降雨发生装置空间均匀性的研究

引用本文

刘波, 王晓蕾, 康钊菁, 苏腾, 翟东力, 袁靖. 降雨发生装置空间均匀性的研究.地球科学进展, 2016, 31(8): 820-828
Liu Bo, Wang Xiaolei, Kang Zhaojing, Su Teng, Zhai Dongli, Yuan Jing. Research on Spatial Uniformity of Rainfall Generator. Advances in Earth Science, 2016, 31(8): 820-828 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.08.0820.
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降雨发生装置空间均匀性的研究

刘波¹, 王晓蕾^1*,^*, 康钊菁¹, 苏腾², 翟东力³, 袁靖³

1.解放军理工大学气象海洋学院探测工程教研室,江苏南京 211101

2 酒泉卫星发射中心, 甘肃酒泉 732750

3.太原航空仪表技术有限公司南京分公司,江苏南京 211106

王晓蕾(1964-),女,浙江宁波人,教授,主要从事军事气象计量与测试技术研究.E-mail:wangxiaolei0199@sina.com

作者简介:刘波(1991-),男,湖南娄底人,博士研究生,主要从事军事气象计量与测试技术研究.E-mail:liubonanjing@163.com

基金:国家自然科学基金项目“降水瞬态微物理特征测量仪”(编号:41327003)和“基于微波链路的区域降水反演”(编号:41475020)资助

摘要

为提高降雨发生装置的空间均匀性,对通过测试平台旋转提高降雨场空间均匀性的方法进行研究,设计、研制了旋转测试平台,解决了旋转过程中的信号传输问题,建立了转速与降雨发生装置空间均匀性之间的关系,结合翻斗式雨量计在降雨场中的测试与流量式雨量雨强标准装置的测试,论证了降雨发生装置作为雨量和雨强的测试环境是可行的。结果表明,随着转台转速的增加,降雨场的空间均匀性先增大后减小,且随着测试面积的减小,不同转速呈现出不一样的变化趋势,转台转速为1 RPM时,测试面积为1.6 m ×1.6 m和1.2 m×1.2 m时,其均匀度系数最大(>95%);随着测试平台转速的增加,翻斗式雨量计累积降雨量和降雨强度之间的一致性增强,在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时,翻斗式雨量计累积降雨量的最大偏差最小,为0.2 mm;流量式雨量雨强标准装置测试的累积降雨量的平均值与旋转测试平台在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时测得的结果一致,充分说明通过旋转式测试工作平台可得到与流量式雨量雨强标准装置相一致的结果,证明了该方法提高降雨发生装置空间均匀性是可行的,且能得到累积降雨量的动态测量误差。

关键词: 降雨发生装置; 均匀性; 旋转工作平台; 流量式雨量雨强

中图分类号:P426.62⁺3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-8166(2016)08-0820-09

Research on Spatial Uniformity of Rainfall Generator

Liu Bo¹, Wang Xiaolei¹, Kang Zhaojing¹, Su Teng², Zhai Dongli³, Yuan Jing³

1. College of Meteorology and Oceanography,PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 211101,China

2.Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center,Jiuquan 732750,China

3.Taiyuan Aero-Instruments Co., Ltd of Nanjing Branch,Nanjing 211106,China

Corresponding author:Wang Xiaolei(1964-), female, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province,Professor. Research areas include military meteorological measurement and testing technology.E-mail:wangxiaolei0199@sina.com

Fund:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China “Measuring instrument for the transient micro-physically characteristics of precipitation” (No.41327003) and “Inversion of regional precipitation by microwave links”(No.41475020)

Abstract

In order to improve the spatial uniformity of rainfall generator to natural rainfall uniformity, according to the rotation of the test platform, a rotary test platform was designed and developed, and the slip-ring was used to solve the problem of signal transmission in the process of the rotation. Besides, the relationship between rotational speed and spatial uniformity of rainfall generator was established. The results of tipping-bucket rain gauge tested in rainfall field and flow type rainfall intensity standard device testing demonstrated that rainfall generator as the rainfall accumulation and rainfall intensity of the test environment was feasible. Results showed that with the increase of the rotate speed, spatial uniformity first increased, and then decreases, and with the decrease of the test area, different speed presented different trends. When the rotational speed was 1 RPM, test area was 1.6 m×1.6 m and 1.2 m×1.2 m, its uniformity of rainfall generator reached maximum which was bigger than 95%; with the increase of the rotate speed, tipping-bucket rain gauge of RA and RI were of good consistency under the RPM 1 and RPM 2 and the RA maximum deviation reached minimum, 0.2 mm; the average of RA under flow type rainfall intensity standard device test consisted well with rotating test platform at speed RPM 1 and 2, which illustrated the rotary testing platform was consistent with the flow type rainfall intensity standard device. It showed that the method to improve the space uniformity of rainfall generator is feasible and it could find the dynamic difference of RA.

Keyword: Rainfall generator; Spatial uniformity; Rotary test platform; Flow type rainfall intensity.

