黄擎宇, 刘伟, 张艳秋, 石书缘, 王坤. 白云石化作用及白云岩储层研究进展* . 2015, 30(5): 539-551 Huang Qingyu, Liu Wei, Zhang Yanqiu, Shi Shuyuan, Wang Kun. Progress of Research on Dolomitization and Dolomite Reservoir. Advances in Earth Science, 2015, 30(5): 539-551
Progress of Research on Dolomitization and Dolomite Reservoir
Huang Qingyu1, Liu Wei1, Zhang Yanqiu2, Shi Shuyuan1, Wang Kun1
1. Research Institution of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Petrochina, Beijing 100083, China
2. Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Tarim Oilfield Company, Petrochina, Korla 841000, China
Abstract
Dolomitization and dolomite reservoir are vital research fields in carbonate rocks. Recently, there are many progresses in dolomite with the advancement of experimental techniques and development of petroleum exploration, including: ① Numerical simulation is applied to the study of dolomitization model gradually. It achieves a conversion of dolomitization model from qualitative analysis to quantitative description and is beneficial for understanding the migration and range of dolomitizing fluids on the regional level. ② More attention is focused on the research of microbial dolomitization. The morphological features of dolomite associated with microbe and mechanism of biomineralization have been recognized and studied deeply. ③The defects of mixing-zone dolomitization in theory and practice are pointed out, and the application range of this model is limited. ④ The scope of reflux model of dolomitization is extended widely, particularly the reflux of penesaline seawater is considered as a potential for large-scale dolomitization in shallow-burial stage. ⑤The further study of structural controlled hydrothermal dolomitization has come to realize that hydrothermal dolomite can also be associated to convergent settings. The modification of hydrothermal fluids to reservoirs shows characteristics of coexistence of constructive and destructive impacts. The research of relationship between dolomitization and origin of porosity breaks though the traditional knowledge of dolomitization increasing porosity, and emphasizes the ability of dolomitization retaining porosity. ⑥The main controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs are contributed to the dolomite texture, diagenestic environment and dissolution after emplacement of dolomite. Three aspects should be improved in the future investigations. The first is the quantitative study of evolution of dolomite texture. The second is enhancing the employment of latest geochemical techniques such as Clumped isotope and Mg isotope as well as using the mature methods for research of ore-forming fluids. The third is exploring the mechanism of origin and preservation of dolomite reservoirs in deep burial setting.
图 1 三维反应— 传输模型模拟回流白云石化作用[25](a) 白云岩体分布范围; (b) 膏质胶结物分布范围; (c) 高渗透性白云岩储层分布范围Fig.1 3D Reaction-Transport Model showing the simulated result of reflux dolomitization[25](a) The distribution of dolomite; (b) The distribution of anhydrite; (c) The distribution of high-permeability dolomite reservoir
图 2 西班牙东南部中新世混合水白云岩地球化学特征(a)及成因模式(b)(据参考文献[51]修改)Fig.2 Geochemistry feature (a) and origin model (b) of mixing-zone dolomitization in upper Miocene strata of southeast Spain (modified from reference [51])
图 3 意大利威尼斯南部阿尔卑斯山脉侏罗系与挤压构造有关的热液白云石化作用模式图(据文献[72]修编)Fig.3 Model of hydrothermal dolomitization associated to convergent setting in Southern Alps, Italy(modified from reference[72])
表 1 塔里木、四川及鄂尔多斯盆地白云岩储层特征、成因及控制因素对比表[11, 97~99]Table1 Comparative table of characteristics, origin and controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs in Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin [11, 97~99]
表 1 塔里木、四川及鄂尔多斯盆地白云岩储层特征、成因及控制因素对比表[11, 97~99]Table1 Comparative table of characteristics, origin and controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs in Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin [11, 97~99]
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The Cambrian-Ordovician dolostones are important reservoirs for oil & gas accumulations in the Tarim Basin, northwestern China, four types of which are recognized: ① tidal flat dolostone or sabkha dolostone, which is dominated by dolomicrite with relatively well developed gypsum-dissolution and interbreccia porosities and was deposited in intertidal to supratidal evaporitic environments. The dolomite show linear correlation of MgO and CaO, low Mg/Ca ratios, high ∑REE with none to dull cathodoluminescene. