郯庐断裂带肥东段早白垩世中期走滑运动的年代学证据
韩雨, 牛漫兰*, 朱光, 吴齐, 李秀财, 王婷
合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230009
*通讯作者:牛漫兰(1972-),女,陕西凤县人,教授,主要从事构造地质学与岩石地球化学研究.E-mail:hfnml@163.com

作者简介:韩雨(1990-),男,河南许昌人,硕士研究生,主要从事构造地质研究. E-mail:hanyu120@126.com

摘要

郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦地区和桃花源地区出露了大规模的北北东向韧性剪切带。桃花源地区韧性剪切带显示出2期构造变形的叠加。野外构造和显微构造分析皆指示为左行走滑韧性剪切带。糜棱岩中石英与长石的变形行为指示其变形温度分别为400~450 ℃和500 ℃。通过对这两处走滑剪切带内糜棱岩化花岗岩脉的锆石LA-ICP-MS定年,获得了3个样品的侵位年龄分别为(133.2±1.9)Ma,(131.3±2.0)Ma,(130.3±2.0)Ma。再结合已有的研究成果,认为在128~124 Ma(早白垩世中期)郯庐断裂带发生过左行走滑活动。综合分析表明,郯庐断裂带在晚侏罗世和早白垩世中期分别经历了2期左行走滑活动,而期间和之后的早白垩世则处于伸展活动之中。伸展活动持续较长,控制发育了西侧的合肥盆地及断裂带内一系列岩浆活动;而区域挤压背景下出现的走滑活动则相对短暂。这些演化规律显示该断裂带在晚侏罗世—早白垩世呈现为交替式的走滑和伸展活动。新发现的早白垩世中期走滑活动,与太平洋区伊泽纳崎板块板块运动方向的调整相对应,是大洋板块运动方向短暂调整的构造响应。

关键词: 郯庐断裂带; 变形岩脉; 锆石U-Pb定年; 早白垩世走滑活动; 韧性剪切带
中图分类号:P542 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-8166(2015)08-0922-18
Geochronological Evidence for the Middle Early Cretaceous Strike-slip Movement from the Feidong Segment of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone
Han Yu, Niu Manlan, Zhu Guang, Wu Qi, Li Xiucai, Wang Ting
School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Abstract

A large-scale NNE-striking ductile shear belts are exposed inXiwei and Taohuayuan areasfrom the Feidongsegment of the Tan-Lu Fault zone. There is two phases of deformation in the ductile shear belt from Taohuayuan areas. Field structures and microstructures indicate sinistral ductile shear sense. Deformation behaviors of quartz and feldspar in mylonites from the shear belts demonstrate that deformation temperatures are 400~450 ℃ and ca. 500 ℃, respectively. Three mylonitized granite dikes in the ductile shear zone were dated by the zircon LA-ICP-MS method, and obtained weighted mean ages of (133.2±1.9) Ma,(131.3±2.0) Ma, and (130.3±2.0) Ma, respectively. Combined with previous research results, a sinistralstrikeslip of 128~124 Ma(middle Early Cretaceous)was identified. These results furtherimply that the strike-slip movement of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone took place in Late Jurassic and middle Early Cretaceous respectively since collision of the North and South China plates, and the fault zone was under the setting of extension in earlier and later Early Cretaceous. Extensional movement of the fault zone controlled the development of the Hefei basin to the west and magmatism along the fault zone, and the extensional movement lasted longer than the strike-slip movement. The Tan-Lu Fault Zone presented alternative the strike-slip and extensional movement from the late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The middle Early Cretaceous sinistralstrike-slip is a tectonic response to short-term adjustment of the Izanagi Plate motion directions and has a close relationship.