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1 引言

降雨资料是气候变迁研究、天气动力分析、数值天气预报模式、水分平衡计算、水文模型等方面的重要参数, 是雷达与卫星定标、水库管理、工程设计等方面的重要依据^[1~3]。降雨测量的准确性对国计民生有着重要意义^[4~6]。降雨测量仪器种类庞杂、原理各异, 目前, 对于承水式降雨测量仪器, 国内外已有较为完善的雨量、雨强标准装置及测试和校准方法^[7~11], 对于非承水降雨测量仪器, 除了仪器出厂前的定标外, 世界气象组织(World Meteorological Organization, WMO)指出目前还没有一种可以适用于非承水式降雨测量仪器性能测试、校准的装置及方法^[12]。因此, 探讨一种非承水式降雨测量仪器的测试校准方法已成为重要的研究内容。

为解决非承水式降雨测量仪器的测试校准问题, 已提出了许多研究方法, 包括采用玻璃球或钢珠^{[13, 14]}, 采用针管产生直径均一的液滴^[15~17]等进行定标, 现场自适应算法^{[18, 19]}等进行校准、算法修正法^[20]对采集到的数据进行后期修正、旋转盘法^[21]对光学雨滴谱仪的尺度和速度进行定标^[21]和WMO组织的自然条件下的动态比对试验^[12]进行比对。前2种方法只能对非承水式降雨测量仪器的尺度进行定标, 而其测量得到的降雨强度等宏观特征量不仅与尺度有关, 还与速度和正演算法有关; 现场的自适应算法校准需要增加激光器, 校准时必须保证其光路平行, 增加了现场校准的难度; 算法修正法仅能在采集到数据后再进行控制, 并不能对传感器采集部分进行控制; 旋转盘法的旋转盘上的粒子特性与实际的雨滴特性差异较大, 且仅能模拟单一的雨滴的信息; 动态比对试验主要依赖于天气条件, 要想短时间内获得不同强度的自然降雨条件较为困难, 致使试验周期长、成本较高。上述方法中除了动态比对试验外, 其他方法均只能针对某种特定原理的非承水式降雨测量仪器进行定标或测试, 缺乏通用性。为了模拟自然降雨, 为非承水式降雨测量仪器的测量产生一个均匀稳定的降雨测试校准环境, 陈文广等^[22]提出了标准雨滴雨强模拟及测试技术, Colli等^[23]提出了实验室模拟降雨装置的思想, 并设计出模拟样机。但是这2种都是针型的降雨发生装置, 而针型降雨发生装置存在着雨滴直径单一、无法产生直径小于1.5 mm的雨滴且雨滴的下落末速度与自然条件下相差较大的弊端。苏腾^[24]结合自然降雨特性及降雨测量仪器测试校准需求, 设计和研制了喷头型降雨发生装置模拟样机, 很好地解决了这3个问题。刘波等^[25]对模拟样机的大降雨强度进行了研究, 但是模拟样机产生的降雨场的均匀性为80.12%~87.32%, 而自然条件下的降雨空间均匀性高达95%^{[26, 27]}。研究目前提高降雨场的空间均匀性的方法主要有喷头部分旋转^[28]和测试平台旋转^[29]2种, 现有的研究只是在固定的旋转速度下进行试验结果的分析, 并未建立旋转速度与整个降雨场的空间均匀度系数之间的关系, 且测试平台旋转测试时并未涉及仪器和信号传输的问题, 因此有必要解决旋转时绕线和信号传输的问题, 并对不同转速下降雨场的空间均匀性的改善情况进行测试分析。

基于此, 作者选取测试平台旋转这种方法, 采用汇流环的方法解决了旋转状态下的信号传输问题, 并对降雨发生器产生降雨的空间均匀性进行了测试, 得到了旋转速度与降雨场空间均匀性之间的关系, 证明该方法可有效提高降雨场的空间均匀性。

2 方法和材料

2.1 试验装置

降雨发生器采用单喷头降雨方式, 主要由降雨喷头、支架、供水系统、控制箱以及防风装置组成(图1), 其有效降雨面积为2.0 m× 2.0 m, 最大可测试面积为2.5 m× 2.5 m。由于测试平台的旋转, 最大可测试边长d≤ $\begin{matrix} \frac{2.5}{\sqrt[]{2}} \end{matrix}$ =1.77 m, 为了最大化测量整个降雨场的均匀性, 最大测试面积调整为1.6 m× 1.6 m。降雨发生装置通过控制箱调节供水系统管道中的水压, 通过旋转式自吸泵将水抽到一定的高度, 产生降雨。

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	图1 降雨发生装置及主要部件实物图Fig.1 Rainfall generator and main components

降雨发生装置采用恒压供水系统, 供水部分主要由水箱、旋涡式自吸泵、管路和阀门等构成。水箱的容积为1 m³, 为降雨发生装置提供足够的水源。旋涡式自吸泵的额定功率为1.1 kW, 吸程为8 m, 规定扬程为30 m, 可以将水压到一定的高度并保证喷头处有一定的压力^[24]。

旋转工作测试平台主要由旋转工作台、汇流环、支架和接线盒组成(图2)。测试平台系统通过旋转工作台传动, 通过汇流环和接线盒传输数据。旋转工作台采用北京科盈创拓公司的高精度型电动旋转台, 中心可承载100 kg, 蜗轮蜗杆机构驱动, 步进电机的单步角度为1.8° , 传动比为180∶ 1, 角度范围为360° , 空转时的转速为25° /sec(25× 60÷ 360 = 4.17 RPM), 重复定位精度为0.002° , 绝对定位精度为0.005° , 转速和转角可通过PC端编写程序并烧录至转台控制器。汇流环采用默孚龙公司的MT012标准系列过孔滑环, 含12路2A信号, 4路10 A信号, 共16路信号, 可供每个方位的仪器接4根信号线(翻斗式雨量计有2根信号线, Parsivel 雨滴谱仪有4根信号线)。

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	图2 旋转工作台及组成部件实物图Fig.2 Rotary test platform and main components

旋转测试平台的启停控制主要是通过与转台相连的控制器的启动和停止按钮进行控制, 而旋转测试平台的转速和时间的控制是通过PC端的可编程运动控制器烧录控制程序后进行控制。测试平台采用缓启缓停的机制, 每次更改旋转测试平台的转速均需重新编程并烧录至转台运动控制器。

