页岩气储层主要特征及其对储层改造的影响

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琚宜文, 卜红玲, 王国昌. 页岩气储层主要特征及其对储层改造的影响. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(4): 492-506
Ju Yiwen, Bu Hongling, Wang Guochang. Main Characteristics of Shale Gas Reservoir and Its Effect on the Reservoir Reconstruction. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(4): 492-506 复制到剪切板

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页岩气储层主要特征及其对储层改造的影响

琚宜文¹, 卜红玲¹, 王国昌¹

1. 中国科学院计算地球动力学重点实验室,中国科学院大学地球科学学院,北京 100049

琚宜文(1963-),男,安徽桐城人,教授,主要从事能源盆地及非常规天然气研究. E-mail:juyw03@163.com

基金:国家自然科学基金项目“页岩流变的纳米效应及其赋气机理研究”(编号：41372213);

中国科学院战略性先导科技专项课题“煤炭开发中的碳排放”(编号：XDA05030100)资助

摘要

页岩气储层是页岩气以吸附和游离状态为主、少量溶解态赋存于页岩中的非常规天然气储层,非均质性强,并且具有低孔隙度超低渗透率的物性特征,页岩气井完井后需要经过储层改造才能获得理想的产能。水力压裂技术是非常规储层中主要的储层改造方法,以此提高页岩气的可采性。在前期研究的基础上,从页岩空间分布、储层非均质性、岩石组成、地质环境、岩石物性特征等方面分析和总结了页岩气储层的主要地质特征,并探讨了这些特征对储层后期改造的影响。页岩气储层有纵向、横向非均质性之分,这些非均质性归因于页岩组成和结构特性。不同沉积环境和构造背景控制着储层的结构和构造,并进一步制约着岩石力学性质、储层敏感性以及天然孔裂隙的发育。岩石组成与结构、天然孔裂隙发育状况和地应力作用是影响储层改造的重要因素。由此,认识储层地质特征及其对后期改造的影响,不仅对丰富页岩气地质勘探理论具有重要的科学意义,而且对提高页岩气产能和开采效率也具有重要的应用价值。

关键词: 页岩气; 岩石组成; 天然裂隙; 岩石物性; 储层改造

中图分类号:P618.13 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-8166(2014)04-0492-15

Main Characteristics of Shale Gas Reservoir and Its Effect on the Reservoir Reconstruction

Ju Yiwen^1,², Bu Hongling^1,², Wang Guochang^1,²

1. Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

2. University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, College of earth, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract

Shale gas is an unconventional gas which has adsorbent and free state with a small amount of dissolving. Its reservoir heterogeneity is strong and has physical characteristics of low porosity, ultralow permeability. Shale gas reservoir need to make reconstruction after gas well completion to get a good yield. Hydraulic fracturing technology which is commonly used in unconventional reservoir to improve shale gas exploitation. Based on the previous studies, characteristics of shale gas reservoirs are discussed and summarized in detail from the rock distribution, reservoir heterogeneity, composition, geological environment, petro physical characteristics and the impact of these characteristics on reservoir reconstruction. Reservoir heterogeneity is very strong no matter in vertical or horizontal direction, mainly on the structure and construction of shale gas reservoirs, which owes to organic matter and mineral composition of shales. The structure and composition of shale gas reservoirs are controlled by different tectonic background effect, and thereby constrain mechanical properties, reservoir sensitivity of rocks and development of natural fractures. Rock composition, and structure, natural fractures and ground stress play a key role in the shalegas reservoir transformation. Therefore, this study not only has important scientific significance to broaden theories for shale gas reservoir stimulation, but also has important practical value and production efficiency to improve the production of shale gas.

Keyword: Shale gas; Petrographic composition; Natural fracture; Physical properties; Reservoir reconstruction.

