的东海到南海陆架区域,钻遇了大量前新生代岩浆岩、少数变质岩和沉积岩(图1),其中上百井岩石样品保留完好,它们将成为深入研究古太平洋俯冲及东亚活动大陆边缘演变新的突破口。

图1

图1   南海北部到东海陆架钻遇的前新生代基底岩石分布图

Fig.1   Pre-Cenozoic various lithologies drilled from South to East China Seas


2 东海到南海的晚中生代岩浆弧记录

南海北部有超过120口井钻遇前新生代岩石,以中酸性侵入岩花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、闪长岩和正长岩及火山岩为主,包括少量基性侵入岩、片岩和片麻岩等,以往的岩浆岩Rb-Sr等时线和K-Ar年龄为150.0~70.5 Ma[40]。南海北部潮汕凹陷LF35-1-1井钻遇了比较完整的侏罗系和白垩系火山岩层[41,42],我们测得其锆石U-Pb年龄分别为158~155和118~112 Ma。通过20多口井钻遇岩石研究[35,43],我们在南海北部取得了花岗岩类198.2~195.0,161.6~148.2和136.5~101.7 Ma的SIMS锆石U-Pb年龄记录,主要认识有:发现了侏罗纪早期(198~195 Ma)岩浆弧记录,岩性为低钾拉斑玄武质花岗岩和闪长岩,锆石Ti温度为673~695 °C,Sr和Nd同位素组成(ISr=0.705489~0.706623)和(εNdt=-0.9~+2.2)接近幔源演化熔体,这类岩石流体活动性元素富集,Nb-Ta-Ti组分显著亏损,具有岩浆弧岩石的地球化学特点。识别出侏罗纪—白垩纪I型岩浆弧花岗岩类(162~148和137~102 Ma),它们多数含有普通角闪石,具有活动性流体组分富集和Ta-Nb-Ti强烈亏损等岩浆弧特点,明显不同于华南同时代富硅、富碱而组分Ba,Sr和Eu强烈亏损的高分异I型或A型花岗岩(图2)。西沙西科1井钻遇的碱长花岗岩和二长花岗岩(锆石U-Pb年龄150.3~152.2和107.8 Ma[53,54])以及南沙石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩拖网样品(锆石U-Pb年龄153.6~159.1和127.2 Ma[55]),它们与南海北部岩浆岩共同具有I型岩浆弧花岗岩特点。同时,西科1钻井揭示的灰色片麻岩(锆石U-Pb年龄为152.9 Ma[53])应是晚中生代岩浆弧的组成部分。Li等[56]应用地球物理方法对南海晚中生代岩浆弧残留分布进行了研究。Xu等[43]将Palawan俯冲杂岩[57,58]、南海岩浆弧及华南岩浆岩[59,60]一道,讨论了晚中生代东亚大陆边缘模式。南海西永1井揭示了片麻岩和花岗片麻岩,其Rb-Sr等时线年龄为1 465 Ma[61];它们代表华夏地块中元古代的基底组成。我们从南海北部新生代火山岩中获得了2.8~0.8 Ga,440~437 Ma和267~240 Ma的继承岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄记录[62],认为这些岩浆事件与华南演变存在对应关系,包括从华南基底聚合裂解[23,44,63,64,65,66,67]、加里东造山作用[68,69,70]到印支期陆内造山[45,71]等,认为南海北部基底应是华南基底的南延部分。

图2

图2   南海及华南东部晚中生代花岗岩类 (Y+Nb)-Rb构造环境对比(数据引自文献[35,43,44~52])

Fig.2   (Y+Nb)-Rb discrimination of Late Mesozoic granitoids from eastern South China Block to northern South China Sea

Data from references[35,43,44~52])