2.2 测试方法

在装置高度为6 m, 压力为0.07 MPa的情况下, 将雨量杯布置在测试平台上(图3), 对整个降雨场的空间均匀性进行评估, 评价指标选用模拟降雨均匀性运用最广泛的Christiansen 均匀度系数^[30], 具体如公式(1)所示, 公式(1)中的每一个测试点的累积降雨量(Rainfall Accumulation, RA)用电子天平进行称量, 计算如公式(2)所示, 降雨强度(Rainfall Intensity, RI)的计算如公式(3)所示。由于转台的转速受转台承重的影响, 通过测试转台发现, 当转台上方为均匀性测试平台时, 转台的最大转速为2.4 RPM, 当转台上方为雨量筒时, 转台的最大转速为3 RPM。故可调整旋转工作台的转速, 测试工作台转速在0, 1, 2和2.4 RPM时, 比较整个降雨场的空间均匀性分布变化情况, 测试时间为20 min。

$\begin{matrix} CU = (1 - \frac{\overset{n}{\sum_{i = 1}} |R A_{i} - \bar{RA}|}{n \bar{RA}}) \times 100 % \end{matrix}$ (1)

式中:CU为均匀度系数; RA_i为每一个测量点的降雨量(mm); $\begin{matrix} \bar{RA} \end{matrix}$ 为所有测量点降雨量的平均值(mm); n为测量点个数。

$\begin{matrix} RA = \frac{(m - m_{0})}{ρ \times s} \end{matrix}$ (2)

式中:RA为降雨量(mm); m为塑料杯中含降雨的总重量(g); m₀为空杯子的质量; ρ 为水的密度(g/cm³); s为塑料杯口的面积(cm²)。由于等式右边除m以外, 其余量均为常量, 因此, m与RA具有相同的变化规律。

$\begin{matrix} RI = \frac{RA}{t} \end{matrix}$ (3)

式中:RI为降雨强度(mm/min或mm/h); t为达到RA所需的时间(min或h)。

同时, 将雨量筒放置在距离喷头投影点等距的半径处, 测试工作台转速在0, 1, 2和3 RPM时, 4个雨量筒测量值的差异, 雨量筒布置如图2 所示, 4个翻斗式雨量计通过接线盒经汇流环与PC端的多翻斗式雨量采集系统相连, 数据存储为txt文件, 方便后期的数据输出与处理。

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	图3 空间均匀性测试平台 (a)均匀性测试平台实物图; (b) 雨量杯测试空间分布图Fig.3 Test platform of uniformity (a) Entity of platform; (b) Schematic of the test glass distribution

3 结果

3.1 转速与降雨场的空间均匀性的关系

在转速分别为0, 1, 2和2.4 RPM时, 得到测试区域的降雨场空间等值线分布图(图4)。可以看出, 转速为0 RPM, 即转台未旋转时, 空间各点的降雨量呈发散状态, 并未形成闭环等值线。随着转速的增大, 降雨场等值线闭环的数量增加, 且降雨量的等值线圆从中心向四周辐射, 呈现出喷头正下方的降雨强度小于四周的降雨强度的现象。分析原因, 可能是喷头出口处压力偏小, 使雨滴破碎不够完整, 大雨滴集中分布在四周区域, 导致喷头正下方区域呈现“ 中空” 的现象。当缩小测试区域的面积时, 整个降雨场的降雨量的相对空间均匀性会提高。

为了进一步量化整个区域在不同转速和不同尺度下的均匀性, 减小测试区域的面积, 以喷头正下方投影点为中心, 测试面积分别为1.6 m × 1.6 m, 1.2 m× 1.2 m, 0.8 m× 0.8 m和0.4 m× 0.4 m时, 不同转速下的CU, 如表1所示。通常一个翻斗式雨量计的采样面积为直径0.2 m, 而降水微物理特征测量雨滴谱仪(Precipitation Microphysical Characteristics Sensor, PMCS)采样面积为0.3 m× 0.04 m, 加上防护装置, 仪器的面积约为0.6 m× 0.3 m, 因此对于0.4 m× 0.4 m的测试面积, 无法放下一个降雨测量仪器, 无法进行比对测试, 因此, 此时CU虽然较大, 但此处不予考虑。从表1 可知, 对于同一测试面积, 随着转台转速的增大, 降雨场空间均匀性先增大后减小; 对于同一转速, 当转台转速为0 RPM和2.4 RPM时, 随着测试面积的减小, 降雨场的空间均匀性增大, 而当转台转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时, 随着测试面积的减小, 降雨场的空间均匀性减小; 转速为1 RPM时, 降雨场的空间均匀性最好, 能达到95%, 与Kathiravelu等^[26]测得的自然条件下的空间均匀性一致。分析原因, 可能是在转台速度较快时, 承雨的量杯与降雨场水平方向上存在着一定的相对速度, 相当于有风作用在下落的雨滴上, 因此, 转台的速度不宜过大, 故将1 RPM作为旋转台的最佳工作转速。

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	图4 不同转速时RA的等值线图(单位:g) (a)转速为0 RPM; (b) 转速为1 RPM; (c) 转速为2 RPM; (d) 转速为2.4 RPMFig.4 Influence of rotary speed to RA contour line (unit:g) Rotary speed at(a) 0 RPM; (b) 1 RPM; (c) 2 RPM; (d) 2.4 RPM