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios range from 0.7085~0.7100 and are slightly higher than those of the contemporaneous seawater. The reservoir occurs mainly in Middle-Lower Cambrian and is mainly controlled by sedimentary facies; ② evaporitic platform dolomite or seepage-reflux dolostone, which is characterized by reef mound and grainstone fabrics being selectively dolomitized with well developed moldic, gypsum-dissolved and intergranular porosities, shows the wide range of Mg/Ca values, δ 13 C and δ 18 O with the values of higher than 2 ‰ and -4 ‰, respectively, and bright red cathodoluminescene. The reservoir occurs mainly in the part of evaporitic platform or lagoon close to platform margin; ③ burial dolostone, composed of fine to coarse-crystalline dolomites with well developed inter-crystalline (dissolved) pores, shows relatively negative δ 18 O with a range from -5‰~-10‰ (PDB), higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios ranging from 0.7090 to 0.7110, and dark brown and purple cathodoluminescene. The development of this kind of reservoir was controlled mainly by diagenetic facies, however, tends to be related to the sedimentary facies, because platform margin and inner platform reef and shoal and other open systems with fractures are propitious to the burial dolomitization; ④ hydrothermal dolostone, characterized by crystallized dolomite modified by hydrothermal fluid and significantly negative δ 18 O values less than -9‰ (PDB), bright red cathodoluminescene, positive Eu abnormity of REE with homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions 5 to 20℃ higher than the surrounding strata and irregularly developed enlarged intergranular pores and dissolved vugs and caverns. Hydrothermal dolostone is commonly accompanied by barite, fluorite, pyrite and other hydrothermal minerals. The reservoir occurs mainly along the deep-seated faults under the unconformities. The scale and distribution for the four types of dolostones are different, but they can be predicted using integrated methods. The distribution of burial and hydrothermal dolostones is constrained by both initial depositional facies and diagenetic fluid source. Sabkha dolostone or tidal flat dolostone are variable in scale but can be predicted with the reconstruction of sedimentary environment, diagenetic facies analysis and seismic inversion interpretation.
Recent analysis of marine carbonate oil and gas fields in Tarim Basin,Sichuan Basin and Erdos Basin reveals that carbonate traps and reservoirs in China can be classified into 4 major categories (i.e.structural traps,lithologic traps,stratigraphic traps and hybrid traps) and 21 types.The paper focuses on only stratigraphic and lithologic traps as they are more common trap types in the country.The lithologic traps can be further classified into bioherm traps,grain bank traps and diagenetic traps.The stratigraphic traps can also be classified into fault-block buried hill traps,peneplain erosion paeleogeomorphologic traps,monadnock buried hill fracture-vuggy traps,quasi-bedded fracture-vuggy traps,stratigraphic wedge traps and stratigraphic onlap pinchout traps.The paper points out that the marine carbonate oil and gas fields on China mainland are mainly of stratigraphic and lithologic reservoirs with moderate to low abundance.The bioherm reservoirs and grain bank reservoirs develop and distribute in a bead-like shape along platform margin,while the peneplain erosion palaeogeomorphologic reservoirs present as the shape of crumbs;the fractured-vuggy reservoirs are distri-buted widely in the quasi0bedded shape.The large ancient uplift,slope zone and platform margin,are considered favorable areas for cluster distribution of lithologic and stratigraphic oil and gas reservoirs and therefore are regarded to have great potential for hydrocarbon exploration.
Fluid flow is an integral part of hydrothermal mineralization,and its analysis and characterization constitute an important part of a mineralization model.The hydrodynamic study of mineralization deals with analyzing the driving forces,fluid pressure regimes,fluid flow rate and direction,and their relationships with localization of mineralization.This paper reviews the principles and methods of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization,and discusses their significance and limitations for ore deposit studies and mineral exploration.The driving forces of fluid flow may be related to fluid overpressure,topographic relief,tectonic deformation,and fluid density change due to heating or salinity variation,depending on specific geologic environments and mineralization processes.The study methods may be classified into three types,megascopic(field) observations,microscopic analyses,and numerical modeling.Megascopic features indicative of significantly overpressured(especially lithostatic or supralithostatic) fluid systems include horizontal veins,sand injection dikes,and hydraulic breccias.Microscopic studies,especially microthermometry of fluid inclusions and combined stress analysis and microthermometry of fluid inclusion planes(FIPs) can provide important information about fluid temperature,pressure,and fluid-structural relationships,thus constraining fluid flow models.Numerical modeling can be carried out to solve partial differential equations governing fluid flow,heat transfer,rock deformation and chemical reactions,in order to simulate the distribution of fluid pressure,temperature,fluid flow rate and direction,and mineral precipitation or dissolution in 2D or 3D space and through time.The results of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization can enhance our understanding of the formation processes of hydrothermal deposits,and can be used directly or indirectly in mineral exploration.