东海陆架有超过40口井揭示了前新生代岩石,钻遇的岩浆岩以花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为主,少量为中性、基性侵入岩和火山岩等,其K-Ar和Rb-Sr法测年结果为70~115 Ma[3]。这些年龄值由于受测年体系封闭温度的影响而普遍偏低。现有锆石U-Pb年龄分析表明:明月峰1井钻遇的花岗岩年龄为167 Ma,富阳1井钻遇的凝灰岩年龄为107 Ma[3],MYF1井钻遇的花岗岩年龄为(174±1) Ma[72],ECS611井钻遇的花岗闪长岩年龄为(187±1) Ma[40]。我们最近获得了东海10口钻井揭示的花岗岩类岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄为193~172和111~115 Ma,这些锆石表现出流体活动性元素U富集、高场强元素Nb亏损的典型岩浆弧特点(图3)。利用丽水凹陷ECS611,ECS2611和ECS681 3口井古新统(月桂峰组、灵峰组和明月峰组)碎屑岩分析结果,获得了10个样品的碎屑岩浆锆石年龄主要为侏罗纪—早白垩世,包括119~98,148~133和194~184 Ma 3个峰值,这些岩浆锆石Ti温度指示低温条件(600~770 °C),其Nb,U,Th和Hf等组分指示大陆岩浆弧环境[43]。LF-1井钻遇的温东群片麻岩,以往测得其Rb-Sr等时线年龄为1 680 Ma[73]。我们最近获得的锆石U-Pb年龄为1.85 Ga,代表了华夏地块早元古代变质基底的形成时代。同时,WZ27-1-1钻井揭示了2期花岗岩为205 Ma和220 Ma[74],它们与华南板块东部印支期陆内造山作用是一致的。

图3

图3   东海陆架晚中生代花岗岩类锆石元素构造环境分析

Fig.3   Tectonic environment indicated by zircon trace elements of Late Mesozoic granitoids from East China Sea


福建平潭—东山构造带位于长乐—南澳断裂带以东,这一单元联结东海陆架和南海北部,主要由酸性到基性侵入岩类、变质岩类(片岩、片麻岩和斜长角闪岩等)以及断裂糜棱岩类等组成。根据锆石U-Pb等定年分析,花岗岩类主要形成于133~100 Ma[75],基性侵入体形成于131~77 Ma[76]。Liu 等[75]进一步综合锆石等年龄将平潭—东山变质带晚中生代构造事件演变划分为4期:约187,147~146,133~130和108~100 Ma的花岗质岩浆作用和147~146,144~140 Ma的变质作用。这些花岗质岩浆作用与南海和东海陆架岩浆岩类似,它们形成于东亚古板块俯冲控制的岩浆弧环境,晚期岩浆活动(110~88 Ma)与俯冲板块后撤引发的区域伸展有关[77]

综合上述,从东海陆架、经福建平潭—东山构造带到南海北部,其晚中生代构造岩浆事件演化具有相似性,初步形成一条位于东亚东部与汇聚大陆边缘相关的晚中生代大陆岩浆弧。

3 东海到南海的晚中生代盆地沉积

东海陆架盆地西接浙闽隆起,东邻钓鱼岛隆褶带,中生界分布广泛[78]。钻井FZ10-1-1和FZ13-2-1揭示了一套杂色、红色碎屑岩为主的晚中生代地层(厚度大于2 000 m),自下而上包括福州组(下—中侏罗统)、厦门组(上侏罗统)、渔山组(下白垩统)、闽江组和石门潭组(上白垩统)[79,80]。福州组由暗色碎屑岩夹数层薄煤或碳质泥岩组成,厦门组主要为杂色碎屑岩,它们均为陆相地层。渔山组主要为一套红色碎屑岩层,形成于沼泽—河流相环境。闽江组为一套泥岩与粉砂岩、砂岩互层,局部夹粉砂质泥岩条带;石门潭组是一套安山质火山岩、火山碎屑夹泥岩、砂岩及含砾砂岩,它们属于河流冲积扇沉积。厦门组与上覆渔山组为角度不整合接触(渔山运动),渔山组与上覆闽江组呈假整合接触,闽江组与上覆石门潭组呈不整合或假整合接触,石门潭组与上覆古新统呈不整合或假整合接触(雁荡运动)。根据杨传胜等[78]研究,东海中生界分布南北差异明显,北部分布较为分散以白垩系为主,一般厚1 000~2 500 m;南部分布连续且厚度大,侏罗系—白垩系均发育,一般厚4 500~6 000 m;区域上表现出东厚西薄、南厚北薄特点,沉积中心位于基隆、新竹凹陷一带。Yang等[81]认为,东海中生界陆架盆地形成于安第斯型活动大陆边缘,盆地西部晚白垩世受伸展控制形成断陷盆地;东部侏罗纪受挤压控制形成拗陷型盆地,白垩纪又受走滑拉张控制形成拉分盆地。郑求根等[82]将东海侏罗系—下白垩统归为弧前盆地沉积。