表1 不同转速和不同测试面积的CU Table 1 Influence of rotary speed and test area to CU

3.2 翻斗式雨量计的测试

为了分析旋转工作台的转动对整个降雨场带来的影响, 将翻斗式雨量计在旋转台不转(0 RPM)和最佳转速(1 RPM)以及其他转速(2 RPM和3 RPM)的条件下进行测试, 测试结果如图5所示。可见, 对于RA, 当转速为0 RPM时, TBRG 1的测量值(Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge, 翻斗式雨量计)与其他3个的测量值偏差较大, 而当转速为1, 2和3 RPM时, 4个翻斗的数据基本吻合; 对于RI, 当转速为0 RPM时, 4个翻斗的数据围绕12 mm/h 上下波动, 而当转速为1, 2和3 RPM时, 4个翻斗的数据没有偏小的情况。分析可知, 转台不转时, TBRG 1 方位的降雨量较其他3个方位的降雨量偏大, 此时的偏差既包括空间均匀性差异造成的误差, 也包括仪器本身之间的机械误差; 而通过旋转后, 使其他3 个方位的降雨量增大, 使TBRG 1 方位的降雨量减小, 空间均匀性误差减小, 此时的误差主要是仪器误差造成的, 因此, 通过旋转工作测试平台可以提高降雨场各测试点的累积降雨量和降雨强度之间的一致性。

为进一步分析旋转后 RI和RA的变化情况, 对RI和RA进行了统计(表2)。分析可知, 测试平台转动较不转动时, RI之间的一致性提高了1倍, 且RA的最大偏差降低为0.2 mm或0.3 mm, 即随着测试平台转速的提高, 空间均匀性显著提高, 且4个翻斗式雨量计RI测量值之间的一致性变好; 但是随着转速的提高, 4个翻斗式雨量计RA之间的最大偏差反而增大, 这也充分说明旋转测试平台的转速并不能一味增大, 这与图4分析的结果一致。

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	图5 不同转速时RA和RI的变化 (a)转速为0 RPM; (b) 转速为1 RPM; (c) 转速为2 RPM; (d) 转速为3 RPMFig.5 Influence of rotary speed to RA and RI Rotary speed at(a) 0 RPM; (b) 1 RPM; (c) 2 RPM; (d) 3 RPM

表2 RA和RI的数据统计 Table 2 Statistics of RA and RI

3.3 流量式测试校准装置的测试

为了量化分析上述4台翻斗式雨量计测量值偏差的原因, 用实验室常用的流量式雨量雨强标准装置对其进行测试, 参照翻斗式雨量计在旋转工作测试平台测得的RI和RA, 分别按RI 为12 mm/h(0.2 mm/min), RA为3.0 mm, 将776加液器流速RATE设置为6.28 mL/min, 体积VOLUMN设置为94.2 mL, 每台翻斗式雨量计测试3次, 试验结果如表3所示。可见, 在前述条件下, 4台翻斗式雨量计中, TBRG 2和TBRG 3翻斗式雨量计测量的RA值较TBRG 1和TBRG 4翻斗式雨量计偏大, 4个翻斗式雨量计RA测量值的平均值与表2 中旋转式测试平台转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时测得的结果相一致, 充分说明了采用降雨发生装置旋转测试平台能够得到翻斗式雨量计RA的动态测量误差。

表3 TBRG测试结果 Table 3 Test results of TBRG

4 结论

通过设计和研制旋转式测试工作平台, 分析了旋转式测试工作平台改善降雨发生装置降雨场空间均匀性的效果, 主要得到以下结论:

随着测试平台转速的增加, RA的等值线图趋近于一个圆, 降雨场的均匀度系数CU呈现先增大后减小的趋势, 且随着测试面积的减小, 不同转速呈现出不一样的变化趋势, 转台转速为1 RPM时, 测试面积为1.6 m × 1.6 m和1.2 m× 1.2 m时, 其均匀度系数最大(> 95%), 因此, 将1 RPM作为旋转台的最佳工作转速。

随着测试平台转速的增加, 翻斗式雨量计RA和RI测量值之间的一致性增强, 在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时, 翻斗式雨量计RA测量值的最大偏差最小, 为0.2 mm。因此, 在测试翻斗式雨量计时, 测试平台转速取1 RPM或2 RPM为宜。

流量式雨量雨强标准装置的测试的平均RA与旋转测试平台在转速为1 RPM和2 RPM时测得的结果相一致, 充分说明了通过旋转式测试工作平台可得到与流量式雨量雨强标准装置相一致的结果, 证明了该方法提高降雨发生装置空间均匀性的可行性, 且能得到RA的动态测量误差。

以上结果为降雨发生装置的空间均匀性的提高提供了一种新的方法, 但是本文的测试仅仅针对降雨强度和降雨量等宏观特性, 且产生的降雨量和降雨强度较小, 关于大降雨量和大降雨强度下的测试以及降雨的微观特征量雨滴的尺度谱和速度谱, 结合喷头的CFD仿真, 还将设计试验进行系统的研究, 研究降雨发生装置对仪器雨滴谱和速度谱测量性能的测试的可行性。

致谢:感谢太原航空仪表技术有限公司南京分公司对旋转式测试工作平台的设计和研制提供的帮助。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2003

0.0

. 2003, 61(5):621-627 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2003.05.011

The research of precipitation measurement errors in China

中国降水测量误差的研究

Ren Zhihua , Wang Gaili , Zou Fengling

任芝花, 王改利, 邹风玲

In order to underst and precipitation measurement errors clearly, comparative tests about precipitation were carried out in many countries in the 20th century. Because the raingauges to measure precipitation amount are varied in type, dimensions and installation height in different countries, the size of precipitation measurement error is not the same among various countries. To understand precipitation measurement errors in China, 30 standard rainfall stations for precipitation comparative observation were set up all over the country before 1993. The stations are all of reference or principal climatological stations in China. The installation of standard rainfall stations and the collection about comparative data from those stations are introduced. The random error, the wetted error, the evaporation error and the wind-induced error in precipitation measurements are studied. Comparative observations have been conducted between pit gauge, 2 operational gauges for seven years at 30 stations about 29000 events, the sizes of the above these errors are given. The distribution of random errors and systematic errors in precipitation measurements are studied. For the operational gauge whose diameter of receiving orifice is 20 μm and installing height is 70 cm, the wetted error is 0.2 μm and the evaporation error is 0.0 μm for each event, the random error is 0.0 μm for even measurement and the wind-induced averag eerror is 0.19 μm and 0.32 μm respectively for rain and snow measurement. The relative error in rain measurements varies from 4.34% to 15.28%, 6.17% to 39. 99% in snow observations.