The origin of dolomites is a research topic attracting great attention in sedimentology. Many dolomitization models have been invoked to interpret the origination of virious diagenetic dolomites. However, the genesis of early-formed dolomites has long been an enigma in sedimentology, often referred to as the "Dolomite Problem". This problem arises from the fact that scientists have not yet been successful in the laboratory in precipitating perfectly ordered dolomite at the normal temperatures and pressure that occur at Earth's surface. The recent field and laboratory experiments show that some microbes play important roles in precipitation of dolomite under conditions of Earth's surface. For example, the direct mediation of sulfate-reducers and methanogens can overcome the kinetic barrier to dolomite nucleation, and that they may play an active role in the formation of this mineral in natural environments. In these anaerobes involved system, neither extremely Mg-rich fluids nor highly supersaturated conditions are required for the nucleation and precipitation of dolomite. This integrating microbiology into the carbonate sedimentology opens a new research direction and also throws a new light on the “Dolomite Problem”. Mimetic dolomization, where the precursor fabrics are excellently preserved, has important implications on interpreting the genesis of dolostone with original fabrics preserved. The “Precambrian enigma” refers to the scarcity of calcified cyanobacteria in Precambrian stromatolites. There have been subsequent changes in the composition stromatolite biota through Earth's history. Smaller eubacteria may have greater involvement than cyanobacteria in stromatolite formation in the Precambrian, and cyanobacteria may enter stromatolite building biota until the latest Neoproterozoic.
Chang Yuguang , Bai Wanbei , Qi Yong#cod#x02019;an
常玉光, 白万备, 齐永安
Biogenic stromatolites is one of the focus of geologists for a long time. In this paper, the research object is Cambrian stromatolites of western He’nan. Abundant microbial fossils are discovered in Cambrian carbonate stromatolites of western Henan, which are Girvanella and Renalcis of cyanobacteria with filamentous and spherical features, by means of polarizing microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). They display the distinct characteristics of assemblage, such as the sheet or mat assemblage, the globular assemblage, the cellular and the grid assemblage. Study shows that there exists very close ties between the distribution of microbial fossils and microfossils assemblage and the macroscopic forms and their layers. The sedimentary environmental models of microbial fossils and 4 categories and 10 types of microfossils assemblage have been established. The growth environment, especially the hydrodynamic condition of stromatolites is one of the important effect factors of the microfossils assemblage preservation and distribution.
[Objective] Dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2], a carbonate mineral composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate is widely distributed both in terrestrial as well as in marine environments including petroleum reservoirs. It has been more than three centuries since dolomite was discovered for the first time. However the origin of dolomite remains unclear, which was referred to as “dolomite problem”. In 1990’s Vasconcelos C. from Swiss Institute of Technology proposed a model for “microbial dolomite formation”, which provided a new perspective on the origin of dolomite. However, this model is not yet optimized to fully clarify the relationship between dolomite formation, bacterial physiology and environmental parameters. The available published data on the dolomite formation mediated by microorganisms were performed at ambient temperature and pressure, which is different from the natural niche of dolomization. In this study, we introduced hydrostatic pressure as an additional environmental parameter in combination with the physiological status of bacteria in order to investigate the dolomite formation under multiple conditions. [Methods] Two strains, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina psychrophila, which express urea hydrolysis activity, were used as biomass to mediate dolomite precipitation under different environmental conditions like temperature (15 °C and 30 °C), pressures (ambient and 20 MPa) and oxygen concentrations (aerobic and micro-aerobic). To determinate the morphology and component of carbonate precipitation, SEM (scanning electron microscope) combined with EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry) analysis was performed. To determinate the mineralogy of carbonate precipitation, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis was performed. [Results] Both L. sphaericus and S. psychrophila were able to induce carbonate precipitation under all of the given experimental conditions. Both SEM and XRD results confirmed the irregular rhombohedral and spherical dolomite formation mediated by L. sphaericus at 30 °C under 20 MPa pressure and micro-aerobic condition. In addition to dolomite, other minerals (e.g. calcite, nesquehonite, huntite) were also detected to be present in precipitation. [Conclusion] This study has demonstrated that both L. sphaericus and S. psychrophila are able to mediate carbonate precipitation. Especially L. sphaericus is proven to induce dolomite formation under certain conditions. Dolomite formation is significantly influenced by urea hydrolysis activity, temperature and pressure. Our results provide evidence to explain the origin of dolomite from deep sphere and help to optimize the model of “microbial dolomite formation”.
