Eco-compensation is an innovative way to protect environment. It transforms the outside of ecosystem services and non-market value into the inherent power of environment protecting. Taking the Qinghai Lake watershed as a case, the impact of land use change on carbon storage is modeled by natural process model Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach, while supply costs of carbon storage are estimated by social survey. Upon these work, the natural process and economical process are included in an integrated model framework by cost-benefit analysis and minimum data approach to explore the spatial targeting and compensation standard in eco-compensation program. Results of the case study show that the efficiency cost ratios of the four counties in the watershed are: 0.5353 in Haiyan County, 0.5549 in Gangcha County, 0.5549 in Tianjun County and 0.4353 in Gonghe County. Regarding to the efficiency cost ratios, the cost order should be: Tianjun County, Gangcha County, Haiyan County and Gonghe County. To achieve the goal of restoration of grassland, the compensation standard order should be: Haiyan County (328.5 yuan·hm^-2 per year), Gangcha County (250.5 yuan·hm^-2 per year), Tianjun County (181.5 yuan·hm^-2 per year) and Gonghe County (478.5 yuan·hm^-2 per year). According to the compensation standard, the carbon storage will increase in all counties of the watershed as follows: 1.7×10⁷ kg per year in Haiyan County, 5.25×10⁷ kg per year in Gangcha County, 18.52×10⁷ kg per year in Tianjun County and 2.86×10⁷kg per year in Gonghe County.

生态补偿是环境保护对策措施中的一种创新途径.以青海湖流域为研究区域, 以碳蓄积量作为主要生态系统服务目标, 结合人文调查数据和自然模拟结果, 分别采用福利成本法和最小数据方法对研究区生态补偿中的空间选择和补偿标准确定进行了分析.结果表明: 环青海湖四个县的生态补偿效率成本比分别是海晏县0.5353、 刚察县0.5398、 天峻县0.5549、 共和县0.4353.在生态补偿资金有限的情况下, 生态补偿的优先顺序依次是天峻、 刚察、 海晏, 最后是共和.若海晏县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费328.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量1.7×10⁷ kg; 若刚察县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费250.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量5.25×10⁷kg; 若天峻县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费181.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量18.52×10⁷kg; 若共和县全部低盖度草地退牧则需付费478.5元·hm^-2·a^-1, 可年新增碳固定量2.86×10⁷kg.

As the most important human factor to impact the environment, the farmer's livelihood strategy decides the intervention measure and the intervention intensity to environment. Thus, understanding the impact of farmer's livelihood on the environment and identifying the relationship between human livelihood and environment is the key to solve the environmental problem. In recent years, the relationship between farmer's livelihood and environment has been the research focus of the sustainable development domain. Through stratified random sampling survey, participatory rural appraisal and investigation of plots, 217 households are investigated and sampled. Farmers are divided into 3 types: the households earning from farming, the off-farming, and both. From the farmer's household energy consumption and ecological footprint, the article employs the investigation data to analyze the environmental impact of the farmers with different livelihood strategies in the Gannan Plateau. The results show: 1) The diversification level of farmers'livelihood in the Gannan Plateau is low, and the farmer's livelihood diversity index is only 1.84. The livelihood diversity index of the farmers in the farming-pastoral area reaches 2.10, but that of the farmers in the pure pasturing area is 1.54. Moreover, the non-agricultural level in the farming-pastoral area is higher than that of the other areas; 2)With the non-agricultural level improving, the farmer's household energy consumption in the Gannan Plateau will decline. Among the farmers of different livelihood strategies, the energy consumption of the farmer household is 738.08 kgce, but those of the household with combined occupation and the off-farming household are 368.34 kgce and 260.49 kgce respectively. Furthermore, following the non-agricultural level increasing, the proportion of biomass energy consumption will reduce, but that of commercial energy consumption proportion will increase; 3) The farmer's per capita ecological footprint in the Gannan Plateau will decline with the non-agricultural level improving. Among the farmers of different livelihood strategies, the per capita ecological footprint of the farmer household is 1.644 gha, but those of the household with combined occupation and the off farming household are 1.488 gha and 1.225 gha respectively. Except that the proportion of per capita grassland footprint will decrease, those of per capita forest footprint, building land footprint, water area and fossil energy land proportion will increase; 4) The farmers'livelihood mode has remarkable influences on their ecological footprint, and increasing non-agricultural level will decrease the impact on the environment. Meanwhile, increasing the labour/ householder education level will also cut down the impact on the environment, but improving family size and earning level will aggravate the impact on the environment. However, within the range of calculated data, the analysis result supports the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis.

