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侯荣娜, 王淑华, 张翔, 侯克选, 张铖, 王金荣. .中祁连西段花岗岩类的地球化学特征及构造意义. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(9): 1034-1049
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中祁连西段花岗岩类的地球化学特征及构造意义
侯荣娜1, 王淑华1, 张翔2, 侯克选1, 张铖3, 王金荣1,*
1.兰州大学地质科学与矿产资源学院 甘肃省西部矿产资源重点实验室(兰州大学),甘肃 兰州 730000
2.甘肃省地质调查院,甘肃 兰州 730000
3.甘肃省地质矿产开发局第二勘查院,甘肃 兰州 730000
*通讯作者：王金荣(1957-),男,福建莆田人,教授,主要从事岩石大地构造学研究.E-mail:jrwang@lzu.edu.cn

作者简介：侯荣娜(1990-),女,山东烟台人,硕士研究生,主要从事岩石圈演化与成矿作用研究. E-mail:hourn09@lzu.edu.cn

基金:甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目“祁连山造山带西段石板墩铁矿床赋矿层位及找矿预测研究”(编号：1002FKDA042); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金“中祁连西段野马南山火成岩组合及其构造意义”(编号：lzujbky-2013-113)资助
摘要

中祁连西段石板墩地区北部及南部发育有辉长岩、闪长岩及花岗岩。北带岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为（469.3±2.8）Ma,（461.2±3.3）Ma和（470.0±2.5）Ma;岩石SiO2质量百分含量为53.2%~66.11%,高Al,Ti,Mg,Fe,Ca,K,Na,A/CNK<1.1;富集大离子亲石元素Rb,K和Pb,亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ce,Sr,Hf,Ti;REE总量较高,LREE富集、HREE近平坦型分布,中等的负Eu异常, δEu=0.6;此外,在构造判别图中,样品落于岛弧环境。南带岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为（470.9±2.8）Ma和（472.3±4.2）Ma,岩石SiO2质量百分含量较高（67.13%~70.73%）,高Al,Mg,Fe,Ca,富Na贫K,A/CNK<1.1;岩石表现为明显的高Sr低Yb,Y的特点,富集大离子亲石元素R,K,Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,P,Ti等;REE总量较低,LREE富集、HREE亏损,轻重稀土分异明显,轻微的负Eu异常至正异常, δEu=0.74~1.18。研究表明,北带岩体为地幔楔部分熔融产生的,形成于岛弧环境;南带岩体为消减的大洋岩石圈板块部分熔融产生的埃达克岩,是北祁连向南俯冲导致的岩浆作用的产物,“中祁连西段”是早古生代时期在“残留的微陆块”基础上形成的一个岛弧增生杂岩地体。

关键词: 中祁连西段; 岛弧; 埃达克岩; 早古生代
中图分类号:P595;P581 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-8166(2015)09-1034-16
Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of the Granotoids in the Western Section of the Mid-Qilian
Hou Rongna1, Wang Shuhua1, Zhang Xiang2, Hou Kexuan1, Zhang Cheng3, Wang Jinrong1
1.Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources in Western China (Gansu Province), School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2. Geological Survey of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
3. Second Institute of Geological and Mineral Exploration of Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Lanzhou 730000, China
Abstract

Granotoids, mainly gabbro, diorite and granite, are greatly rich in the northern and southern parts of Shibandun area, western section of the Mid-Qilian. LA-ICP-MS zircon and U-Pb dating methods indicate that the age of the rock from the northern belt were（469.3±2.8）Ma,（461.2±3.3）Ma and (470.0±2.5) Ma, respectively. The SiO2 content of the northern rock mass ranges from 53.2% to 66.1% with high content of the Al, Ti, Mg, Fe, Ca, K, Na in the rock mass and A/CNK<1.1. The rock analysis shows enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) ( e.g., Rb, K) and Pb, and depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE) ( e.g., Nb, Ta, Ce, Sr, Hf and Ti). The results also indicate LREE enriched pattern with high ∑REE abundance, flat HREE and moderate negative Eu anomaly ( δEu=0.6). Tectonic discrimination diagrams showed that the samples are located in the arc environment. The age of the rock from the southern belt are respectively （470.9±2.8） Ma and （472.3±4.2） Ma based on LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating methods. The southern rock mass contains high amount of the Al, Mg, Fe, Ca and is rich in Na and poor in K (A/CNK<1.1). Rock analysis results show the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) ( e.g., Rb, K and Sr) and depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE) ( e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti and P), and also indicate a LREE enriched pattern with rather low ∑REE, depleted HREE and obvious differentiation in Eu, which is from slight negative to positive anomaly ( δEu=0.74~1.18). Our study shows that the northern belt was formed by partial melting of mantle wedge in an island-arc environment, while the southern belt is adakites generated by partial melting of Adakites, and is also the product from the magmatic process by the North Qilian southward subduction. The western part of the Mid-Qilian is an island arc hyperplasia complex created on a remained microcontinental in early Paleozoic.

