Review of Deep-Penetrating Geochemical Exploration Methods
Han Zhixuan1,2,3, Liao Jianguo3, Zhang Yulong3, Zhang Bimin1,2, Wang Xueqiu1,2,*
1.Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration, MLR, Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, CAGS,Langfang Hebei 065000, China
2.UNESCO, International Center on Global-scale Geochemistry, Langfang Hebei 065000, China
3.School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
*Corresponding author:Wang Xueqiu(1962-), male, Wafangdian County, Liaoning Province, Professor. Research areas include applied geochemistry.E-mail:wangxueqiu@igge.cn
First author:Han Zhixuan(1987-), male, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, Engineer. Research areas include applied geochemistry.E-mail:hanzhixuan@igge.cn
Fund:Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China “Deep-penetrating geochemistry project”(No.2016YFC0600608); The National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of IGGE(No.AS2014J03)
Abstract
It is a worldwide challenge to explore the deeply buried deposits. Deep-penetrating geochemical exploration methods were developed to solve the problems of how to get the information of the buried deposits in the covered layer. The methods were successfully used to indicate some buried deposits, but not all kinds of deposits. What is more, a method cannot be used in all kinds of landscapes. In this paper, theories and case studies of deep-penetrating geochemical exploration methods, including mobile metal ions, enzyme leach, leaching of mobile forms of metals in overburden, electro-geochemical extraction method, biogeochemical exploration, nano-metal in geogas were reviewed. Elements migration, unloading mechanism and anomaly models are the most important parts for deep-penetrating geochemistry and need to be further investigated. From the perspective of economic efficiency and applicability, sampling and analyzing procedures should be simplified to improve the stability of all methods.
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The concept of deep penetration exploration geochemistry is proposed by the author based on the latest advances of geochemical methods for deeply concealed deposits. Deep penetration exploration geochemistry, a new branch of exploration geochemistry, involves the measurement of any direct geochemical information emanating from the deeply concealed deposits. Its purpose is to find deeply concealed deposits by employing newly recognized geochemical methods which can penetrate thick overburden. Abrief description of its research scope and necessity is given in this paper.
... 3 地球气纳微金属测量地球气纳微金属测量法(Collection of Nanoscale Metals in Earthgas,NAMEG)是一种备受争议而又颇有远景的穿透性地球化学方法[6],为了证实地表捕获的纳米颗粒与隐伏矿体的成因关系,国内外学者通过野外观测、室内模拟实验和理论计算等手段进行了多年探索 ...
Exchangeable and adsorptive uranium in clay matter make up 17%~40% of total uranium in the soils over Shihongtan uranium deposit, Tuha Basin, Xinjiang. The uranium complex cations occur in the incompetent clay layers on the ground surface over the hidden uranium ore body. The study results show that there exist obvious U and Mo anomalies over the blind ore body. Selective leaching of mobile matal forms can be used for indication of blind sandstonetype uranium deposits.
Two kinds of methods for geochemical exploration were carried out in the Zhunsujihua copper-molybdenum deposit of Inner Mongolia. The results show that anomalies delineated by fine particle total measurement and MOMEO are in accordance with the deep concealed ore bodies. It is thus known that the two kinds of method can indicate concealed copper-molybdenum deposits effectively and can also be used to search for concealed copper-molybdenum deposits on semi-arid grasslands.
The basic theory and device of geogas prospecting are described in this paper. Using the cluster analysis method, the authors summarized the geogas anomaly characteristics of Huangshaping and Qitianling areas according to the data of 37 elements obtained by geogas prospecting in the Huangshaping-Liaojiawan area, and analyzed the geogas anomalies in combination with the Eu anomalies in this region. The results have not only delineated a new target for further prospecting in Huangshaping-Liaojiawan area but also provided scientific evidence of geogas prospecting in search for deep concealed ore deposits.
A series of geogas models were built to study the element transportation regularity in the lead-zinc ore and its surrounding rocks under the action of ascending gas flows. The amount of elements transferred out of the simulated ore and rock layer were determined by ICP-MS. Then, the transportation rates of various elements were estimated. The experimental results indicate that the elements transferred out of the ore and rock layer can continually accumulate in the above catcher under the action of ascending gas flows. The transportation rates of elements are different from each other, varying in the range of 0.006~4 000 ng/d. A large concentrations of ore-forming elements in the ore body would inevitably result in high rates of transportation, forming geogas anomalies above the ore body. The result obtained by the authors provides a theoretical basis for the prospecting of concealed deposits with geogas anomaly.
With No. 95 zinc-opper ore body over 800 m in depth in the Dachang zinc-copper deposit of Guangxi as the research object, the authors carried out experiment on geogas survey by using dynamic geogas sampling device and ICP-MS analysis technology for exploration of large depth concealed polymetallic deposit. The results show that the geogas anomaly values of Zn, Cu elements above the ore body are 3 times higher than their background values, and Pb, As, Cd, Bi, Co, Cs, Mo, Rb and other elements also show significant anomalies. These data prove that using geogas survey to explore the large depth concealed ore bodies whose depth exceeds 800 m is completely feasible.