生计方式是影响生态环境的重要人文因素。利用参与式农村评估方法,从生活用能与生态足迹出发,研究了甘南高原不同生计方式农户的环境影响。结果发现:① 随着非农化水平的提高,农户生活用能总量下降,其中生物质能比重降低,而商品性能源比重增加;② 随着非农化水平的提高,农户的人均生态足迹下降,农户对草地资源的依赖程度降低,但对林地、建筑用地、水域、化石能源用地的依赖程度增强;③提高非农化水平及农户受教育程度将减缓对生态环境的影响,而扩大家庭规模、提高富裕水平具有加剧环境影响的作用,但是现有样本数据支持环境Kuznets曲线假说。

The paper make an analysis of the current water resources and ecological problem, summarizes the cause of the problem of water resources and ecological issues  in the Shiyang River Basin. Bases on evaluating the ecosystem structure and feature, calculates the water needing for lower reaches oases ecosystem is calculated. At the same times, the paper discusses the countermeasure and treatment for rehabilitating the degradation ecosystem, provides the new idea of building “society-economic-ecologic” comprehensive water save system. At last, it suggests that build a ecologic special district in Minqin county be built, which develops a new idea for the local development and ecologic protection.

分析石羊河流域现状水和生态问题，总结产生流域水与生态问题的根源。在分析石羊河流域下游地区生态系统组[JP2]成的基础上，推算下游民勤绿洲生态系统生态需水。同时讨论石羊河流域下游民勤绿洲保护的对策和措施，提出建立节水型“社会—经济—生态”复合大系统的创新思想。最后，创新性地提出在石羊河地区建立生态特区的意义，为本地区发展和生态保护提供另一种思路。

Based on social investigation material this paper analyses oasischange and its impact on Minqin Basin at the lower reaches of the Shiyang River in Hexi Corridor of western China.Furthermore,it discusses human mechanism caused oasischange in the context of human behaviorof water use and quantity balance of water use.Minqin oasischange is closely related to the expanding mechanism of traditional agriculture which can not be easily broken in a limited period of time.Howerver,if the human mechanism leading to environmental deterioration continues to exist, all human actions attempting to turn back the trend of the oasischange in the same area will have little effect. The worse trend of Minqin Oasisin the lower reaches of the Shiyang River is the process of the rapid decline of underground waterlevel, desertification, salinizification-alkalization and degeneration of vegetative cover that have greatly affected the agricultural production since the 1950s. The human factor causedthe oasischange is chiefly due to theunlimited demand of agricultural water use incited by the enlargement of farmland resulting from rapid population increase of the Shiyang drainage basin. The decrease of upstream runoff and the increase of water requirements have explained the decline of underground water level and the worsening of the underground water quality that caused the rapid salinizification and the rapid decline of the crop production,constituting one of the main reasons for farmland enlargement. All of these factors mentioned above are attributed to the degenerated vegetative cover and the disasterof the ecosystem.

本文根据社会调查资料分析了甘肃省河西地区石羊河下游民勤绿洲变化的趋势及其影响 ,进而从用水行为和水量均衡角度讨论了绿洲变化的人文作用机制 ,认为石羊河流域下游绿洲变化与传统农业外延式扩张机制密切相关 ,而传统农业扩张机制由于各种因素的制约在短时期内难以打破。而不打破导致绿洲环境恶化的人文机制 ,任何试图扭转此类地区绿洲环境恶化趋势的措施都可能是无效的。