Keyword: Tan-Lu Fault Zone; Deformed dikes; Zircon U-Pb dating; Sinistral strike-slipping in middle Early Cretaceous; Ductile shear belt

郯庐断裂带是中国东部规模最大的一条巨型断裂带, 其演化规律一直是地学界研究的热点。关于断裂带的起源, 多数人认为其起源于华南与华北板块的陆— 陆碰撞之中, 并提出了转换断层模式[1~7]、嵌入式碰撞边界模式[8]、旋转碰撞边界模式[9~11]、撕裂断层模式[12, 13]等。另一种观点认为断裂活动起源于早白垩世, 属于滨太平洋构造[14~17]。也有学者认为郯庐断裂带并不存在巨大平移[18, 19]。对于郯庐断裂带晚中生代是否发生过大规模的左行平移及其活动的时间, 长期以来也存在着认识上的不同。一些学者主张郯庐断裂带在早白垩世初发生过大规模的左行平移[20~24], 也有一些学者则提出郯庐断裂带在侏罗纪时为左行平移, 而在早白垩世至古近纪表现为拉张活动[6]

郯庐断裂带内大别山东缘、张八岭隆起带肥东段和苏鲁造山带西缘韧性走滑剪切带上出露了大量糜棱岩, 近年来对其不断深入的研究, 已有大量的同位素年代学和构造证据表明郯庐断裂带起源于华南与华北板块陆— 陆碰撞之中[25~27], 并于晚侏罗世发生了一次大规模的左行平移活动[27~31]。依据该断裂带内早白垩世岩浆活动及其对旁侧白垩— 古近纪盆地的控制作用, 多数学者主张其在白垩纪至古近纪期间表现为伸展活动[6, 31, 32]。然而, 该断裂带在晚中生代走滑与伸展之间是如何转换的及其详细的走滑历史仍不十分清楚。以往确定郯庐断裂带的走滑活动时间主要是依据糜棱岩单矿物或全岩的40Ar/39Ar定年。在该断裂带南段的肥东段, 已有的走滑糜棱岩中角闪石与黑云母及全岩的40Ar/39Ar年龄变化于143~102 Ma[30], 且皆为冷却年龄, 从而难以可靠地限定其走滑时间, 也由此对郯庐断裂带早白垩世是否存在平移走滑活动存在着较大的认识上分歧。

基于以上情况, 本次工作在对郯庐断裂带肥东段走滑韧性剪切带的野外详细观察基础上, 选择了西韦和桃花源两地走滑韧性剪切带内变形花岗岩岩脉, 通过其中锆石LA-ICP-MS定年, 限定剪切带的活动时间。由此发现了该断裂带在早白垩世中期发生过1期左行走滑活动, 从而为深入认识该构造带的演化历史提供了重要的信息。

1 地质概况

中国东部的郯庐断裂带, 总体走向北东— 南西。该断裂带中— 南段将大别— 苏鲁造山带左行错开, 其间为北北东向展布的张八岭隆起带(图1a)。张八岭隆起带界于华北与扬子板块之间, 地处扬子板块东缘。该带北段主要出露低级变质的张八岭群, 而南段主要出露高级变质的肥东杂岩, 本次研究区即位于张八岭隆起带南段。张八岭隆起带西侧为华北克拉通上的合肥盆地, 东侧上覆震旦系、寒武系和奥陶系沉积, 更东侧为白垩纪全椒盆地。白垩系红层在张八岭隆起带周边零星出露。

张八岭岩群自上而下分别为以浅变质碎屑岩为主的北将军组和以变火山岩为主的西冷组, 变质程度为中— 高绿片岩相[26, 34]。肥东杂岩主要为以黑云斜长片麻岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩、角闪岩为主的正变质岩和以白云质大理岩与云母片岩为主的副变质岩, 其变质程度为低— 中角闪岩相[35, 36]。已有研究显示, 张八岭群绿片岩相变火山岩原岩时代为767~752 Ma, 而肥东杂岩内正片麻岩的原岩时代为810~745 Ma, 表明皆属于扬子板块下部的新元古代盖层[37~41]。前人在张八岭隆起北段张八岭群变质岩中获得的一系列白云母40Ar/39Ar年龄值为245~236 Ma[21, 26, 42], 指示为印支造山期变形的产物, 可能代表了该断裂带起源期的构造。