Keyword: The western section of the Mid-Qilian; Island arc; Adakites; Early Paleozoic.
1 引言

祁连造山带是横贯我国东西的秦祁昆巨型造山带的重要组成部分, 是我国大陆板块构造研究的摇篮。祁连造山带北邻阿拉善地块, 南接祁连— 柴达木地块, 西以阿尔金断裂为界与塔里木地块相邻, 东与秦岭褶皱系相接, 大地构造位置十分重要（图1）, 长期以来受到国内外众多学者的高度关注, 在祁连造山带形成与演化等重要的科学问题取得了重要的研究成果[1~9]。目前, 对北祁连大洋的形成、演化过程, 北祁连造山带的属性, 北祁连高压变质带及蛇绿岩等方面有较系统的研究[10~25]。对南祁连早古生代带裂谷, 拉脊山、党河地区的构造热事件等也有较详细的研究[ 26~30]。对中祁连地块的研究主要集中在东段[ 31~37], 对其西段的研究较为薄弱[ 38~42], 并且对中祁连构造属性仍存在不同看法[6, 43~49]。

研究区位于中祁连西段的石板墩地区, 除了分布有镁铁质— 超镁铁质岩外, 还有中酸性岩, 主要为花岗闪长岩— 花岗岩组合。本文通过中祁连西段石板墩地区早古生代花岗岩类的年代学及地球化学特征的研究, 探讨其形成的构造动力学过程, 为祁连造山带的构造演化的深入研究提供可靠的岩石学和年代学依据。

2 区域地质概况

祁连构造带由北往南依次划分出北祁连、中祁连和南祁连3个构造单元（图1）。中祁连— 南祁连为具有前寒武纪结晶基地的地块, 称之为祁连地块, 或被认为是一个推覆岩片[4, 11, 37, 50]。北祁连古大洋被认为是Rodinia 超大陆裂解形成的, 分布在北祁连造山带两侧的地块是Rodinia超大陆裂解的产物[48, 51, 52]。北祁连大洋经历了新元古代— 早古生代的扩张、俯冲, 于早古生代晚期（约440 Ma）发生闭合、弧陆碰撞、陆内俯冲造山的演化过程, 大洋闭合过程中一直存在着单向俯冲[12, 21, 53~58]和双向俯冲[23, 44, 59~61]的分歧。中祁连西段在中— 新元古代经历了相对稳定的构造演化环境, 出露的地层有长城系、蓟县系、青白口系和寒武系, 前三者灰岩中含有大量的叠层石。自早古生代以来, 该地区发生了强烈的构造岩浆活动, 分布有与洋壳俯冲有关的岛弧岩浆组合和碰撞及后碰撞的产物[30, 38~41, 62, 63]以及可能的弧后盆地闭合的岩石组合[42]。

图1 研究区区域地质构造图Fig.1 Regional tectonic map of the studied area

3.分析方法及结果

样品的锆石分选程序如下：首先将新鲜的岩石样品粉碎至120目以下, 先用人工淘洗和电磁选方法富集锆石, 然后通过双目镜手工精选单颗粒的锆石。锆石阴极发光图像研究及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年在西北大学教育部大陆动力学重点实验室完成。ICP-MS为美国Varian公司最新一代带有碰撞反应系统的820-MS型等离子体质谱仪, 激光剥蚀系统为德国Lambda Physik AG公司生产的GeoLas 2005型, ArF193 nm紫外准分子激光器, 具体分析流程、方法参见文献[64, 65]。分析结果列于表1。

表1 岩石LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分析结果 Table 1 Dating of the Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of the rocks

选取新鲜的具有代表性的样品进行岩石地球化学分析分析, 先清除岩石表面的杂质, 然后进行破碎处理, 再将其放到稀盐酸中浸泡1小时去掉次生的碳酸盐岩矿物, 用去离子水在超声波中清洗样品2~3次, 烘干, 经磨样机磨至200目供化学分析。样品的分析测试在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成。主量元素采用Rigaku RIX2100型荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析, 分析精度优于1%~5%, 微量元素采用美国Varian公司最新一代带有碰撞反应系统的820MS型等离子体质谱仪, 分析方法流程参见文献[666~68], 分析精度为2%~5%。分析数据列于表2。