20世纪,国际上许多国家对降水测量进行了对比试验工作,以研究降水测量中的误差大小与分布。由于各个国家降水测量仪器的型式、尺寸以及安装高度不同,试验对比的降水测量误差的大小也就不同。为了弄清中国降水测量误差的大小,中国气象局选择了30个基准基本站,建立标准雨量站网进行试验对比。本文介绍了中国标准雨量站网的设置以及对比资料的获取情况,对比分析了中国降水测量的随机误差、沾湿与蒸发误差、风场变形误差。经30个标准雨量站7a29000多次的1台坑式雨量器、2台台站雨量器的对比观测,给出了中国降水量测量误差的大小、降水测量中的随机误差与系统误差的分布情况。经分析,对于收集口口径为20cm,安装高度为70cm的台站普通雨量器,每次测量随机误差累计平均值为0.0mm,沾湿误差为0.2mm,蒸发误差为0.0mm,降雨风场变形误差为0.19mm,降雪为0.32mm。降雨测量的平均相对误差约为4.34%～15.28%,降雪测量的平均相对误差约为6.17%～39.99%。

... 1 引言降雨资料是气候变迁研究、天气动力分析、数值天气预报模式、水分平衡计算、水文模型等方面的重要参数,是雷达与卫星定标、水库管理、工程设计等方面的重要依据^[1~3] ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 28(6):685-694 DOI:doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.06.0685

Advances in measurement techniques and statistics features of surface raindrop size distribution

地面雨滴谱观测技术及特征研究进展

Zhu Yaqiao , Liu Yuanbo.

朱亚乔, 刘元波

Rain Drop Size Distribution (DSD) is one of the key parameters to microphysical process and macrodynamical structure of precipitation. It provides useful information for understanding the mechanisms of precipitation formation and development. Conventional measurement techniques include momentum method, flour method, filtering paper, raindrop camera and immersion method. In general, the techniques have large measurement error, heavy workload, and low efficiency. Innovation of disdrometer is a remarkable progress in DSD observation. To date, the major techniques are classified into impacting, optical and acoustic disdrometers, which are automated and more convenient and accurate. The impacting disdrometer transforms the momentum of raindrops into electric impulse, which are easy to operate and qualityassured but with large errors for extremely large or small raindrops. The optical disdrometer measures rainfall diameter and its velocity in the same time, but cannot distinguish the particles passing through sampling area simultaneously. The acoustic disdrometer determines DSD from the raindrop impacts on water body with a high temporal resolution but easily affected by wind. In addition, the Doppler can provide DSD with polarimetric techniques for large area while it is affected by updrafts, downdrafts and horizontal winds.DSD has meteorological features, which can be described with the MarshallPalmer (M-P), the Gamma, the lognormal or the normalized models. The MP model is suitable for steady rainfall, usually used for weak and moderate rainfall. The gamma model is proposed for DSD at high rain rate. The lognormal model is widely applied for cloud droplet analysis, but not appropriate for DSD with a broad spectrum. The normalized model is free of assumptions about the shape of the DSD. For practical application, statistical comparison is necessary for selection of a most suitable model. Meteorologically, convective rain has a relatively narrow and smooth DSD spectrum usually described by the MP model. Stratiform rain has a broad DSD spectrum described with the Gamma model. Stratocumulus mixed rain has relatively large drop diameter but small mean size usually described by the Gamma model. The continent rainfall is altitude dependent and it differs from the maritime cloud rainfalls in terms of rain rate and drop diameter. Overall, the meteorological features are useful to improve our understanding of precipitation formation but also important to development of precipitation retrieval techniques with a high accuracy.

雨滴谱是反映降水微观物理过程和宏观动力结构的主要指标之一。通过分析雨色斑滴谱，可以深入了解降水的发展和演变过程，揭示降水机制。传统雨滴谱测量包括动力学法、滤纸色斑法、面粉团法、快速摄影法和浸润法等，但是普遍存在精度低、工作量大、实时性差、成本高及无法自动完成测量分类等缺点。以雨滴谱仪为代表的新型雨滴谱测量技术包括冲击雨滴谱仪、光学雨滴谱仪和声学雨滴谱仪以及雷达技术等克服了这些缺点，在降水粒子[JP2]观测和降水物理研究中发挥了重要的作用。综合概述了描述雨滴谱的主要分布模型及其适用条件。归纳分析了不同降水云系（对流云、层状云和层积云降水）、不同降水类型（大陆云和海洋云降水）及不同高度处观测的降水的雨滴谱特征。从学科发展趋势和社会需求的角度，概述了有关雨滴谱研究中存在的主要问题和发展趋势。

2013

0.0

. 2013, 28(11):1 217-1 226 DOI:doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2013.11.1217

Advances in microphysical features and measurement techniques of raindrops

雨滴微物理特征研究及测量技术进展

Liu Xichuan , Gao Taichang , Liu Lei

刘西川, 高太长, 刘磊

The size, fall velocity, shape, axis ratio, oscillation, orientation, and their spatial distributions of raindrops are the key parameters for study of rainfall physics, which also have great significance in these fields such as research on the mechanism of soil erosion, calibration of weather radar, classification of present weather, evaluation of rainfall enhancement, and determination of channel in radio communication and navigation systems. This paper reviews the history of measurement technology and method of raindrops’ microphysical features firstly, discusses the status and shortcomings of laboratory wind tunnel experiment, optical disdrometer, and other measurement techniques and theory for the raindrops’ microphysical features, and then the shape, fall velocity, oscillation, and orientation of raindrops are analyzed. Existing disdrometers cannot measure the all the micro-physical characteristics of raindrops, which limit the application of raindrops microphysical characteristics in related area. At last from the point of view of relative area and application, the prospect of the future development trend of raindrops microphysics measurement techniques is concluded.