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1 引言

页岩气是以自生自储为主的非常规天然气,是油气资源中的新型矿种。作为一种非常规天然气,页岩气的赋存主要有3种形式：①作为吸附态吸附在有机质颗粒、无机矿物(如黏土矿物)颗粒以及孔隙表面之上；②作为游离态,大量存在于孔隙和裂隙(包括裂缝)中；③作为溶解态,少量溶解于干酪根、沥青质、残留水以及液态原油中^{[ 1, 2]}。此外,页岩气具有含气面积广泛、资源量大、生产寿命长、产量稳定等特点。自美国掀起页岩气革命以来,世界各地也逐渐掀起页岩气勘探与开发研究热。但是由于页岩气储层低孔低渗,因而,要实现大规模商业开采必须克服许多理论和技术上的难题。在北美成功实现页岩气产业化开发的同时,我国近些年来已经在页岩气资源前景及潜力^{[ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}、页岩气有利区预测^{[ 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]}以及勘探开发经验^{[ 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]}等方面取得了突破性进展。然而,我国早生代以来发育有含有机质的海相、海陆过渡相和陆相泥页岩层,且非均质性强,后期又分别经历了加里东、印支、燕山和喜山等不同期次、不同性质、不同规模的构造叠加改造,造成地质条件复杂,从不同空间尺度制约着页岩气的形成和富集,要成功开采页岩气谈何容易；可美国页岩气储层较稳定,在一期或二期挤压作用后,大都经历一次抬升,地质构造相对简单。因此,应该聚焦中国页岩气地质特性,不能完全照搬美国页岩气勘探开发技术,需要探索具有中国储层特点的非常规天然气开采道路。由于页岩气主要储集于页岩层纳米孔隙中,而其微裂隙不发育,由此页岩气井完井后需要经过储层改造才能获得理想的产量。随着能源与环境问题越来越严重,超临界CO₂开发、液态丙烷压裂法等逐渐步入储层改造的视野并有望取代水力压裂技术,我国应尽快采用这些新的开采技术。但是针对页岩气储层改造,必须慎重考虑储层的地质特点以及有利区块所处的地质环境和地理位置,在环境破坏和经济投资最小额度的基础上,做出适宜的储层改造方案和相应的开采方案。

本文在前期研究工作的基础上,拟从页岩空间分布、储层非均质性、岩石组成、地质环境、岩石物性特征等方面分析页岩气储层的主要地质特征及其制约因素,并进而探讨这些特征对储层改造的影响。由此,认识储层地质特征及其对后期改造的影响,不仅对丰富页岩气地质勘探理论具有重要的科学意义,而且对提高页岩气产能和开采效率也具有重要的应用价值。

2 页岩气储层的主要特征

页岩气源储一体,无明显圈闭界限,封闭层或盖层仍不少。页岩气储层致密,以纳米孔隙为主^{[ 40]},赋存于富有机质的细粒沉积岩中(通常指页岩),岩石中包含有机质、矿物质、流体(包括水和气体)等组成部分。储层有很多种岩石类型,不仅包括富有机质的高碳泥页岩还包括黑色页岩所夹的薄层泥质粉砂岩和各种砂岩^{[ 41]},如美国San Juan盆地Lewis页岩气储层组合,并非仅为页岩层,而更多为致密砂岩层。狭义上是指纯的含有机质页岩或泥岩,如美国Michigan盆地Antrim页岩^{[ 42]}。页岩分布和岩石组成表现为多样性和非均质性,这使得储层中孔隙结构以及渗流特征差异很大,在研究页岩气储层时必须区别对待。

2.1 页岩的空间分布及其非均质性

(1)页岩的空间分布特征

我国页岩分布从区域尺度上发育有海相、海陆过渡相及陆相页岩,其有机质含量、热成熟度都各有差别^{[ 43]},页岩气储层发育区初步分析有四大区域,即南方、中东部、西北及青藏等地区^{[ 44]}。含有机质页岩的分布与其所在的沉积环境以及构造背景等有很大关系。富有机质暗色泥页岩主要形成在相对海平面上升时期的海侵(湖侵)体系域。陆相盆地中的湖湾、半深湖与海相盆地中的半深海—深海盆地、盆地边缘深缓坡和半闭塞—闭塞的欠补偿海湾地区是富有机质暗色泥页岩发育的有利地区^{[ 45]}。含气页岩位于层序边界(SB：海平面下降过程中形成的层序边界)和海侵侵蚀面(TSE：早期海侵过程中形成的)上。最底下的海侵面上的海相页岩通常富含有机质,形成于相对高的伽马射线值的凝缩段(CS)内,位于层序边界之上。凝缩段的顶部是最大洪泛面(mfs),其上是进积的高水位期。有机质含量很少的高水位体系域/水退体积域(HST/RST)地层下超于其上^{[ 46]}。