Electrogeochemical method is a new method for searching concealed ore deposits developed in the 1970s. It includes CHIM and soil ionic conductivity method. It was regarded as a frontier topic all the time from the 1970s to the end of the 1990s. It can extract ore-forming information from ore bodies in depth, which has been confirmed through prospecting concealed ore deposits by global geologists for many years. Because CHIM developed by former Soviet Union geologists comes with heavy equipment, low working efficiency and high cost, it has not been widely used. With gradual improvement of methods and techniques, the application range of electrogeochemical method is widened for searching hidden ore deposits.
Geoelectrochemical methods (CHIM) have been greatly changed after decades of development. Traditional low-efficiency technology has been replaced by extremely efficient methods. This paper reviews the history of CHIM's development and summarizes the progress made in recent years. Principles and methods of "independent power dipole CHIM technique" are introduced. Furthermore, questions related to method's application promotion are discussed and expected, such as commercialization of technical devices, technical system's standardization and mechanism of anomaly's formation.
This paper has summarized the development situation and existing problems of the geoelectric chemistry method, and analyzed ideas and ways to improve this method. On such a basis, the authors have designed and developed "solid carrier elements extractor", which takes solid materials as the carrier. Such an extractor has advantages of handiness, practicality, and high efficiency. Furthermore, it has already sufficed for mass application.
In order to find deep mines in Lunshan gold deposit,the authors carried out comparative experi- mental study geo- electrochemical integrated technigue and soil secondary halo. The results show that the anomaly over the known ore body by the geo- electrochemical integration is obvious,but there is no exception display for the soil secondary halo. The fact explains that the geo- electrochemical integrated technique is effective. By using this technique,five prospecting potential abnormal target areas are found out in the studied area, which can better guide prospecting in deep forecast.
Beishan is a gubi area. Its flora is mainly redwood. The contents of the most elements especially the ore-forming elements and their various index are higher than background area. The element contents are characterized by logarithm normal distribution pattern in the background area, but by logarithm normal distribution pattern with multi-peak in the ore area. The element assemblage of redwood is Au,Cu,Pb,Zn,As,Sb,Mo,V,Mn and Ag,S n,Sr,Ba as wll as Ti,Cr,Co,Ni in the background area. The element assemblage of redwood in the gold ore areas is Au,Ag,As,Sb,Mo,Mn,Sr and Cu,Pb,Zn,Sn,Ba as well as Co,Ni,Ti,V,Cr. In the copper area the element assemblage is Cu,Pb,Zn,Mo,Au,Ag,Ba and As,Sb,Sn,Mn as well as Ti,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Sr. The elementary concentrative parameter of redwood is high where that of rocks is high in the ore area. The typical elements of redwood and rocks in the gold and copper deposits are Au,Ag,As,Sb,Mo,(Mn) and Cu,Pb,Zn, (Ba,Ti,V, Cr)respectively. The Au and Cu botanical geochemical anomaly and composed zonation are respectively developed over orebodies in gold deposits and copper deposits. According to the botanicl geochemistry of redwood, the gold and copper mineralization can be identified and the concealed ore bodes be predicted.
The basic theory and device of geogas prospecting are described in this paper. Using the cluster analysis method, the authors summarized the geogas anomaly characteristics of Huangshaping and Qitianling areas according to the data of 37 elements obtained by geogas prospecting in the Huangshaping-Liaojiawan area, and analyzed the geogas anomalies in combination with the Eu anomalies in this region. The results have not only delineated a new target for further prospecting in Huangshaping-Liaojiawan area but also provided scientific evidence of geogas prospecting in search for deep concealed ore deposits.
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geoscience, Beijing100083, China
Recently, the exploration in deeply concealed deposits becomes increasingly common. With the development in the state-of-the-art metallogenic theory and analysis technique, it has stimulated the formation of the non-traditional geochemical prospecting methods. One of great breakthroughs in buried mineral deposits exploration is the advent of Deep-penetrating Exploration Geochemistry, which includes methods of the Selective Leaching of Mobile Metals (MOMEO), Mobile Metal Ions (MMI), Enzyme Leach, Electro-geochemistry methods, etc. These methods are able to measure any direct geochemical information emanating from the deeply concealed deposits. Another important advance in concealed deposit exploration is using integrated geological information for prospecting, including geologic, geophysical, geochemical and remote sensing data. This method is proved a powerful tool for deeply buried mineral deposits exploration. Some other new methods including geochemical blocks method, information exploration, and non-traditional isotope tracer techniques are starting applied to concealed deposits exploration. Besides, the methods of traditional geochemical exploration including hydrogeochemical and biogeochemical methods are experience renewed interest and achieve new development. New advances in these geochemical exploration methods are reviewed in depth, including their concepts, basis theory, application method, and results of their application. Finally, the problems in geochemical exploration are pointed out.