表2 中祁连西段花岗岩类的地球化学成分(主量元素：质量百分含量, %, 微量与稀土元素：× 10-6) Table.2 The geochemical composition of the western section of the Central Qilian granitoid rock（Major element: weight, %; Trace and REE element:× 10-6)
4.岩石年代学

由锆石阴极发光图像（图2）可以看出, 锆石具有完好的柱状晶形, 少量为近等轴状, 锥面和晶面发育, 大多数锆石均显示良好的岩浆震荡环带结构特征, 表明它们是岩浆结晶形成的[69], 其测定的年龄可以代表岩石形成的时间。岩石LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄测定结果见表1和图3, 考虑到普通铅校正对207Pb/235U比值影响较大, 本文采用206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值代表岩石形成的时代。结果显示北带中酸性岩YQ-6, YQ-10, YQ-11的加权平均年龄分别为(469.3± 2.8)Ma, （461.2± 3.3）Ma和（470.0± 2.5）Ma; 南带YQ-26, YQ-27分别为（470.9± 2.8）Ma和（472.3± 4.2）Ma, 北带与南带的中酸性岩体均形成于早奥陶世晚期至中奥陶世。

图2 选择的部分锆石阴极发光（CL）影像图Fig.2 Zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images

图3 样品YQ-6, YQ-10, YQ-11, YQ-26, YQ-27 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图Fig. 3 YQ-10, YQ-11, YQ-26, YQ-27 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon concordia diagram

5. 地球化学特征
5.1主量元素地球化学特征

研究区花岗岩类根据岩石地球化学特征可分为2类, 一类是高钾钙碱性系列和橄榄粗玄系列, 分布在研究区北部（YQ-6, YQ-9, YQ-10, YQ-11）, 为闪长岩、辉长岩、正长闪长岩、花岗闪长岩, 另一类是钙碱性系列, 分布在研究区南部（YQ-26, YQ-27）, 为花岗闪长岩和花岗岩（图4和图5）。

Fig. 4. SiO2-Na2O+K2O(TAS) diagram foracid-intermediate rock[70]图4 石板墩地区中酸性岩SiO2-Na2O+K2O图解[70]

图5 岩石SiO2-K2O图解[71]Fig.5 SiO2-K2O diagram of rocks[71]

分布在北带的中酸性岩（YQ-6, YQ-10, YQ-11）SiO2质量百分含量为53.2%~66.11%, 高Al (Al2O3质量百分含量为 15.58%~16.97%)、Ti（TiO2质量百分含量为0.80%~2%）, 较高的Fe（TFe2O3质量百分含量为5.14%~11.58%）, Ca (CaO质量百分含量为2.91%~6.01%), 高K（K2O质量百分含量为1.83%~4.10%）、Na（Na2O质量百分含量为3.91%~4.31 %), 较低的Mg（MgO质量百分含量为1.17%~3.32%, Mg﹟= 29.69~36.21）, A/CNK< 1.1, 为准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩类（图6）。分布在南带的中酸性岩（YQ-26, YQ-27）为高SiO2（质量百分含量为67.13%~70.73%）, Al（Al2O3质量百分含量为15.86%~16.42%）, 高Mg（MgO质量百分含量为1.17%~2.34%, Mg#=50~58）、Fe（TFe2O3质量百分含量为2.31%~3.39%）, Ca（CaO质量百分含量为2.97%~4.61%）以及富Na贫K（Na2O质量百分含量为4.01%~4.67%, K2O质量百分含量为1.53%~1.85%, Na2O/K2O =2.52~2.62）的特点, A/CNK< 1.1, 为弱过铝质钙碱性I型花岗岩类（图6）。

图6 花岗岩类A/NK-A/CNK图解[72]Fig.6 Diagrams of A/NK-A/CNK[72]