Gannan pasturing area, located in the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is a typical ecological sensitive area. We discern the impact of various human factors on the environment in order to find the measures to solve the complex environment problems. In this paper, the ecological footprint is taken as the index of the environmental impact. First of all, we calculate the ecological footprint from 1980 to 2007, distinguish the key human factors and analyze their characteristics. Then, we use the STIRPAT model to simulate the impact of the different human factors on the environment, such as population, affluence level, grassland utilization intensity, livelihood strategy and urbanization level. The results are obtained as follows: (1) The ecological footprint and per capita ecological footprint show an upward tendency from 1980 to 2007 in this area, which is consistent with the ecological footprint of biological resource, and its correlation coefficient reaches 0.996; (2) The intensity of ecological footprint shows a downward tendency, which coincides with the intensity of the ecological footprint of biological resource, and its correlation coefficient is 0.978; (3) Population and the intensity of grassland utilization are the two main drivers influencing the environment and the changing rate of the environment caused by them goes farther ahead of the changes of these two factors. The affluence level also exerts impact on the environment, but the changing rate of the environment is lower than that of the affluence level. Meanwhile, improving the livelihood strategy and enhancing the urbanization level will lower the impact on the environment; (4) The analytical result supports the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis within the range of data. Finally, this paper points out the problems which should be focused in the research of the impact of human factors on the environment.

以生态足迹作为测度环境影响的指标，在计算1980-2007 年甘南牧区生态足迹、识别关键人文因素、分析关键人文因素特征的基础上，应用STIRPAT模型分解了人口、富裕水平、草地资源利用强度、生计策略、社会发展状态对环境影响的作用。结果表明：① 1980-2007 年甘南牧区生态足迹与人均生态足迹均呈上升趋势，其变化趋势与生物资源生态足迹一致，二者相关系数达0.996；② 1980-2007 年甘南牧区生态足迹强度呈下降趋势，其变化趋势与生物资源生态足迹强度基本一致，二者相关系数达0.978；③ 人口数量和草地资源利用强度是当前环境影响的主要驱动因子，由其引起的环境影响变化速度超过它们自身的变化速度，富裕水平的提高也将加剧对环境的影响，但其引起的环境影响变化速度低于其自身变化速度，而改善生计策略、提高城市化水平会减缓对环境的影响；④ 在观测数据范围内，分析结果支持环境Kuznets曲线假说。

Taking Shiyang River Basin as an example, the models of GCAWI, spatial autocorrelation index, multiple(single) centre exponential with the feature of spatial autocorrelation are applied to achieve three goals: the conversion from township unit to grid unit, the regulation of determining appropriate grid size and spatial distribution patterns of population density. It turned out that:①The population density distribution is relatively scattered but concentrated in Shiyang River Basin,having a spatial structure pattern of point(three points)line(four lines) region(three regions);②The level of global spatial autocorrelation is improved by applying different grid scale size.The index of Moran’s I Shows larger difference and contingency;③The spatial distribution of population density has positive spatial autocorrelation in Shiyang River Basin.And the range   from 8 000 to 10 000 metres is the best choice to present the basin’s spatial distribution characteristics of population density;④The multiple and single centre exponential model with the feature of spatial autocorrelation has higher significance than traditional exponential model,but changes the properties and size of distance attenuation coefficient. The difference between the two kinds of models is caused by the population density centre of Jinchang.

以石羊河流域为例，运用GCAWI法、空间自相关指数以及考虑空间自相关性的多（单）中心指数模型等实现了乡镇单元向格网单元图层的转化、适宜格网大小的确定以及人口密度的空间模拟。结果表明：①石羊河流域人口密度的空间分布差异较大而又相对集中，具有“3点4线3区”的“点—线—区”状空间结构；②不同单元大小的格网图层提高了流域整体的空间自相关性，Moran’s I指数表现出较大的差异性和偶然性；③石羊河流域人口密度空间分布存在明显的正空间自相关，8 000~10 000 m是表现流域人口密度空间分布特征的最优选择范围；④空间自相关性影响下的人口密度空间化多（单）中心模型大大提高传统指数模型的精度，却改变了距离衰减系数的性质和大小，多中心和单中心模型模拟系数的差异主要是由金昌人口密度中心引起的。