富有机质页岩的分布还与构造背景密切相关。不同构造背景下的沉积盆地,对富有机质页岩的沉积、成岩以及有机质的保存产生不同影响,其中断陷盆地保存条件较佳。盆地中心沉积环境离物源较远,沉积水体深度相对较深,为弱碱性。对页岩沉积来说,不同水体深度具有不同的沉积特征：上部发育硅质或硅钙质浮游水生生物,下部或底部为强还原或富含H₂S环境,稳定且环境变化大(盐碱度等)并有页理发育,容易形成高有机碳含量、高硅质、钙质矿物不含或微含黏土的硅质页岩；海沼或三角洲以及陆相湖盆由于沉积水体相对较浅或相互分隔、近物源、沉积水体多为弱酸性,有利于高岭石及绿泥石等的形成,因而容易形成富有机质、高黏土含量而低硅质、钙质矿物的泥页岩^{[ 47]}。

(2)页岩气储层的非均质性

页岩组成和结构特性使得页岩气储层非均质性很强,并有纵向、横向非均质性之分。纵向非均质性是纵向上岩石组成、结构构造、孔隙特征、储气性能等的变化规律,横向非均质性是平面上的分布特征^{[ 48]}。页岩气储层的非均质性主要表征在有机质和组成矿物以及储层结构上。与其他储层相似,岩石的非均质性主要是原始沉积过程中形成的,也受沉积作用、成岩作用以及构造作用多因素的综合影响(图1)。沉积格局的多样性,成岩作用的复杂性,构造演化作用的多阶段性,使得页岩气储层具有空间上分布的非均质性,进而控制储层孔隙空间中流体的聚集和渗流。页岩气储层的非均质性不仅对天然气的成藏、聚集和运移有重要影响,而且对后期储层改造以及页岩气的勘探开发具有十分重要的应用价值。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 影响页岩气储层非均质性的主要因素^{[ 49]}Fig.1 the main factor of affecting the heterogeneity in oil and gas reservoir^{[ 49]}

2.2 岩石组成特征

页岩气储层岩石组成包含有机质、黏土矿物、石英等脆性矿物以及碳酸盐矿物。有机质是含气页岩必不可少的一部分,据勘探和开发经验,含气页岩中远景区平均有机碳含量不低于0.5%,有利区不低于1.5%,核心区不低于2.0%^{[ 50]}。有机质含量不仅与生烃有密切关系而且与气体吸附关系重大,高有机质含量意味着更高的生烃潜力及更好的吸附能力^{[ 51]}。此外,有机质含量多少在一定程度上也控制着页岩裂隙的发育程度^{[ 52, 53]}。随着有机质成熟度增高,页岩中有机质更多地转化为烃类,硅质矿物含量相对升高,页岩脆性也随之增强,更易形成裂隙^{[ 54]}。丁文龙等^{[ 55]}探讨了有机碳含量与裂隙发育程度之间的关系,并认为随着有机碳含量的增加,裂隙发育程度由差、中等、好到很好发展。

实际上,不同盆地不同区块页岩的岩石组成相差较大,如美国五大盆地页岩系统页岩有机质含量变化范围相对较小,而我国两大盆地变化相对较大(表1)。我国四川盆地龙马溪组页岩以及鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段页岩都是最具潜力的页岩气储层,从其岩石组成来看,有机碳含量变化范围存在较大差异。此外,不同沉积相页岩层在岩石组合、有机质与矿物组成上等表现不一样,如海相页岩多为厚层状,海陆过渡相页岩常与砂岩、煤层等互层,陆相泥页岩薄层但累计厚度大等^{[ 56]}；海相泥页岩总有机碳含量比较高,而对于非海相煤系地层泥页岩总有机碳含量相对偏低。与美国主要页岩相比,我国各沉积相页岩碳酸盐矿物含量较少,硅质矿物和粘土矿物含量相对较多；海相页岩中碳酸盐矿物和硅质矿物含量比海陆过渡相、陆湘地层泥页岩的高,黄铁矿主要出现在海相页岩中,含量高达25%以上(图2)。

表1 美中页岩主要组成参数对比 Table1 the parameters comparison of shales between American and China

Figure Option
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图2 各类沉积相相页岩矿物组成三元图
(a) 各沉积相页岩矿物组成; (b) 海相页岩矿物组成; (c) 海陆过渡相页岩矿物组成; (d)湖相页岩矿物组成^[58]Fig.2 The ternary diagrams for mineral composition of the marine and nonmarine shale
(a) all data together; (b) marine organic shale; (c) marine-continental transitional organic shale; (d) lacustrine organic shale^[58]