There are abundant hydrocarbon resources in the northeast of Sichuan Basin in China, and the reservoir and producer are mainly dolomites of Feixianguan Formation in Triassic. This area and the Feixianguan dolomite are receiving increased attention in recent years. These Feixianguan dolomites of NE Sichuan can be divided into the following three end-member types according to their textures: micrite dolomite, grainy dolomite with original texture and crystalline dolomite, which occurred in the upper most, upper and middle-lower part, respectively in a shallowing-upward succession. The micrite dolomite and the grainy dolomite with original texture exhibit high Mn content and low fluid-inclusion homogenization temperature (Th), and the δ 18 O of dolomitization fluid (obtained from the δ 18 O and fluid-inclusion homogenization temperature of the dolomite) is between that of meteoric water and seawater, which suggest that the two kinds of dolomite are originate from relatively open sedimentary-diagenetic environment influenced by meteoric water to some degree. Thus, the evaporative pumping model (for micrite dolomite) and mixing-zone model (for grainy dolomite with original texture) might be used to explain their formation mechanisms. The crystalline dolomite (important reservoir and producer) shows very low Mn content, and high fluid-inclusion homogenization temperature (T h ), and the δ 18 O of dolomitization fluid (also obtained from the δ 18 O and fluid-inclusion homogenization temperature of this kind of dolomite) is much higher than that of sea water in early Triassic, which indicate that this kind of dolomite should be formed in a relatively closed deep buried diagenetic environment and the fluid should be of high temperature and salinity. However, up to now, we do not find a good model that could fully explain the cause formation of crystalline dolomite.
Whether deep buried dolomite can form effective reservoirs is the main challenge for petroleum exploration in deep area of Tarim Basin. The cores sampled from Tashen-1 well at the burial-depth of >8000m have revealed that the dolomites are well-developed with vuggy zones, have high porosity and permealbity favorable for forming effective petroleum reservoirs, and revealing the existence of effective dolomite reservoirs in deep part. It has been confirmed vuggy zones are of hot fluid origin. However, the detailed characteristics of vuggy zones including their origin and their distribution in strata need to be disclosed by further studies. Based on field outcrop observation as well as experimental analyses, it was found that solution pores similar with those in Tashen-1 well are widely spread in Upper Sinian and Lower Ordovician dolomite (which have experienced deep-buried conditions) in Keping area. It was also found that primary saline water inclusions of vug-filling quartz, automorphic dolomite and calcite have homogenization temperature of up to 368℃, 314℃ and 303℃ respectively, which are much higher than normal formation temperature range (120~240℃) of corresponding host strata at the maximum burial depth of about 6000m. The salinity of inclusions is respectively 3.39%~9.86% NaCleqv, 1.05%~18.13% NaCleqv and 4.34%~9.98% NaCleqv. Moreover, a variety of hydrothermal mineral associations related to pyrite, fluorite, barite, quartz, siderite,dalarnite and saddle dolomite are identified in dolomite samples. In the inclusions of these hydrothermal minerals, CO 2 , H 2 S, hydrocarbon gases which may dissolve dolomite are also recognized. It was proposed that dolomite strata in Keping outcrop area experienced large-scaled abnormal hot fluid activities which might be related to extensive magmatic activities in deep part of the basin. It created abundant pore space types, such as bedding dissolution, differential dissolution, cooling fissure and dissolution-slump belt caused by hot fluid. Pore types are mainly characterized by combined type of solution enhanced fracture and vug. Hot fluid activity is mainly controlled by structural fractures and stratigraphical boundary. In this study area, the modification of hot fluid to dolomite reservoirs is mainly represented by the coexistence of constructive and destructive effects, and it is characterized by constructive effect.