继印支造山期起源之后, 郯庐断裂带在晚侏罗世被认为发生了左行走滑活动, 在肥东段的肥东杂岩内形成了多条北北东向走滑韧性剪切带[43]。这些走滑剪切带主要出露于肥东县境内的龙泉山、桴槎山一带, 一般由6~7条紧密平行排列的北北东向次级韧性剪切带组成[43, 44]。肥东段南部剪切带出露层次略浅, 条数变少, 间距变大, 单个韧性剪切带的宽度也变窄, 其间较多地残留着高级变质杂岩[44]。而肥东段北部剪切带出露层次略深, 韧性剪切变形强而普遍, 约5 km宽的露头区几乎都由不同程度的糜棱岩类组成; 在野外我们也观察到剪切带中心多为超糜棱岩, 向两侧糜棱岩化程度降低[44]。北部糜棱面理一致向南东东倾, 线理一致向南南西缓倾, 显示了压扭性特征[44]。朱光等[43]曾在肥东段做了大量的同位素定年工作, 获得韧性剪切带中黑云母和角闪石40Ar/39Ar年龄为119~143 Ma。在本次工作区的西韦采场内, 朱光等[31]获得了切过剪切带未变形花岗岩脉锆石LA-ICP-MS加权平均年龄为(121.6± 1.2)Ma, 指示走滑活动发生在这一时间之前。

图1 郯庐断裂带肥东段地质简图及相关年代学数据Fig.1 Simplified geological maps of the Feidong segment of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone and related chronology date

进入早白垩世, 在整个中国东部伸展活动与华北克拉通破坏的背景之下, 郯庐断裂带转变为强烈的伸展活动, 出现了强烈的岩浆活动。张八岭隆起带北段的管店、瓦屋刘和瓦屋薛岩体、肥东— 巢湖一带零星分布的小型花岗岩体以及滁州早白垩世火山岩盆地均形成于这一时期[33, 45~51]。张八岭隆起西侧的合肥盆地, 在早— 中侏罗世期间为大别造山带北部的后陆挠曲盆地, 而白垩— 古近纪呈现为伸展盆地, 受控于东界上的郯庐断裂带[52~54]

2.剪切带构造特征
2.1西韦韧性剪切带

肥东西韦采场地处张八岭隆起南段北部的中带(图1b), 所出露的郯庐走滑韧性剪切带出露宽度约为20 m, 两侧均为肥东杂岩的正片麻岩。剪切带内发育了超糜棱岩和糜棱岩, 原岩为即为肥东杂岩的高级片麻岩。剪切带糜棱面理与矿物拉伸线理发育(图2a, b)。面理一致向SE陡倾, 优势走向为40° , 倾伏角为50° ~70° 。而矿物拉伸线理优势倾伏向为215° , 倾伏角以10° ~20° 居多(图2a)。S-C组构、C’ 构造等均指示为左行走滑, 具有逆冲分量(图2e)。剪切带内发育了一条宽30~50 cm的花岗岩脉, 其明显卷入了剪切带韧性变形, 发生了糜棱岩化, 产状与剪切带面理近平行, 显示了被剪切带面理所完全置换(图2b)。

在显微镜下, 西韦采场剪切带内的片麻岩与变形岩脉一同发生了糜棱岩化, 普遍成为糜棱岩或超糜棱岩。这些糜棱岩中残斑矿物主要为长石、石英、角闪石, 以长石居多; 基质矿物主要为细粒的长石和动态重结晶的石英及细小的黑云母与绢云母(图3a, b)。石英残斑表现为塑性拉长、定向排列, 普遍出现波状消光和带状消光。基质中的石英以动态重结晶形式出现, 主要表现亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶(SR)。长石矿物的变形行为主要表现为显微破碎, 发育波状消光、机械双晶, 少量长石出现塑性拉长, 书斜构造和残斑拖尾, 并指示为左行剪切。少量角闪石残斑定向排列, 主要呈现出刚性的变形行为。

根据Micheal 等[55]及Mancktelow等[56]的研究, 石英由BLG(彭凸式动态重结晶)向SR动态重结晶转换的温度发生在400 ℃左右, 在500 ℃左右石英重结晶形式由SR型向GBM型动态重结晶转换。长石在400 ℃以下主要表现为显微破裂, 动态重结晶开始于500 ℃[57, 58]。综合估计西韦地区糜棱岩变形温度为400~450 ℃。