页岩中的有机质在储层中可呈分散型、顺层富集型和局部富集型镶嵌于各种无机矿物之间^{[ 59]},因而在一定程度上制约储层中无机矿物的组合及含量。页岩的矿物组合(包括黏土矿物和碎屑矿物等)和矿物相对含量对页岩气储层力学性质以及含气量具有重要的影响。页岩中的某些黏土矿物由于沉积、成岩作用会发生成分和结构上的改变(如伊利石化、绿泥石化等),从而使得页岩中产生微裂隙,如黏土矿物中蒙皂石向伊利石转化,蒙皂石单位构造高度减小引起蒙皂石构造塌陷导致泥页岩中微裂隙的产生^{[ 60]}。此外,黏土有着较高的微孔隙体积和较大的比表面积,具有较大的吸附势^{[ 61]},还能促进有机质向烃类地转化^{[ 62]}。除了页岩有机质含量以外,一定条件下黏土矿物含量越高页岩气的吸附气含量越大；硅质矿物、碳酸盐岩矿物含量多少,决定储层岩石不同的脆性程度,从而导致页岩气储层不同的改造模式和改造效果^{[ 39]}；硅质矿物含量高、储层的脆性特征强,压裂时易脆性断裂形成网状裂隙,更加容易实现体积改造^{[ 63]}。美国多年页岩气开发经验表明：对页岩气开发的有利储层,其岩石特征是有机质含量大于2%、有机质成熟度大于1.1%(可保证页岩中有足够含气量),脆性矿物含量大于40%、黏土矿物含量小于30%(可保证容易压裂形成裂隙系统)。通过详细的地质资料和地球物理资料分析,这些上限值或下限值可根据实际情况进行调整。

2.3 物性特征

已有大量资料表明,页岩气储层具有低孔、特低渗的物性特征。根据美国主要产气页岩岩心分析,其总孔隙度主要分布在2.0%~14.00%之间,平均为4.22%~6.51%；渗透率一般小于0.1mD,平均吼道半径不到0.005um^{[ 64]}。我国四川盆地南部总孔隙度和渗透率更低,威001-2井的测井解释结果显示,筇竹寺组2982.75 m以下页岩段的孔隙度在0. 69 %~3. 08 %之间,平均值为1. 64 %,渗透率在0. 001×10^-3~0. 11×10^-3μm²,平均值为0. 019×10^-3um^{2[ 41]}。尽管页岩气储层低孔、超低渗,但仍具备一定的页岩气储集条件。这是因为页岩气储层中天然存在的裂隙和微—纳米级孔隙,使得页岩气体不仅以游离态形式储存和富集于裂隙与大孔隙中,还以吸附态储存和富集于微孔隙表面上；而大孔隙有利于气体的渗流,微孔则有利于气体的聚集。实际上,页岩具有三重孔裂隙特征,即具有宏观裂隙、微裂隙以及气体吸附的有机质与矿物质孔隙系统。在这些介质中页岩气渗流从微观分子水平到宏观主要经历了以下4个过程：①气体从基质表面发生解吸的过程；②由于浓度差的作用解吸气体向基质微孔隙和微裂隙扩散；③气体在具有渗透性的微裂隙内发生渗流过程；④气体从宏观裂隙向井筒渗流^{[ 65, 66]}。

(1) 天然裂隙

裂隙是天然气渗流和储集空间,它是失去结合力的表面,页岩中裂隙分类有很多^{[ 67, 68]},主要存在5种裂隙,即构造裂隙(张裂隙和剪裂隙)、层间页理、层面滑移裂隙、成岩收缩微裂隙和有机质演化异常压力裂隙^{[ 69]}。其中构造成因裂隙和热生烃成因裂隙是影响页岩气富集及保存的重要裂隙之一。构造成因裂隙主要和构造应力场和储层岩石物理性质有关系^{[ 70]},而热成因裂隙生烃与有机质热解生烃有关。