Dolomite reservoir is a potentially important exploration field in Cambrian-Lower Ordovician of Tarim Basin, but because of deeply buried and low exploration and research degree, the current understanding unable to meet the needs of the exploration, especially the main controlling factors and distribution rules of dolomite reservoir. This paper takes the dolomite reservoir in Penglaiba Formation of Dabantage outcrop in Bachu area as an example, measured 9 section, collected 195 samples and studied the characteristics of thin sections, physical properties and geochemistry systematically, and gets tow new understanding. Firstly, powder dolomite, fine dolomite, medium dolomite and coarse dolomite are the four dolomite types in research area, the dolomitization took place in the shallow-medium burial phase, the dolomitization fluid is mainly sea water, and some dolomites influenced by hydrothermal. The size of crystals is associated with the size of structure and pore space of protolith. Secondly, the distribution of pores has stratification and cyclicity, the pores mainly occur in the top of upward shallowing sequences, and their formation is relate to exposure. The main carrier of pores is fine-coarse dolomite, the pores are mainly from the pores of original rock or their readjustment, and just a few pores are from burial solution. It is different from conventional opinion which is pores are mainly formed by dolomitization, and this opinion is of a great significance for guiding the prediction of dolomite reservoir in Tarim Basin.
In recent years, a great progress in hydrocarbon exploration has been achieved in dolomite reservoirs in which several large scale hydrocarbon pools were discovered in China. In view of which most of these dolomite reservoirs were formed during burial period, together with the high abundance of burial dolostones in stratigraphic columns, this paper aims to focus on classification of genetic texture in burial dolomite without consideration for relatively simple textures of primary or penecontemporaneous micritic dolomite. In international academic community, the classification of genetic texture of burial dolomite were well documented, but were less paid attentions in Chinese academic circle. In order to improve further study in this field, it is necessary to distinguish the different textures of dolomite formed in buried period, so that to understand the different characters of dolomization liquid. We here introduce a modified classification scheme for genetic texture of burial dolomite with references of classification about this field in international academe and combining the actual situation of dolomite researching in China. First of all, on the basis of dolomite occurrence, the dolomite texture is divided into two types: matrix dolomite and cement dolomite, Then according as crystal size, crystal shape, crystal surface and contact relation, burial dolomite is classified into six types, in which four are matrix: 1)finely crystalline, planare(s), floating dolomite; 2)finely crystalline, planare(s) dolomite; 3)finelycoarsely crystalline, nonplanara dolomite matrix; 4)coarsely crystalline, nonplanar saddle dolomite matrix, and the remanent two are cement: 1)finelymedium crystalline, planare(s) dolomite cement; 2)coarsely crystalline, nonplanar saddle dolomite cement. These texture classification provides a basis on which the dolomites formed in different diagenetic stages can be sorted out properly in the context of physicalchemical conditions of dolomitisiting fluids from which they formed,which provides effective approach of dolomite studying.
1.College of Energy Resource,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu 610059,China; 2.College of Resource and Environment,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu 610050,China; 3.Department of Geology,University of Regina,Regina,SK,S4S0A2,Canada
The study of dolomite texture not only indicates the origin of the dolomites but controls the quality of dolomite reservoirs significantly.The main objectives of this paper are to investigate the differences of the dolomite reservoirs with distinct textures and the relationship between dolomite texture and reservoir development of the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate rocks in central Tarim Basin,based on observation of core,thin-section and SEM,combined with the analyses of petrophysical properties.The results show that:(1)Dolomite texture can be used to predict the reservoir quality due to the strong interdependency between petrophysical properties of the reservoir and dolomite texture,the reservoir qulity of the fine-crystalline.Planar-e(euhedral) dolomite is the best of all the dolomite reservoirs,and the very-fine to fine crystalline planar-s(subhedral) dolomite reservoir is mediate,but the medium to coarse crystalline,non-planar-a(anhedral) dolomite and precursor lithologic fabric preserved dolomite are poor in porostiy;(2) Dolomite texture also affects porosity type.With the shape of dolomite crystal changing from planar-e to non-planar-a,the porosity of dolomite reservoir transforms intercrystalline pore to vug and fracture porosity;(3)The formation and modification process of dolomite reservoir are controlled by dolomite texture,resulting in the shortage of cave porosity and abundance of thin-bedded,porous intervals with intercrystalline/vug porosity in the dolomite reservoirs.