2.2 桃花源韧性剪切带

桃花源位于西韦采场东北约5 km, 两者应属于同一剪切带, 皆处于张八岭隆起南段北部。该剪切带位于桃花源风景区内, 也发育在肥东杂岩的片麻岩内。剪切带内主要岩石类型为糜棱岩和初糜棱岩, 出露的宽度约为50 m, 可见一系列岩脉侵入(图4a)。剪切带面理倾向NWW或SEE, 倾角在80° 左右。拉伸线理倾伏向为210° 左右, 倾伏角多为10° ~20° (图4a)。S-C组构、长石的旋转残斑以及布丁化岩脉的拖尾均指示左行剪切(图3b, e)。

野外露头可见糜棱面理被褶皱, 早期的糜棱面理(D1)被后期叠加构造(D2)所错断(图4d, e)。伟晶花岗岩脉切穿了围岩糜棱面理, 且岩脉受到强烈的压扁和拉长作用, 多呈补丁构造, 其中的面理、线理与剪切带一致, 剪切方向也相同(图4b)。这些现象表明该处剪切带为两期构造变形的叠加, 早期的糜棱面理未被完全置换。显然, 被褶皱、切穿和错断的糜棱面理为D1期变形, 岩脉的糜棱岩化、褶皱属于D2期变形的产物。由于早期构造被后期构造所叠加, 因而两期变形的面理、线理并无明显差异, 且在暗色层中D2期的构造变形更为明显。

图2 西韦地区郯庐走滑韧性剪切带野外照片与变形组构赤平投影
(a)北东走向走滑韧性剪切带; (b)定年岩脉(XW-3)变形现象; (c)剪切带与围岩接触关系及定年岩脉XW-3空间位置; (d)S-C组构指示剪切带为左行; (e)S-C组构组构及Cˊ 构造指示剪切带为左行走滑
Fig.2 Field photos of the ductile shear belt and the fabric stereographic projection in Xiwei area
(a)NE-striking ductile shear belt; (b)Deformation of the granite dike(XW-3); (c)Contactrelationship between the shear belt and surrounding rock, position of the granite dike(XW-3); (d)S-Cfebricindicate sinistral shear sense; (e)S-C and Cˊ febricindicate sinistral shear sense

显微镜下显示, 该处剪切带内普遍发生了糜棱岩化, 变形岩脉也发现了相似的糜棱岩化。这些糜棱岩中残斑主要为长石和少量的黑云母、石英; 基质主要为细粒的长石、石英、黑云母(表1)。黑云母残斑呈条带状定向排列。石英表现为广泛的动态重结晶, 动态重结晶形式表现为亚颗粒旋转(SR)和颗粒边界迁移(GBM)动态重结晶共存, 仅有较少的残斑保留。长石残斑呈椭圆— 浑圆状, 发育σ 型斑晶, 变形行为主要是塑性拉长与边缘较明显的动态重结晶而成为核— 幔构造(图3c, d)。糜棱岩中的S-C组构和长石的旋转残斑均指示剪切方向为左行。根据石英和长石的动态重结晶形式估计桃花源地区糜棱岩变形温度大概在500℃左右[51~54]

图3 郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦和桃花源地区糜棱岩显微照片
(a)西韦地区糜棱岩中石英成条带状, 长石变形行为主要是显微破碎, 书斜构造指示剪切方向为左行; (b)西韦地区定年样品XW-3镜下特征, 细粒化显著, 长石边缘的石英被塑性拉长形成拖尾; (c)桃花源地区糜棱岩基质中主要为长石、石英、黑云母, 残斑主要为长石和少量的黑云母、石英; (d)桃花源地区糜棱岩中的长石边缘发生明显的动态重结晶, σ 型残斑指示剪切方向为左行; (e)定年样品TY-7镜下特征, 初糜棱岩中石英发生明显的动态重结晶, 长石发生显微破碎与边缘动态重结晶; (f)定年样品TY-8镜下特征, 初糜棱岩中石英发生动态重结晶并形成S-C组构, 长石发生明显的塑性拉长
Fig.3 Photomicrographs of mylonites fromXiwei and Taohuayuan areas in the Feidong segment of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone
(a)Quartz is mainly strip-shaped andthe deformation behavior of feldspar is mainly microscopic broken in mylonites fromXiwei, feldspar is broken to domino-style and indicates sinistral shear sense; (b)Mylonite XW-3with σ -type feldspar porphyroclast surrounded by Elongated quartz; (c)Mylonite from Taohuayuan, the matrix is dominated feldspar, recrystallized quartzand fine biotite. The porphyroclast is mainly composed of feldspar, quartz, biotite; (d)Aσ -type feldspar porphyroclast surrounded by dynamically recrystallized feldspar indicates sinistral shear sense; (e)Protomylonite TY-7, Quartz dynamic recrystallization, feldspar porphyroclast surrounded by dynamically recrystallized feldspar; (f)Protomylonite TY-8 with quartz dynamic recrystallization and S-C fabricsindicates sinistral shear sense