雨滴的尺度、速度、形状、轴比、摆动和空间取向及其谱分布等微物理性质是揭示降雨物理本质的重要特征量,对于土壤侵蚀机理研究、天气雷达地面标定、人工增雨作业效果评估、无线电通讯和导航系统通道选择等方面均有着重要意义。首先分析了19世纪末以来雨滴微物理特征的测量及研究发展历程,分析了实验室内风洞实验、光学雨滴谱仪外场观测等雨滴微物理特征测量技术的现状以及存在的不足,重点讨论雨滴的形状、速度、摆动和空间取向特征等微物理特征。现有雨滴谱仪并不能完全揭示自然环境条件下雨滴的微物理特征,从而限制了雨滴微物理特征在相关领域的应用。最后从相关领域和应用发展的角度出发,对雨滴微物理特征测量技术的发展做了展望。

2007

0.0

. 2007, 62(1):3-13 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.01.001

A bias-corrected precipitation climatology for China

中国降水观测误差分析及其修正

Ye Baisheng , Yang Daqing , Ding Yongjian

叶柏生, 杨大庆, 丁永建

This paper presents the results of bias corrections of Chinese standard precipitation gauge (CSPG) measurements for wind-induced undercatch, trace amount of precipitation and wetting loss. Long-term daily data of precipitation, temperature, and wind speed during 1951-2004 at 726 meteorological stations in China were used for this analysis. It is found that wind-induced gauge undercatch is the greatest error in most regions, and wetting loss and trace amount of precipitation are important in the low precipitation regions in Northwest China. Monthly correction factors (corrected/measured precipitation) differ by location and by type of precipitation. Considerable inter-annual variation of the corrections exists in China due to the fluctuations of wind speed and frequency of precipitation. More importantly, annual precipitation has been increased by 8 to 740 mm with an overall mean of 125 mm at the 726 stations over China due to the bias corrections for the study period. This corresponds to 5% -72% increases (overall mean of 18% at the 726 stations over China) in gauge-measured yearly total precipitation over China. This important finding clearly suggests that annual precipitation in China is much higher than previously reported. The results of this study will be useful to hydrological and climatic studies in China.

在1980s 乌鲁木齐河流域进行的降水误差观测试验结果基础上, 依据我国726 个气象站1951~2004 年逐日观测资料, 对降水的动力损失、微量降水以及湿润损失进行系统的修正, 以期获得更准确的长系列降水资料, 为区域乃至全球水热循环过程和水文学研究提供基础资料。修正结果表明, 在大部分地区由风速作用引起的动力损失是主要的误差来源, 但在降水较少的地区湿润和微量降水观测损失也起着重要作用, 全国726 个台站年降水修正量在8~740 mm 之间, 平均约125 mm, 相应的修正幅度在5%~72%, 平均约18%。从时间看, 冬季修正系数大于夏季, 但冬季修正量小于夏季; 从空间分布看, 西北地区年修正量一般小于50 mm, 东南地区大于100 mm, 总修正系数由西北向东南地区减少, 其中西北地区大于30%, 而西南地区小于20%, 这一修正系数高于全球的11%左右的平均修正量。

... 降雨测量的准确性对国计民生有着重要意义^[4~6] ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 30(6):647-653 DOI:doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.06.0647

The progresses and prospects of research on water and heat balance at land surface in the Karst region of southwest China[ J].

西南喀斯特地区地表水热过程研究进展与展望

Gao Jiangbo , Wu Shaohong , Dai Erfu

高江波, 吴绍洪, 戴尔阜

Due to the dual hydrological structure and the high heterogeneous habitat in the Karst region of southwest China, the water and heat processes at land surface are very complicated. The weakness of research on the mechanisms of water movement and heat transfer among soil, vegetation and atmosphere has become the key hindering factor for identifying the mechanism of ecosystem degradation and promoting ecosystem restoration and reconstruction. In this paper, we firstly summarized three methods for investigating water and heat processes in Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC): Field observation and experiments, parameterization of land surface processes and remote sensing technology. It was pointed out that with respect to this kind of study in the southwestern karst region, the systematic observation and experiments at the scales of sample plot and slope are necessary and urgent, which is helpful for deepening the mechanism research on water and heat processes in SPAC and further promoting the development of karst-region-suitable land surface and remote sensing model. And then, we discussed the progresses in the research of water and energy balance at land surface in the southwestern karst areas: emphasizing the study on water cycle, but neglecting the research on energy balance and water-heat coupling. Due to the special geological background and highly heterogeneous habitat, the mechanisms for spatial variability of soil moisture, slope rainfall infiltration and runoff generation were not fully understood. Finally, we explored the prospects of studies on water and energy balance in this region from three aspects: The mechanism of water and energy processes, the influencing mechanism for differences in water and energy processes between different stages of karst rocky desertification, and the regulation of ecological restoration and reconstruction based on the viewpoint of water and heat balance. This study could be helpful for developing studies on rocky desertification containment and ecosystem rehabilitation.