通过岩石测试分析,页岩气储层中天然裂隙发育状况与矿物和有机质充填也有明显的关系。储层矿物和有机质充填在裂隙中也在一定程度上影响裂隙发育程度。天然裂隙(成岩裂隙和/或构造裂隙)的形成与静岩压力、构造应力、热应力和高流体压力有关,能以各种尺度出现,具有极强的非均质性^{[ 71]}。在构造应力作用下,如：①由于剪切破裂形成以高角度剪切和张剪性为主的构造裂隙；② 沿着页岩层剪切产生的低角度滑脱裂隙；③ 垂直荷载超出泥页岩抗压强度以及上覆地层不均匀载荷导致泥页岩破裂形成的垂向荷载裂隙^{[ 55]}。此外,还包括强大压力的岩浆侵入以及盐丘等所引起的拉张和挤压裂隙以及不规则流动现象^{[ 72, 73]}或水平挤压产生的压溶作用形成的构造压溶缝合线。

(2) 孔隙

孔隙是页岩气储层中最重要的有效储集空间^{[ 74]}。目前一般依据孔径大小、孔径连通性以及孔隙基质对页岩孔隙进行分类。比较简单和实用的方案是将页岩的孔隙分为有机质孔、粒间孔隙和粒内孔隙,因为这种分类考虑到了油气润湿性和油气流动差异^{[ 75]}。然而,不同类型孔隙的储气特征不同,聂海宽等^{[ 76]}将孔隙分为了有机质(沥青)孔、和或/干酪根网络、矿物质孔(矿物比表面积、晶内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和杂基孔隙等)以及有机质和各种矿物之间的孔隙。此外,对于不同的孔裂隙类型,其气体在孔裂隙中的流动类型、粒子运动和扩散运动亦有区别(表2)^{[ 77]}。

表2 页岩气储层不同孔裂隙类型的气体流动(据文献[77,82]修改) Table 2 Gas flow types in different pore-fracture within shale gas reservoir(modified from references[77,82])

与其他常规天然气储层不同,页岩气储层以纳米级孔隙为主,邹才能等^{[ 78]}在对中国非常规油气储层研究中,采用场发射扫锚电子显微镜与纳米CT重构技术研究了页岩气储层纳米级孔隙,并认为纳米级孔是致密储层连通性储集空间的主体。页岩气储层纳米级孔隙以有机质内孔、颗粒内孔及自生矿物晶间孔为主,孔隙直径范围5~300nm,主体为80~300nm。纳米级孔隙比表面积大,大量CH₄分子可以强有力地吸附于孔隙表面上。页岩气储层中三种不同种类的赋存气体,即吸附态、游离态和溶解态,在不同孔隙中相应的存储机制和运移过程表现不同^{[ 79]}。甲烷在页岩微孔(孔径小于2nm)中顺序填充,中孔(2～50nm)中多层吸附至毛细管凝聚,在大孔中(>50nm)中甲烷以压缩或溶解态赋存^{[ 57, 80]}。纳米级孔隙由于其流动空间直径很小,气体分子平均自由程与孔隙直径大小接近,气体分析与孔隙壁的碰撞概率大大增加,从而渗透率变差^{[ 81]}

2.4 地质环境

煤层气在不同的盆-山体制(伸展、过渡和挤压)和不同岩石圈结构背景下表现出不同的富集机制,探索盆-山演化过程及盆地演变的构造-热动力学作用是研究煤层气富集与分布的前提和关键之一^{[ 83]}。页岩气与煤层气在富集方面有着相似的特点,如原地聚集,短-无距离运移等^{[ 84]}。尽管煤层气和页岩气在气体的来源与赋存层位等方面有所不同,但是在富集特征、运移过程及开发技术方面具有一些共性^{[ 85]}。同样,盆-山演化过程及盆地演变的构造—热演化作用所导致的地质环境改变对于页岩气储层有重要的影响。地质环境的影响主要包括储层温度、压力(上覆岩层压力和构造应力)和流体(气体和水)。