表1 郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦和桃花源地区糜棱岩显微镜下鉴定表 Table1 Results of microscopic identification for mylonites from Xiwei and Taohuayuan areas in the Feidongsegment of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone
3 剪切带内变形岩脉锆石U-Pb定年
3.1 采样和定年方法

为了限定研究区走滑剪切带的活动时间, 本次工作中对其中的变形岩脉进行了锆石U-Pb定年。本次定年样品XW-3采自郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦采石场(31° 49′ 13.2″N, 117° 39′ 03.8″E), 为剪切带内糜棱岩化花岗岩脉。测年样品TY-7和TY-8采自肥东桃花源风景区(31° 51′ 45.8″N, 117° 40′ 40.2″E), TY-7为糜棱岩化伟晶花岗岩脉, TY-8为糜棱岩化细晶花岗岩脉。野外可见伟晶花岗岩脉(TY-7)被细晶花岗岩脉(TY-8)所截切, 指示前者早于后者。在显微镜下, XW-3定年岩脉糜棱化程度较高, 已成为糜棱岩; 而TY-7和TY-8定年岩脉糜棱岩化程度相对较弱, 为初糜棱岩(图3b, e, f)。结合它们在剪切带内被完全置换, 本文认为这些岩脉侵位在走滑运动之前, 被韧性走滑活动所完全变形, 其侵位年龄可以限定剪切带活动时间的下限。由于伟晶花岗岩脉切穿了D1期面理, 因而TY-7和TY-8定年岩脉应该侵位于D1与D2期构造活动之间, 可限定D1期构造活动的上限或D2期构造活动的下限。

锆石单矿物挑选由河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所实验室完成。制靶、抛光、照相在北京锆年领航科技有限公司完成。锆石U-Pb定年分析由合肥工业大学LA-ICP-MS 实验室完成。分析所采用的激光剥蚀斑束直径为32 μ m。锆石数据的处理采用ICPMSDateCal 9.6软件[59], 并用ComPbCorr#3.15[60]软件进行了普通铅校正。分析结果如表2表3所示。

图4 桃花源地区郯庐走滑韧性剪切带野外照片与变形组构赤平投影
(a)韧性剪切带远景; (b)切穿早期面理的伟晶花岗岩脉(TY-7)在后期变形中布丁化, 拖尾指示左行; (c)定年变形岩脉(TY-8)的变形现象; (d)剪切带内早期面理褶皱呈S形; (e)早期糜棱面理被后期构造错断; D1:第一期变形; D2:第二期变形
Fig.4 Field photos of the ductile shear belt and the fabric stereographic projection in Taohuayuan area
(a)Photo ofthe ductile shear belt; (b)The pegmatite dike(TY-7)cut across early mylonite foliationand deformed by D2, Elongated dike indicatesinistral shear sense; (c)Deformation of the granite dike(TY-8); (d)S-shaped foldofearly mylonite foliation; (e)early mylonite foliation(D1) are deformed by D2; D1:The first phase of deformation ; D2:The second phase of deformation