西南喀斯特地区水文二元结构以及生境条件的异质性导致地表水热过程异常复杂。水热过程机理研究薄弱,已经成为生态系统退化关键过程识别、生态恢复重建推进的关键限制因素。首先从野外科学实验、陆面过程参数化、遥感反演技术3个方面简要论述了地表水热过程的研究方法,指出在喀斯特地区,目前亟需开展的工作是在样地和坡面尺度上对地表水热过程进行系统的观测和实验,以深化水热过程机理研究,并发展适用于喀斯特地区的陆面过程模式和遥感反演模型。进而评述西南喀斯特地区地表水热过程已有研究进展与存在问题：水分循环研究的重视,但在特殊的地质背景与复杂的生境条件下,土壤水分时空异质性及降雨入渗产流和土壤侵蚀过程的机理仍不明晰,而且水热耦合研究非常缺失。最后从地表水热过程机理、水热过程变化影响机制、生态系统恢复重建水热调控等方面展望了其未来发展趋势。

2015

0.0

. 2015, 30(2):196-213 DOI:doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.02.0196

Research progress and prospect on the monitoring and early warning and mitigation technology of meteorological drought disaster in northwest China

中国西北地区干旱气象灾害监测预警与减灾技术研究进展及其展望

Zhang Qiang , Yao Yubi , Li Yaohui

张强, 姚玉璧, 李耀辉

Drought disaster is an important natural factor to restrict the socio-economic development, agricultural production and ecological civilization construction in Northwest China.With the global warming, the frequency and intensity of extreme drought events show a significantly increasing trend and the impact of drought increases continually. The results of “the research on monitoring and early warning and mitigation technology of meteorological drought disaster” have been obtained based on the support from dozens of national research projects in the past two decades. These projects have received a series of innovative achievements by long-term theoretical research and applied technology development through the continuous study around the formation mechanism, monitoring and early warning methods of meteorological drought and its impact on agricultural industry, the drought disaster prevention and mitigation technology and other relative scientific issues as well. The major achievements are as follows: New knowledge on the drought formation mechanism and the law of occurrence and development of severe drought events, especially the discovery of four main physical ways of drought circulation modals were obtained in Northwest China. The new drought prediction and monitor indices, and the new equipment of monitoring field evapotranspiration were developed in Northwest China, and these obviously improved drought monitoring accuracy and pertinence. A new meteorological theory of mountain cloud physics was proposed. The exploitation and utilization technology of air cloud water resources were developed over Qilian Mountain, which is the national key ecological function zone with water conservation. The new laws of land surface moisture transport and recycling in arid and semi-arid areas, and the physical mechanism of self-sustaining of oasis were revealed. The new characteristics of impact of arid climate change on agro-ecological system were recognized. The response relationship of rain-fed agriculture to drought disaster was set up. The mitigation disaster technologies to cope with climate change in arid area were developed by using coated soil conservation, rainwater harvesting for supplemental irrigation, furrow cultivation, suitable sowing date and so on. These technologies provided a scientific scheme to the implementation of cropping systems, layout and structural adjustment of agriculture and efficient utilization of agricultural climate resources in Northwest China. The above achievements promote the technological level on drought disaster prevention and mitigation, cultivated research teams working on arid meteorological science and raised the service ability of arid meteorology in Northwest China. These results also play an important role in promoting socio-economic development, agricultural modernization and construction of ecological civilization. In addition, the authors covered the main fields which are in urgent need to be studied and possible breakthrough might be made in arid meteorology research in Northwest China in the future.

干旱灾害是制约中国西北地区社会经济发展、农业生产和生态文明建设的重要自然灾害,而且随着气候变暖西北地区极端干旱事件发生频率和强度均呈增加趋势,影响不断加重。 “中国西北干旱气象灾害监测预警及减灾技术研究”成果是在数十个国家级科研项目的支持下,经过过去20年的理论研究和应用技术开发所取得的一系列创新性成果。该成果对西北干旱形成机理及重大干旱事件发生、发展的规律取得了新认识,尤其是发现了形成西北干旱环流模态的4种主要物理途径;研制了西北干旱预测的新指标、干旱监测的新指数及监测农田蒸散的新设备,明显提高了干旱监测准确性和针对性;提出了山地云物理气象学新理论,研发了水源涵养型国家重点生态功能区——祁连山空中云水资源开发利用技术;发现了干旱半干旱区陆面水分输送和循环的新规律,揭示了绿洲自我维持的物理机制;认识了干旱气候变化对农业生态系统影响的新特征,建立了旱作农业对干旱灾害的响应关系;开发了旱区覆膜保墒、集雨补灌、垄沟栽培、适[JP2]宜播期等应对气候变化的减灾技术,为西北实施种植制度、农业布局及结构调整和农业气候资源高效利用提供了科学方案。该成果的完成提升了中国干旱防灾减灾技术水平,培养了中国干旱气象科技队伍,推进了西北地区干旱气象业务服务能力,对西北地区社会经济发展、农业现代化和生态文明建设等方面起到了重要的促进作用。在此基础上,展望了西北地区干旱气象科学研究中迫切需要、有可能突破的主要领域。

... 降雨测量的准确性对国计民生有着重要意义^[4~6] ...

2009

0.0

... 降雨测量仪器种类庞杂、原理各异,目前,对于承水式降雨测量仪器,国内外已有较为完善的雨量、雨强标准装置及测试和校准方法^[7~11],对于非承水降雨测量仪器,除了仪器出厂前的定标外,世界气象组织(World Meteorological Organization,WMO)指出目前还没有一种可以适用于非承水式降雨测量仪器性能测试、校准的装置及方法^[12] ...

2007

0.0

. 2007, (4):1-5

The technique of rainfall standard device

雨量标准装置技术

Li Wei , Song Qingdou.