南海陆架区中生界地层广泛分布[83,84]。在南海北部,LF35-1-1井揭示了珠江口盆地侏罗系和白垩系2套地层[41,42],主要由碎屑岩、硅质岩和火山岩夹鲕粒灰岩等组成,它们形成于侏罗纪滨浅海相、深海相到白垩纪海陆过渡相及泻湖相等环境。我们建立了LF35-1-1侏罗系和白垩系地层年代格架,识别出侏罗系/白垩系、中/新生界等区域不整合事件。根据周蒂[85]的研究,台西南盆地CFC-1等多口钻井揭示了上侏罗统深海至半深海相暗色页岩,以及下白垩统内陆湖泊相砂页岩2套地层,它们与上覆渐新统呈不整合接触关系。台西盆地PK-2等钻井揭示了上侏罗统和下白垩统2套碎屑岩,它们形成于内陆湖泊到海陆交互环境。区域上,南海北部晚中生代地层和沉积环境具有东西差异性:珠江口盆地东部以海相及海陆过渡相为主,火山活动明显;珠江口盆地西部—琼东南盆地以早白垩世陆相火山—沉积为主;台西及台西南盆地以海相、海陆交互相沉积为主[86]。在南海南部,礼乐滩Sampaguita-1井揭示了一套下白垩统甚至到侏罗系边缘海碎屑岩,主要由粉砂岩、砂岩和页岩夹煤层组成[87]。礼乐滩西南SO23-23井钻遇上三叠统—下侏罗统三角洲碎屑岩地层,包括砂岩、粉砂岩和黑色页岩等[88]。礼乐滩及周围多口钻井还揭示了上侏罗统变质沉积岩、角闪岩、早白垩世云母片岩、副片麻岩和石英千枚岩,与上覆古新统碎屑岩为角度不整合接触[89]。巴拉望陆架区Destacado A-1x, Cadlao-1, Guntao-1和Penascosa-1井等钻井揭示了上侏罗统石灰岩、页岩、泥岩和凝灰岩,上侏罗统—下白垩统变质砂岩,以及下白垩统粉砂岩、泥岩和灰质页岩,它们与上覆古近系砂岩呈角度不整合关系[89]

南海陆缘中生界厚度区域上差异性明显[90]。珠江口盆地东部至台西南盆地地层残留厚度为2~8 km,潮汕凹陷残留厚度最大;礼乐—巴拉望地层残留厚度为2~5 km,礼乐南部残留厚度最大;中建南—万安—南薇盆地残留厚度为2~3 km。李伍志等[91]分析了南海陆缘中生界层序及沉积环境,认为:三叠纪—早侏罗世,礼乐区为半深海—浅海相沉积环境,南海北部为浅海碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩和海陆交互相含煤碎屑岩建造,粤东为半深海环境;中晚侏罗世,礼乐区处于浅海相环境,珠江口盆地由中侏罗世滨浅海相砂岩、灰岩及鲕粒灰岩转为晚侏罗世深海相硅质岩;早白垩世,礼乐区为浅海相到滨海相沉积环境,珠江口盆地转为海陆过渡相至陆相环境。南海南部及北部晚中生代地层形成于古板块俯冲和活动陆缘环境[86],总体上应属于残留弧前盆地沉积[35,43,87,89]。东海到南海晚中生代残留盆地的研究,有必要与同时期岩浆弧及古板块俯冲体制等一起考虑,以便对盆地原型演变动力学过程形成较为深入的认识。

我们推测,东海到南海晚中生代残留盆地属于弧前盆地,进一步的研究需要考虑同时期岩浆弧及古板块俯冲体制,以便对盆地原型演变动力学过程形成较为深入的认识。

4 东亚晚中生代俯冲增生杂岩分布

俯冲增生杂岩是晚中生代古板块俯冲东亚大陆的产物,它们残留在沿日本西南、经中国台湾、巴拉望—加里曼丹一线[8,9,10,11]