3.2 分析结果

样品XW-3中的锆石较小, 形态不太规则, 呈透明或半透明状, 锆石CL图像中震荡环带较为清晰(图5a)。Th/U比值较大, 范围主要在0.52~3.47, 除1个老锆石点小于0.1外, 其余均表现为岩浆锆石的特征。在锆石稀土配分图上可见, 曲线形态为左倾的配分形式, 总体与岩浆锆石一致, Eu负异常明显(Eu/Eu* =0.04~0.71), Ce呈现正异常(Ce/Ce* = 1.63~186), (Lu/Gd)N=4.9~83, (Sm/La)N=0~257, ∑ REE变化于143× 10-6~1188× 10-6之间, 其中部分轻稀土元素配分曲线略显平坦(图5a), 指示后期可能受到了热液的影响。该样品共测得28个年龄点, 其中18个谐和点年龄范围在143~127 Ma, 获得加权平均年龄为(133.2± 1.9) Ma; 2个测试点年龄254 Ma和376 Ma, 其余8个测试点年龄在2562~1167 Ma, 代表了捕获和继承锆石的年龄。

图5 糜棱岩化岩脉锆石CL图像、锆石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线和锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图
Boggy Plain岩浆锆石与热液锆石数据引自参考文献[61]; 球粒陨石标准化数据引自参考文献[62]
Fig.5 The CL images, chondrite-normalized REE patterns and U-Pb concordia diagrams of zircons from the mylonitized granite dikes
Magmatic and hydrothermal zircon information of Boggy Plain from reference[61]; Chondrite-normalize values from reference[62]

样品TY-7中锆石形态较规则, 呈短柱状, 长短轴比在1∶ 1~3∶ 1, 长轴变化范围在60~150 μ m, 多呈暗色, 表面浑浊, 透明程度很低。CL图像显示新生锆石均具有海绵状结构(图5b), 其特征表明它们可能是有流体参与下结晶的锆石[63]。微量元素特征显示, 锆石均具有高的U含量(3 119× 10-6~10 100× 10-6), 相对较低的Th含量(85× 10-6~653 × 10-6), Th/U比值小于0.1(0.02~0.09), 弱负Eu异常(Eu/Eu* =0.26~0.81)和Ce正异常(Ce/Ce* = 1.33~2.48), 其中3个点显示低的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce* =0.8~0.9), (Lu/Gd)N=19~152, (Sm/La)N=0.71~3.17, 具有较高的∑ REE(820× 10-6~2 400× 10-6), 其平缓的轻稀土配分形式与热液锆石相当, 类似于Boggy Plain Zone岩体中的热液锆石特征[58]。测试中获得14个谐和年龄点, 其中10个分析点给出了(131.3± 2.0)Ma的加权平均年龄, 其余4个点年龄分别为798 Ma, 825 Ma, 2321 Ma和2 539 Ma, 后者均代表了捕获锆石的年龄。

样品TY-8中锆石形态较规则, 锆石相对较大(80~200 μ m), 呈透明、半透明状, CL图像显示锆石内部振荡环带清晰(图5c), 边部发育暗色增生边, 增生边宽度小于10 μ m, 可能受到流体部分改造。锆石具有高的U含量(926× 10-6~6 495× 10-6), 相对较低的Th含量(14× 10-6~106× 10-6), Th/U比值小于0.1(0.01~0.03), Eu负异常(Eu/Eu* =0.38~1.02), Ce正异常(Ce/Ce* =1.32~21.19), 较高的∑ REE(667× 10-6~1 960× 10-6), 显示陡倾的重稀土配分曲线((Lu/Gd)N=41~308), 轻稀土配分曲线相对平缓((Sm/La)N=1.2~2)。本次工作测得27个谐和年龄点, 15个测点年龄范围在177~118 Ma, 其中的12个点获得(130.3± 2.0)Ma的加权平均年龄, 其余测试点年龄范围在2455~767 Ma, 代表了捕获锆石和继承锆石的年龄。