Microbial carbonates are important oil & gas reservoir rocks, as well as the main rock types in China old strata. Microbial carbonates can be divided into stromatolites, thrombolite,dendrolite and other two types. The reservoir pore systems are closely related to microbialite sedimentary process, and mostly affected by structures and textures of microbialites. Framework and fenestral vugs are the main types of reservoir space. From Middle-Neo Proterozoic to Mesozoic, microbial carbonates reservoirs are discovered globally in various oil & gas fields, so that their petroleum resource potential is great.The researches on rock types,litofacies texture, depositional models and favorable facies zones of microbial reservoir, are well worth deep study in future.
The Sinian Dengying Fm is the oldest gasbearing strata in the Sichuan Basin. However, there is divergence of previous understandings on the reservoir space in this study area. Therefore, based on the lithologic characteristics, scanning electron microscope, cathode luminescence and some other experimental analysis, we identified the types of dolomite reservoirs of the Dengying Fm there. They mainly include cyanobacterica stromatolite dolomite, cyanobacterica dolarenite, cyanobacterica grumous dolomite, and "grapelacelike" dolomite, dolomicrite, and so on. According to the horizons of reservoirs and factors controlling their formation as well as the selectivity and effectiveness of their fabric, we further identified 6 types of reservoir spaces in the Dengying Fm and analyzed the process of their formation and evolution. The following conclusions were obtained. (1) The reservoir spaces of the 2 nd member of Dengying Fm are dominated by fenestral pores, intragranular pores, intergranular pores and residual pores of "grapelacelike" dolomite. The favorable facies zone of the Dengying Fm provides the material basis for the formation of the reservoirs, while the epigenetic karstification caused by a relative fall of sea level is the major factor controlling reservoir formation and the cementation is the main factor being destructive to the reservoir spaces. (2) The reservoir spaces of the 4 th member of the Dengying Fm are dominated by interbreccia pores and large dissolved porescaverns. The karstification resulted from uplifting at end of the Dengying period was the major factor controlling reservoir development, while the silicification was the major factor resulting in the deterioration of such reservoirs.
Based on the analysis and observation of well cores and thin sections of more than 300 wells from major exploration plays and intervals in the Tarim, Sichuan and Ordos Basins, and combined with seismic, well logging and testing data, this paper studies and analyses systematically on the types and characteristics of carbonate reservoirs as well as the geologic conditions for their development with large scale. And their distributional features are also summarized. All kinds of marine carbonate reservoirs revealed worldwide are developed onshore China, including 3 types of large-scale effective reservoirs, which are depositional reef-shoal and dolomite reservoirs, epigenetic dissolution-percolation reservoirs and deep burial-hydrothermally altered reservoirs. Besides sedimentary facies, paleoclimate and paleogeomorphy, other factors that have strong influences on the development of deep large-scale reservoirs include interstratal and intrastratal dissolution-percolation, burial dolomitization combined with hydrothermal processes, etc. Large-scale effective reservoirs in deep carbonate sequence are mostly well distributed along the unconformities and hiatuses in sedimentational sequences, while reservoirs with epigenetic dissolution-percolation origion are well occurred from the paleo-uplift highs to the lower part of slopes. The reservoirs are widely distributed in stratified shape on plane, and presented multi-interval distributional patterns controlled by multi-stage karstification vertically with strong heterogeneity. Burial dolomitization is restricted by primary sedimentary facies, and can form extensive effective reservoirs in deep layers in stripe or stratified shape. Hydrothermally related reservoirs are generally distributed along discordogenic faults, forming effective reservoirs with beadlike distribution in vertical direction and band-fence like distribution on plane, which are not restricted by burial depth.