5.2 微量元素地球化学特征

在原始地幔标准化的微量元素蛛网图（图7）中, 北部岩体表现为明显富集Rb, K和Pb, 亏损Nb, Ta, Ce, Sr, Hf和Ti, 具有变化的Cr和Ni含量（Cr=5.22× 10-6~22.22× 10-6、Ni=6.04× 10-6~36.98× 10-6）, 高Y, Yb（Y=32.5~74.36× 10-6, Yb=3.54~6.72× 10-6）, Rb/Sr=0.26~1.01（平均为0.63）、Nb/U=8.26~30.21。在球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素分配图上（图7）, ∑ REE较高, 且呈LREE相对富集, HREE近平坦型分布, (La/Yb)N=3.56~6.47, 中等负Eu异常, δ Eu = 0.6。南部岩体具高Sr（386.57× 10-6~399.6× 10-6）低Yb（0.46× 10-6~1× 10-6）、Y（6.3× 10-6~13.75× 10-6）的特点, Sr/Y=29 ~61, 相容元素Cr（Cr=8.38× 10-6~ 21.58× 10-6）、Ni（Ni=5.63× 10-6~11.89× 10-6）含量较高。在原始地幔标准化的蛛网图上（图7）, 富集大离子亲石元素Rb, K和Sr等, 亏损高场强元素Nb, Ta, P和Ti等, Sr相对于Ce, Nd为正异常。在球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素分配图（图7）上, ∑ REE比北带低（REE=57× 10-6~89× 10-6）, LREE更富集, HREE更亏损, 轻重稀土分异较明显, (La/Yb)N=6~34, 弱负Eu异常至正异常, δ Eu=0.74~1.18。

图7 石板墩地区花岗岩类微量元素蛛网图及稀土元素配分图[73]Fig.7. Primary mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram and chondrite-normalized REE patterns for acgranitoid rock[73]

6. 讨论
6.1岩石成因

石板墩地区北带花岗岩类的A/CNK< 1.1为准铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩类。岩石相对较低的SiO2含量以及变化范围较大的Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, TiO2, P2O5含量, 以及在Haker图解上主要氧化物含量变化与SiO2具有较好的负相关, 暗示着岩石应源于地幔物质部分熔融的产物, 在岩浆作用过程中发生过较为明显的结晶分离作用。相对亏损Sr及负Eu异常是斜长石的分离结晶作用的结果, 而Nb, Ta, Ti的亏损应与俯冲板片脱水过程残留在稳定的金红石和钛铁矿之中或与地壳物质混染作用有关。岩石具有高的且变化的Rb/Sr, Nb/U指示岩浆发生过地壳物质混染作用; 高Y, Yb以及平坦型的HREE配分暗示当时陆缘地壳厚度较薄、地幔源区熔融深度较浅, 源岩在部分熔融过程中不存在石榴石残留。REE总量较高, 且LREE相对富集可能与俯冲流体加入有关。花岗岩形成通常是受构造动力学环境控制的, 两者之间存在较为密切的关系, 在Harris[74]花岗岩构造环境判别图（图8）上, 北带样品YQ-9位于板内花岗岩区域, 其他样品均位于岛弧花岗岩区域, Rb/Sr为0.26~1.01, 平均为0.6× 10-6, 表明有陆壳物质参与的岩浆作用。综合上述特征认为, 北带花岗岩— 闪长岩组合（闪长岩及花岗闪长岩形成时代分别为(461.2± 3.3)Ma和(470.0± 2.5)Ma, 应是北祁连古大洋向南俯冲脱水导致中祁连“ 微陆块” 下的软流圈地幔楔发生部分熔融形成的玄武岩岩浆, 在其上升过程中受到较为强烈的地壳物质的混染作用, 指示在早古生代中期研究区可能处于火山弧演化阶段。

图8 花岗岩类构造环境判别图解[74]Fig. 8 Discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting of granitoid[74]

石板墩南带花岗岩类A/CNK< 1.1, 为准铝质钙碱性花岗岩类, 岩石具高Sr低Y和Yb, 高La/Yb等特征表明源区无斜长石残留, 石榴石为残留相[75]。富集大离子亲石元素Rb, Th, K等, 亏损高场强元素Nb, Ta, P和Ti等, 相容元素Cr（8.38× 10-6~ 21.58× 10-6）、Ni（5.63× 10-6~ 11.89× 10-6）含量较高, 岩石轻稀土富集重稀土平坦, 轻微的负Eu异常至正异常; 富钠贫钾以及Mg#（50 ~ 58）大于典型的MORB部分熔融的产物（Mg# = 0.45）[76], 表明源区岩浆形成后与地幔橄榄岩发生过明显的交代作用[77~80]。在Sr/Y-Y, La/Yb-Yb（图9）及SiO2-MgO（图10）图解中, 样品落入俯冲洋壳部分熔融形成的埃达克岩区域内并具地幔混染的趋势, 源岩大致相当于变质的石榴角闪岩或角闪榴辉岩相, 源区无斜长石残留, 取而代之的是辉石+石榴石以及钛铁矿、金红石等。由此可见, 石板墩地区南带花岗岩类总体特征类似于消减的大洋岩石圈板块部分熔融产生的埃达克岩[77~79], 不同于中国东部由加厚下地壳部分熔融形成的富钾贫钠埃达克质岩（高Sr低Y型花岗岩）[83~85]。