3.3 年龄解释

本次定年结果给出3个变形岩脉的加权年龄分别为(133.2± 1.9)Ma(XW-3)、(131.3± 2.0)Ma(TY-7)和(130.3± 2.0)Ma(TY-8)。三者年龄在误差范围内一致。样品TY-8的年龄比TY-7略年轻, 与野外观察到的岩脉穿插关系相一致, 进一步验定了本次定年结果的可靠性。通过锆石形态及微量元素特征分析, 本文认为这3个年龄值均代表岩脉的侵位时间。这些年龄值有效地限定了区内走滑剪切带变形时代的下限。而西韦采场西侧已获得的切过剪切带的未变形花岗岩脉锆石年龄(121.6± 1.2)Ma[31], 可以限定剪切带活动的上限, 指示郯庐断裂带在133 Ma之前和130Ma之后发生过与走滑相关的剪切变形至少在122 Ma已经结束。

另外, 本次测试获得的古老锆石年龄范围为767~2 562 Ma。显然, 这些捕获锆石指示研究区下伏扬子板块[64], 表明研究区郯庐断裂带是发育在扬子板块的边缘。

4 地质意义探讨

本文对郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦和桃花源地区走滑剪切带内糜棱岩化岩脉的构造分析与锆石定年结果, 表明郯庐断裂带肥东段发生过两期走滑活动。桃花源地区剪切带为两期构造变形的叠加, 而西韦地区剪切带内未出现构造变形的叠加现象。根据朱光等[42]在西韦地区剪切带内获得的黑云母137Ma的40Ar/39Ar年龄, 40Ar/39Ar年代学多记录的是冷却年龄, 说明该剪切带于137 Ma之前曾发生过走滑活动, 而本次研究成果表明剪切带在130 Ma之后发生过走滑活动, 但西韦地区剪切带内未发现构造变形的叠加, 很有可能是由于早期面理、线理被完全置换, 或者晚期的活动在早期构造的基础上复活。

岩脉锆石的定年结果限定了郯庐断裂带肥东段剪切带D2期走滑活动发在早白垩世中期(130~122 Ma), D1期走滑活动必然发生在之前的走滑活动中。朱光等[43]曾在郯庐断裂带肥东段走滑韧性剪切带糜棱岩中获得的角闪石和黑云母40Ar/39Ar冷却年龄为143~119 Ma, 指示该段郯庐断裂带在143 Ma之前发生过一期左行走滑活动; Zhu等[31]和Wang[28]通过大别造山带东缘郯庐走滑剪切带白云母40Ar/39Ar定年结果(162~150 Ma)[26, 31], 并结合区域构造演化历史, 认为这一走滑活动发生在晚侏罗世。如前所述, 郯庐断裂带起源于华北与华南板块的陆-陆碰撞之中, 并于晚侏罗世发生了一次走滑活动。因此, D1期面理形成于断裂带的起源还是晚侏罗世的平移活动中, 还需要做进一步的研究工作。

以往依据研究区西侧合肥盆地的构造分析[32, 52~54, 65], 认为郯庐断裂带自早白垩世初开始转变为伸展活动, 并一直持续至古近纪。本次构造分析与定年结果表明, 郯庐断裂带在早白垩世中期(130~122 Ma)发生过一次左行走滑活动, 面理陡倾、线理缓倾的构造特征表明左行走滑兼有逆冲分量, 说明走滑活动发生在区域挤压的背景下。因而早白垩世郯庐断裂带并非持续地伸展活动。合肥盆地早白垩世下部朱巷组与上部响导铺组之间的沉积间断[65], 应该就是早白垩世中期区域挤压背景下郯庐断裂带一期走滑活动的反映。依据合肥盆地在早白垩世较长期的伸展过程与活动历史[54], 可以推断早白垩世期间伸展活动持续较长, 控制发育了西侧的合肥盆地。而区域挤压背景下出现的走滑活动则相对短暂。郯庐断裂带在早白垩世早期和晚期皆处于相对较长时期的伸展活动, 而早白垩中期的一次走滑活动是区域伸展活动的一次中断。这显示郯庐断裂带在晚侏罗世至早白垩世呈现出交替式的走滑和伸展活动。由此推断, 张八岭隆起段上述143~119 Ma的40Ar/39Ar年龄可能是这期伸展隆升(合肥盆地东侧上升盘)中的冷却年龄[30], 并没有指示走滑活动的时间。