Zhang Jianyong , Zhou Jin#cod#x02019;gao , Pan Liyin
张建勇, 周进高, 潘立银
1.Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,Hangzhou 310023,China; 2.Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs of CNPC,Hangzhou 310023,China
The depositional environment was isolated restricted platform and a lot of depositional cycles of shallow upward oolite shoal existed at the stage from Member 1 to 2 of Feixianguan Formation of Lower Triassic in the northeast Sichuan basin,especially gypsum lagoon at the Member 2 of Feixianguan Formation in the isolated restricted platform.On the isolated restricted platform geologic setting,the main lithology of reservoir includes remnant oolitic dolomite and finely crystalline dolomite.On the shallow upward oolite shoal geologic setting,the atmospheric water eluviation results in the lithology sequence from top to bottom is tight micrite dolomite,intragranular pore or moldic pore residual oolith micritic or powder crystalline dolomite,intragranular pore residual oolith powder or finely crystalline dolomite,and intercrystalline pore dolomite.Petrology and geochemistry of reservoir show that the reservoir dolomite underwent two stages of dolomitization.The first stage is seepage-reflux dolomitization and the second is burial dolomitization.The seepage-reflux dolomitization make an important role in preservation of early pores and increase rock strength,inhibit pressure solution and cementation,but the buried dolomitization partially fill pore space.It can be recognized two types of buried dissolution.The first stage happened after seepage reflux dolomitization and before crude oil filling and it is correlated with dissolution by organic acid.The second occurred in the deep buried environment,it is correlated with acid generated by TSR.The buried dissolution can not generate reservoir porosity,but increases permeability.Based on comprehensive studies of geologic settings,reservoir petrology and geochemistry,it is concluded that the atmospheric water eluviation is prerequisite condition for reservoir porosity generation and the seepage-reflux dolomitization is necessary condition for reservoir porosity preservation.
Dissolution is the key diagenesis to Changhsing reservoir in the Upper Permian, Yuanba area. In this paper, based on the data of cores and thin section, synthesized petrology feature and geochemical feature analysis, it is conculuded that there are 3 stages of dissolution could be divided, whose petrology and geochemical feature are different with each other. The 1 st stage of dissolution develops during the syndiagenesis and the early stage of diagenesis, where the diagenetic fluid consists of coastal atmospheric precipitation, related to high frequency sequence interface, sequence unconformity and the distribution of reef and shoal; The 2 nd stage of dissolution is in the early middle period of diagenesis, when burial diagenesis happened in Late to Middle Jurassic, the diagenetic fluid consists of Upper Permian interior fluid, when the diagenesis fluid mixed by thermal aliphatic acid from thermal evolution of organic matter in source rock; The 3 rd stage of dissolution in the later period of diagenesis when burial diagenesis happened in the Late Cretaceous to the Tertiary. The diagenetic fluid consists of the interior fluid of Changhsing Formation or Middle/Lower Triassic fluid, or the deep hydrothermal fluid, which is derived by multiple dissolution merchanism related to tectonism when in deep burial. The reservoir space related to the 1 st and the 2 nd stage of dissolution are greatly significant for oil migration in Changhsing Formation and accumulation (paleo-oil reservoir), the reservoir space related to the 3 rd stage of dissolution diagenesis contributes greatly to present gas accumulation.
The outcrop and core data show that there have developed wide distribution of tectonic hydrothermal dolomitization of Lower Palaeozoic in Tarim basin. This kind of dolomitization have its special characteristics from petrology and geochemistry, and marked as saddle dolomite and euhedral dolomite, existing as coarse grain structure in cracks and holes with the high homogenization temperature and salinity from fluid inclusions and the lighter carbon and oxygen isotope values which has a range of overlapping with around rocks on geochemistry, while Sr isotopes is not obvious and showing features from their origin rocks. There have obvious difference with Devonian hydrothermal dolomite in Seaga basin. The extensive development of the Permian magmatic thermal event of Tarim basin maybe is the main causes of tectonic hydrothermal dolomite. The reservoir related to tectonic hydrothermal dolomite are mostly high-quality reservoir, which distribution are closely related to fracture and unconformity, will be a favorable target for oil and gas exploration.
The formation and distribution of high quality reservoirs are key to the prospecting in deep marine carbonates. In recent years, the discoveries in (ultra-) deep-buried carbonate reservoirs of the giant Puguang gas field and many others have broken through the early viewpoints. The formation mechanism of this kind of reservoirs under the limited conditions has become the highlight, as well as the nodus of researches. Based on the petrological characteristics from drilling cores and thinsections, and data from porosities, permeabilities, and isotopes, three controlling factors are summarized: (1) the early depositional and diagenetic environment which controlled the early porosities; (2) tectonics and formation pressures which formed the fractures and dissolutions; and (3) fluid-rock interactions that influenced the deep burial dissolution and the preservation of the porosities.