图9 花岗岩Sr/Y-Y和(La/Yb)N-YbN图解[77, 81]Fig.9 Plot of Sr/Y versus Y and (La/Yb)N versus YbN diagrams[77, 81]

图10 石板墩地区南带中酸性岩SiO2-MgO图解[82]Fig.10 SiO2-MgO diagram for acid-intermediate rock[82]）

北带花岗岩类的微量元素含量和稀土元素的含量均高于南带（图7）, 南带花岗岩类的形成时代和北带相当, 说明北祁连大洋当时正处于快速向南俯冲的阶段。

6.2大地构造意义

近些年来, 众多学者对北祁连大洋的俯冲方向作了探讨, 得出的结论也是众说纷纭, 主要的观点有向南俯冲[1, 59]、向北俯冲[12, 16, 55, 86, 87]以及双向俯冲[23, 44, 59~61]。作者在中祁连西段北缘发现了两条形成时代接近的花岗岩带, 岩石地球化学研究认为研究区两者均具有陆缘弧花岗岩的特点, 但北带岩体源区较浅, 为地幔楔部分熔融的产物; 南带岩体源区较深, 为俯冲板片部分熔融的产物, 总体特征显示早古生代中期北祁连大洋正向南俯冲于中祁连之下。石板墩南带埃达克岩（(470.9± 2.8)Ma和(472.3± 4.2)Ma）的发现提示北祁连大洋向南俯冲开始于472 Ma。苏建平等[39, 40]研究的野马南山埃达克质岩的形成时代为(444± 17)Ma和(444+40/-33)Ma, 认为该花岗岩与祁连造山带碰撞前至板块碰撞阶段的板块俯冲有关, 因此我们认为, 野马南山埃达克质岩可能是洋脊俯冲的产物, 并且北祁连向南俯冲至少经过了约30 Ma。因此可以认为, 在早古生代中— 晚期, 北祁连大洋应处于双向俯冲演化过程（图11）。

图11 北祁连大洋构造演化模式简图（据参考文献[88]修改）Fig.11 Tectonic evolution model of North Qilian ocean（Modified according to [88]）

结合区域地质研究成果可以将北祁连大洋板块构造演化归纳为4个演化阶段（图12）：新元古代晚期— 早古生代早期（710~520 Ma）, 由于阿尔金、北祁连裂解、大洋扩张导致阿拉善— 塔里木— 祁连— 柴达木陆块分离, 祁连西段大洋中可能以存在有诸多的“ 裂解残余的微地块” 为特征, 其中亦包括“ 中祁连西段微地块” ; 早古生代早— 中期（520~472 Ma）, 北祁连大洋主要表现为向北俯冲, 由此形成典型的弧— 沟— 盆系统; 进入早古生代中晚期（472~440 Ma）, 北祁连大洋发生双向俯冲, 向南俯冲开始于472 Ma时, 且由于北祁连大洋的向南俯冲, “ 中祁连西段微地块” 由“ 被动陆缘” 转为“ 活动陆缘” , 相应发育了与俯冲有关的火山弧岩浆岩建造, 在研究区南部也见有由玄武岩浆分异形成的“ 橄辉岩— 辉长岩— 闪长岩” 组合(另文待刊)以及俯冲板片熔融形成的埃达克岩; 至早古生代末（440 Ma）, 随着大洋闭合, “ 中祁连西段微地块” 由于弧— 陆碰撞挤压进入造山隆升过程。

5．结论

石板墩地区北带花岗岩类LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为（469.3± 2.8）Ma, （461.2± 3.3）Ma和（470.0± 2.5）Ma, 源于地幔楔部分熔融形成的玄武岩浆, 在其上升过程中受到地壳混染和分离结晶作用的产物, 形成于火山弧环境; 南带花岗岩类形成年龄为（470.9± 2.8）Ma和（472.3± 4.2）Ma, 具有埃达克岩的地球化学特征, 为俯冲板片发生脱水部分熔融形成的埃达克岩浆, 且与地幔发生过明显的交代作用。

结合区域地质研究认为, 北祁连古大洋在西段为双向俯冲作用, 向南俯冲（约472 Ma）晚于向北俯冲（约500 Ma）, “ 中祁连西段” 是早古生代时期在“ 残留的微陆块” 基础上形成的一个岛弧增生杂岩地体。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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