合肥盆地详细的构造分析表明[32], 早白垩世早期(相当于朱巷组沉积期)处于NWW-SEE向伸展, 而早白垩世晚期(相当于响导铺组沉积期)转变为NW-SE向拉张。这种区域伸展方向的转变在华北克拉通东部皆出现[32]。而本次所发现的早白垩世中期走滑事件显然是上述区域伸展方向转变之间发生的, 两者也相互验证。

众所周知, 郯庐断裂带内分布着一系列早白垩世侵入岩和火山岩, 在张八岭隆起带段及大别造山带东缘最为发育。从形成时代来看, 已有的研究表明[33, 45~51, 66~73], 郯庐断裂带南段早白垩世的岩浆活动主要分为2期, 一期发生在133~128 Ma, 表现为小型岩体与岩脉侵位与零星的火山喷发。本次定年的剪切带内变形岩脉应属于这期岩浆活动产物。而另一期岩浆活动发生在124~103 Ma, 持续时间较长, 剪切带内未变形岩脉的侵位时代与此相对应。结合本文的研究结果, 进一步推断, 区内早白垩世中期的走滑活动可能发生在128~124 Ma。而之前与之后的早白垩世岩浆活动应为区域伸展活动的产物, 与合肥盆地断陷相伴生。前人对这些岩浆岩的岩石地化分析[48, 70], 也认为区内岩浆活动发生在伸展背景之中, 支持上述推断。

早白垩世是中国东部强烈伸展活动期, 也是华北克拉通破坏的峰期。已有的大量研究表明, 中国东部早白垩世伸展活动是太平洋区伊泽纳崎板块海沟后退导致的远场弧后拉张结果[31, 32, 74]。通过与伊泽纳崎板块运动方向演变对比发现[75], 该大洋板块在早白垩世早期向北西西方向高角度俯冲, 而在早白垩世晚期却转变为向北北西方向高角度俯冲运动。早白垩世期间该大洋板块运动方向的转变与中国东部上述伸展方向的转变相对应[32]。转变之间该大洋板块出现了短暂的低角度俯冲, 与本次所确定的中国东部一次区域挤压背景下的走滑事件相对应。显然, 郯庐断裂带早白垩世中期所出现的走滑活动, 动力学背景为发生在大洋板块运动方向调整期间的低角度俯冲, 是伊泽纳崎板块运动调整的一次构造响应。

表2 肥东韧性剪切带内糜棱岩化岩脉中锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测试结果 Table 2 LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb isotopic date for the mylonitized dikesfrom the ductile shear zoneofFeidong Segment
表3 肥东韧性剪切带中内糜棱岩化岩脉中锆石稀土元素分析结果 Table 3 The REE element compositionof Zirconsfor the mylonitized dikesfromthe ductile shear zone ofFeidong Segment
5 结论

本文通过对郯庐断裂带肥东段剪切带的构造分析与其中糜棱岩化花岗岩脉定年, 再结合前人对该地区的已有研究成果, 得出以下主要认识:

(1)郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦与桃花源两地出露的北东向韧性剪切带为左行走滑剪切带, 两地均发育了完全置换的糜棱岩化花岗岩脉。其中, 桃花源地区剪切带显示为两期构造的叠加。

(2)通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年, 本次从肥东段这两处走滑韧性剪切带内获得了三个糜棱岩化岩脉的侵位年龄, 分别为(133.2± 1.9)Ma, (131.3± 2.0)Ma和(130.3± 2.0)Ma。再结合已有的剪切带内未变形花岗岩脉122 Ma的锆石年龄, 本文认为郯庐断裂带在早白垩世中期(128~124Ma)发生过一期左行走滑活动。

(3)综合分析表明, 郯庐断裂带在晚侏罗世和早白垩世中期分别经历了2期走滑活动, 在走滑活动之间和其后的早白垩世则处于伸展活动, 呈现出交替式的走滑和伸展活动。

(4)中国东部早白垩世强烈伸展活动是太平洋区伊泽纳崎板块海沟后退导致的远场弧后拉张结果。而在早白垩中期区域挤压背景下郯庐断裂带的一期短暂走滑活动与伊泽纳崎板块运动方向调整相对应, 是大洋板块运动方式调整的结果。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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