In recent years, hydrocarbon prospecting in China marine basin progressed quickly and discoverd series of marine oil filed, marine oil and gas is now playing a more important role. Especially, under the guide of new hydrocarbon geological theory of marine basin, exploration of marine oil and gas will enter a high-speeding development period, by which the pressure of eastern terrestrial facies basins prospecting and exploitition will be eased greatly. New hydrocarbon geological theory of marine basin contains three aspects. In the aspect of hydrocarbon productivity, China marine sedimentary basins are not lack of high-TOC argillaceous source rocks but the hydrocarbon productivity of pure carbonate is limited; marine gases mainly originated from oil-cracking gas in deep reservoirs under high temperature and coal formations of transitional facies under high evolutionary phase; under low geothermal gradient and deepseated condition, crude oil of Tarim basin can exist in the reservoirs buried below 9000m, the prospecting potentiality of Tarim Basin is great. In the aspect of reservoirs, intensely alterlating by TSR in depth and the development of interstratal karst and veneering karst expanded the prospecting of carbonate reservoirs. According to the aspect of hydrocarbon accumulation, the proposal of the large area, quasi-layerd, sequential distributed and fracture-cavern accumulation models expanded the hydrocarbon exploration area and decreases the exploration cost; the discovery of series of old aged reservoirs has enhanced geologists’ faith to seek primary type oil reservoirs in complex structure area. Our studies suggest that the main exploration area can extend to the depth of 9000m around the uplift slope.
Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb ore deposit is the largest light REE deposit in the world. Its genesis, however, has been a subject of longstanding debate. Here we present Mg isotope data of ore-hosted rocks (H8 dolomite marble), carbonatite dykes nearby, and related sedimentary carbonate rocks measured by multiple collectors inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). δ 26 Mg DSM3 values of carbonatite dykes range from -0.34‰ to -0.14‰, consistent with those reported for mantle-sourced igneous rocks; mesoproterzoic sedimentary dolostone vary between -1.81‰ to -1.53‰ in δ 26 Mg; the δ 26 Mg values of H8 dolomite marble from ore bodies fall into the range from -1.13‰ to -0.10‰ with an average of -0.53‰, which are between those of igneous rocks and sedimentary dolostone. Sedimentary marine micrite from Heinaobao, ca. 25km southeast of the Bayan Obo ore deposit show the lightest Mg isotope composition, with δ 26 Mg DSM3 values varying from -1.99‰ to -1.93‰. Our Mg isotope data indicate that H8 dolomite marble of Bayan Obo ore deposit is not a micrite mound or normal sedimentary carbonate rocks. The genesis of Bayan Obo ore deposit can be better explained by a mantle-drived carbonatite origin.
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059
Sinian system to Silurian(Lower group)carbonate rocks is generally buried deeper than 3500 m,which belonged to deep carbonate reservoir rocks.Broad tidal flat and shelf depositional environment determined the lower group carbonate rock reservoirs types which were grainstones,crystalline dolomite and fractured limestone.Multiple phases of tectonic movement led to the karst reservoir rocks development in lower group,Sinian,Cambrian and Ordovician paleokarst zone had occurred by the west to east caused by Caledonian movement.Plenty of bitumen in lower group had showed that there widely developed high quality reservoir rocks and formated paleooil pool or paleogas pool.The petrological and geochemical data had showed that camplicated and multistaged diagenesis and fluid infilling had intimate relationship with formation,preservation and damage mechanism of high quality reservoir rocks.In a word,the controlling factors just for the deep carbonate reservoir rocks were as follows: 1)depositional environment had intensely controlling on the Ordovician and Silurian reservoirs rocks,but faintly controlling on the Sinian and Cambrian.2)paleouplift was a prerequisite,and karstification and fractures were as a necessary condition.3)infilling and thermal cracking of hydrocarbon were the main preservation mechanism,and so is moderate recrystallization.Exogenous erosion fluid had very limited effect in deep burial diagenesis.4)compactionpressure solution and cementationinfilling were the most important factor for densitification of reservoir rocks.