李伟, 宋庆斗

针对国内外雨量计量检测装置落后的状况,课题组研制了测试、校准、检定三位一体的新型雨量标准装置,具有自动计量、运算、显示功能,主要用于检测雨量仪器及雨量传感器.为国内雨量仪器的定型试验和雨量量值传递体系提供了雨量仪器检测和试验的优良平台,完善和优化了雨量量值的溯源体系,同时在我国首次推出了雨量标准装置的新形式.

2014

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2016

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2009

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2012

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... 为解决非承水式降雨测量仪器的测试校准问题,已提出了许多研究方法,包括采用玻璃球或钢珠^[13,14],采用针管产生直径均一的液滴^[15~17]等进行定标,现场自适应算法^[18,19]等进行校准、算法修正法^[20]对采集到的数据进行后期修正、旋转盘法^[21]对光学雨滴谱仪的尺度和速度进行定标^[21]和WMO组织的自然条件下的动态比对试验^[12]进行比对 ...

2011

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2014

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2011

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2005

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2006

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2010

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2014

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2015

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2004

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2014

0.0

. 2014, :1-6

The simulate and test techniques of standard rain drops and rainfall intensity

标准雨滴雨强模拟及测试技术

Chen Wenguang , Li Wei , Zhang Yankun

陈文广, 李伟, 张艳昆

本文分析了目前标准雨量测试技术的现状，论述了研究标准雨滴、雨强模拟及测试技术的必要性，设计了模拟降雨强度、雨滴大小、降雨空间均匀性控制装置和解决方案，论述了标准雨滴雨强模拟装置的测试方法，并将课题组采用的激光测量雨滴谱技术与国外的相关雨滴谱仪进行了比对试验，分析了试验结果，进一步说明了标准雨滴雨强模拟及测试技术的可行性。

... 为了模拟自然降雨,为非承水式降雨测量仪器的测量产生一个均匀稳定的降雨测试校准环境,陈文广等^[22]提出了标准雨滴雨强模拟及测试技术,Colli等^[23]提出了实验室模拟降雨装置的思想,并设计出模拟样机 ...

2015

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2015

0.0

... 苏腾^[24]结合自然降雨特性及降雨测量仪器测试校准需求,设计和研制了喷头型降雨发生装置模拟样机,很好地解决了这3个问题 ...

... 1 kW,吸程为8 m,规定扬程为30 m,可以将水压到一定的高度并保证喷头处有一定的压力^[24] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 29(1):141-145 DOI:doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1699.2016.01.024

Simulation and tests of multiple sprinklers rainfall generator

降雨发生装置多喷头仿真和测试研究

Liu Bo , Wang Xiaolei , Su Teng

刘波, 王晓蕾, 苏腾

为了实现自然条件下降雨强度的全范围的模拟,基于单个喷头的测试结果,将单喷头试验得到的水量分布数据作为一个多维向量,建立了多喷头在正方形布置时的仿真模型,得到不同间距条件下的均匀度系数和降雨量等值线图,分析确定最佳间距。并在此最佳间距下进行了实测试验,对4个喷头组合时降雨发生装置产生降雨环境进行均匀性和稳定性分析。结果表明:在目前的降雨发生装置产生的降雨环境中,可以在稳定时间之后,在东、西、南、北四个位置布置翻斗式雨量计进行大降雨强度测试。

... 刘波等^[25]对模拟样机的大降雨强度进行了研究,但是模拟样机产生的降雨场的均匀性为80 ...

2014

0.0

... 32%,而自然条件下的降雨空间均匀性高达95%^[26,27] ...

... 转速为1 RPM时,降雨场的空间均匀性最好,能达到95%,与Kathiravelu等^[26]测得的自然条件下的空间均匀性一致 ...

2016

0.0

... 32%,而自然条件下的降雨空间均匀性高达95%^[26,27] ...

2012

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... 研究目前提高降雨场的空间均匀性的方法主要有喷头部分旋转^[28]和测试平台旋转^[29]2种,现有的研究只是在固定的旋转速度下进行试验结果的分析,并未建立旋转速度与整个降雨场的空间均匀度系数之间的关系,且测试平台旋转测试时并未涉及仪器和信号传输的问题,因此有必要解决旋转时绕线和信号传输的问题,并对不同转速下降雨场的空间均匀性的改善情况进行测试分析 ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 35(12):125-129 DOI:doi:10.3963/j.issn.1671-4431.2013.12.024

Design and calibration of needle-turbing artificial rainfall device

针管式人工降雨装置的设计与应用

Sun Kai , Zhang Jiru.

孙恺, 张季如

针对目前现有降雨装置的特点和不足,结合天然降雨的特征,设计了适合于实验室使用的针管式人工降雨装置,该装置可以精确模拟不同降雨强度、降雨量、雨滴大小、降雨历时等条件下的降雨。采用对比的方法,结合IPP、Origin等分析软件,对降雨装置进行了测试和率定试验,得到降雨强度公式和雨滴色斑公式。结果表明:当降雨高度为1.6m时,装置的降雨覆盖面积为196 250mm2,降雨强度范围为0~15mm/h,雨滴粒径为0~10mm,降雨均匀度90%。与天然降雨相比,该装置产生的模拟降雨更稳定、可靠,可以减少相关试验研究的误差。将该装置应用到压实黏土的溅蚀试验中,得到溅蚀量与降雨条件的关系。

1941

0.0

... 07 MPa的情况下,将雨量杯布置在测试平台上(图3),对整个降雨场的空间均匀性进行评估,评价指标选用模拟降雨均匀性运用最广泛的Christiansen 均匀度系数^[30],具体如公式(1)所示,公式(1)中的每一个测试点的累积降雨量(Rainfall Accumulation,RA)用电子天平进行称量,计算如公式(2)所示,降雨强度(Rainfall Intensity,RI)的计算如公式(3)所示 ...