根据Isozaki[9]的研究,日本西南大量出露有侏罗纪俯冲增生杂岩(长约3 000 km,宽约200 km,厚约20 km),表现为若干逆冲体叠置关系,主要包括Mino-Tanba coherent-type和Chichibu chaotic-type两类杂岩,后者分布优于前者。这类杂岩普遍遭受了区域低级变质作用[2]。进一步在日本西南识别出Mino-Tanba-Chichibu(约160 Ma)、Sanbagawa(约120 Ma)及北Shimanto(80~60 Ma)等俯冲增生杂岩带,反映了侏罗纪—白垩纪古太平洋板块俯冲东亚大陆的作用。

Yui等[11]认为中国台湾大南澳变质杂岩属于俯冲增生杂岩,由西部太鲁阁杂岩带和东部玉里杂岩带组成,它们形成于侏罗纪—早白垩世古板块俯冲作用[92,93]。太鲁阁杂岩带由绿片岩相至角闪岩相片岩、大理岩、少量变基性岩和花岗岩组成[11,94]。片岩中见侏罗纪—白垩纪化石[95];大理岩中方解石Pb-Pb年龄为(185±18) Ma[96]、变质岩中锆石U-Pb年龄为(200±22) Ma及大仑花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(191±10) Ma[94]反映了与古板块俯冲相关的变质和岩浆作用。玉里杂岩带由片岩、变基性岩和蛇纹岩等组成,其Rb-Sr,K-Ar和U-Pb年龄(109~79 Ma)表明这一俯冲杂岩带形成于中至晚白垩世[11,97,98,99]

Zamoras等[58]在菲律宾Palawan识别出大洋板块俯冲刮落的中侏罗世—早白垩世增生沉积(Malampaya Sound Group),岩性上从硅质岩、硅质泥岩到陆源碎屑岩变化反映了由开阔大洋环境到板块俯冲环境的转变,而且从Busuanga岛北部、中部到南部,俯冲增生杂岩时代由Callovian (165~160 Ma)、Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian (160~155 Ma)变新到Berrasian-Valanginian (143~136 Ma),杂岩分布表现为叠瓦状叠置关系,它们与位于日本Chichibu地块的俯冲增生沉积(Togano群,Bathonian~ Kimmeridgian, 168~150 Ma)[100]可以对比。

Wakita[57]在印尼中部识别出大洋板块俯冲形成的俯冲增生沉积和火山岩,Lok Ulo和Meratus俯冲增生沉积形成于早白垩世—晚白垩世晚期,Bantimala还包括了侏罗纪的俯冲增生杂岩,这类杂岩以蛇绿岩、枕状熔岩、硅质岩和陆源碎屑岩混杂为特点。板块俯冲汇聚作用还形成绿片岩、蓝片岩和榴辉岩等高压岩石。Bantimala杂岩中的绿片岩、蓝片岩(K-Ar年龄为111~114 Ma[101])表现叠瓦状叠置关系,榴辉岩(白云母K-Ar年龄为137~113 Ma[101,102])夹杂在蛇纹岩内。Meratus杂岩中高压片岩和角闪岩,其云母K-Ar年龄为180~110 Ma[103],大洋斜长花岗岩(K-Ar年龄115 Ma[104])与镁铁质岩伴生。

综上所述,Wakita等[10]大致沿日本西南、中国台湾、经巴拉望到加里曼丹岛以北,形成一条侏罗纪—早白垩世的Izanagi大洋板块对东亚大陆的俯冲带。

5 主要构造模式

主要基于大陆地质记录并结合海域证据,多数学者将华南晚中生代构造岩浆演化与古太平洋板块俯冲作用联系起来。Charvet等[5]认为,华南晚中生代岩浆活动分别形成于Izanagi板块俯冲控制的Andean型大陆边缘(J3~K1)及其与西菲律宾地块碰撞后的伸展环境(K2)。Zhou等[6]认为板块俯冲角度增大控制着华南燕山期岩浆活动及迁移规律,对应于板内伸展(J2-3)、大陆边缘弧(K1)和俯冲弧后(K2)环境[105]。Li等[17,106]应用flat-slab subduction来解释华南大规模岩浆作用,slab foudering形成非造山岩浆岩(190~150 Ma),俯冲板块后撤形成伸展及陆弧岩浆岩(J3~K1),认为Andean型俯冲应在70 Ma结束[107]。根据Wang等[18]的研究,华南早、中侏罗世岩浆岩形成于伸展环境,应与造山后塌陷及弧后伸展联合控制有关;晚侏罗世及早白垩世岩浆活动主要与西太平洋斜向俯冲欧亚东缘有关,俯冲带后撤导致大量火山岩形成。Jiang等[108]应用古太平洋板块repeated advance-retreat模型,解释华南侏罗纪—白垩纪岩浆岩形成于伸展及岩浆弧交替的构造环境,认为晚侏罗世—白垩纪岩浆岩形成于板块后撤相关的大陆伸展环境。Chen等[109]认为,华南东部侏罗纪岩浆岩形成于造山后伸展环境;由于古板块俯冲和华南岩石圈加厚促发同造山岩浆作用(130~110 Ma),而后造山根拆沉引发造山后和非造山岩浆作用(110~99 Ma)[110]。根据Niu等[111]的研究,东海、南海之下的大陆架基底应是与中国东部大陆岩石圈无关的外来地体(大洋高原或微陆地),它随古太平洋板块俯冲飘移而来,洋壳板片俯冲到大陆之下受热脱水,含水熔体交代上地幔并软化上板块岩石圈底部,促使东部岩石圈减薄、大规模地壳熔融和晚中生代大量花岗岩类形成。Li等[112]建立了晚中生代古太平洋板块俯冲与华南岩浆活动和陆内变形的关系。Xu等[43]从南海北部经中国台湾[94]到东海陆架识别出东沙—大仑—雁荡残留岩浆弧记录,它与区域俯冲杂岩[10,11]、华南同期岩浆岩[6]及长乐—南澳断裂等一道,构成了侏罗纪早期古板块斜向汇聚华南的构造模式(图4)。Li等[113]最近对东亚中生代大陆边缘演变及与古太平洋俯冲的控制作用进行了较为全面的总结和评述,认为晚中生代华南构造—岩浆演化受控于古太平洋flat-slab subduction(200~160 Ma),slab foudering(160~125 Ma)和slab rollback(125~65 Ma)。Suo等[114]将华南晚中生代地质归结为安第斯型大陆边缘演变的结果,并对其空间结构、地质单元、演变过程及动力学模式等进行了细致阐述。近年来,基于南海及其周边地质等研究,不同学者[115,116,117]开始关注晚中生代古南海演变与新特提斯洋俯冲控制的关系。方念乔[115]提出晚中生代海南陆缘弧属于特提斯构造域的一部分,其演变不同于浙闽陆缘带,它于晚侏罗世发育,早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世初期岩浆弧与俯冲作用强烈,晚白垩世转为弧后拉张。Sun等[117]认为晚中生代古南海形成演变总体上属于弧后环境,它与新特提斯洋俯冲、洋脊俯冲和俯冲板片后撤等过程密切相关。

图4

图4   华南侏罗纪早期汇聚大陆边缘构造模式(据参考文献[43]修改)

Fig. 4   A cartoon showing an early Jurassic subduction-related architecture of East Asian continental margin (modified after reference [43])


综上所述,华南晚中生代构造岩浆演化究竟是与古太平洋板块俯冲控制有关,还是属于新特提斯构造域的组成部分,或与两者联合控制有关,目前还缺乏统一的认识。东海到南海晚中生代地质及其研究程度,是深化理解和构建东亚大陆边缘形成演变及其动力学体制的重要依据。

6 结 语

华南陆缘从东海到南海这一海陆结合部,是否存在晚中生代典型的岩浆弧和弧前盆地,它们是深化认识东亚大陆边缘演变和重建古太平洋俯冲体制的重要依据。尽管新生代区域性构造叠加改造作用使得这一研究变得更为困难,但现有钻井样品已陆续发现了相关岩浆岩和沉积记录。华南大陆已积累了丰富的研究资料和成果,今后研究应加强以海域为主,海陆结合,地质、地球化学与地球物理结合的大区域综合性研究。东海到南海的岩浆弧和弧前盆地研究应优先作为构建华南陆缘晚中生代汇聚体制的重要约束,包括岩浆弧识别及展布、弧盆关系、岩浆弧与区域大断裂关系,以及中生界盆地原型等内容。结合日本西南、经中国台湾到婆罗洲俯冲杂岩等成果,推进东亚晚中生代陆缘汇聚及古板块俯冲体制和我国东南部海域中生界盆地资源潜力的认识。

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