首先,温度对页岩气储层的制约主要体现在热演化程度上。随着有机质热演化,页岩生烃,岩石表面次生孔隙形成、岩石中的某些矿物脱水或生成其他的新矿物。伴随着热成熟度增高,页岩有机质大分子结构与孔隙结构发生相应改变,在此过程中并有大量天然气生成,从而热成熟度高的页岩表现出更高的孔隙含量^{[ 86]}。其次,压力(上覆岩层压力和构造应力)对储层的影响主要是体现在天然裂隙的发育程度和延伸方向的控制上,这里起关键作用的是地应力。地应力是赋存于岩石中的自然应力,.主要由重力应力、构造应力、热应力和孔隙压力等多种力耦合构成,其大小与大陆板块边界受挤压、地幔热对流、地心引力、岩浆侵入、地温梯度、地表剥蚀等有关系。地应力作为油气运移的主要驱动力之一,地应力场的演化控制构造和沉积相的发育。构造应力场演化导致地壳产生不同类型的构造和差异升降特征, 形成隆坳相间的构造格局造成油源区和储集区的侧向配置^{[ 87]}。地应力的存在不仅控制页岩气的聚集和运移,同时在储层后期改造的过程中还会制约着网络裂隙的形成,制约储层改造效果。最后,当储层中裂隙发育并有流体(淡水)存在时,地层水盐度得到稀释,有利于甲烷菌对沉积有机质进行生物化学降解从而形成天然气^{[ 54]}。

3. 储层特征对储层改造的影响

页岩气储层改造,其实就是在原有天然裂隙的基础上通过压裂技术形成裂隙网络,从而实现体积改造,成功开采出天然气。水力压裂技术是常用的储层改造方法^{[ 88]}。由于页岩气储层所具有的非均质性特点,使得在对储层进行改造过程中很有必要对影响储层改造效果的因素进行探讨。影响改造效果的因素较多,其中页岩厚度对页岩气储层压裂就起着重要作用。如在页岩气远景区,至少有一个区块有较高的TOC含量,且至少有45.72 m的连续厚度,这是水力压裂垂直区域内的可行性目标^{[ 89]}。此外,储层的岩石组成、物性特征和地质环境(主要指地应力)的影响也是重要的因素。

3.1 岩石组成对储层改造的影响

岩石组成对储层改造的影响主要体现在2个方面上：其一,岩石力学性质对储层改造的影响；其二,岩石敏感性影响。

(1) 岩石力学性质

泊松比和杨氏模量是岩石力学性质主要参数指标。杨氏模量是指其所受应力与应变的比,它是描述岩石抵抗形变能力的物理量,即反映岩石的刚性大小^{[ 48]}。页岩具有高的杨氏模量意味着脆性大,钻井或压裂过程中越容易产生裂隙有利于页岩气开采。泊松比是横向正向应变与轴向正应变的绝对值的比值。泊松比越低,页岩脆性越大且容易压裂产生裂隙^{[ 90]}。天然裂隙发育程度与岩石力学性质相关。天然裂隙越发育,说明储层中脆性矿物的含量较多,即岩石脆性越强。李庆辉等^{[ 91]}通过文献调研和室内测试,总结脆性测试的20种基本方法,包括基于强度、硬度和坚固性的评价方法等。所谓脆性,其实可以用脆性指数来表征。泥页岩中的石英及钙质等脆性矿物的比例,称之为脆性指数。脆性指数越高,岩石可压性越好。页岩气储层脆性指数达40%以上,才有可能形成网络裂隙。脆性公式^{[ 52]}如下：

B= Q/( Q+ C+ CL) (1)

其中 B是脆性参数； Q是石英； C是碳酸盐岩： CL是黏土矿物。

Wang^{[ 92]}修正了该脆性公式,增加了成岩作用对脆性的影响,此时脆性主要影响参数是与构造、埋藏史、热成熟度相关的温度和流体组分的变化。他们认为镜质体反射率是反映热成熟度最稳定的参数,所以脆性公式为：

B= [1+a( R₀-b)] Q/( Q+ C+ CL) (2)

式中： R_o是镜质组反射率,a和b为确定的常数^{[ 93]}。

由公式(2)可知,碳酸盐矿物与页岩的脆性有关系,此外碳酸盐矿物含量还是判断裂隙是否发育的一项重要指标^{[ 94]}。其实,碳酸盐矿物多以充填的方式存在于裂隙中,碳酸盐矿物含量高,说明页岩气储层本身的天然裂隙比较发育,该类地层在压裂的时候沿着这些充填裂隙形成裂隙网络,从而实现体积改造。据北美页岩气储层的压裂实践经验,岩石脆性与裂隙形态和裂隙扩展具有一定的关系^{[ 95, 96]}(表3),压裂设计时根据岩石脆性特征优选液体体系和支撑剂^{[ 94]}。网络裂隙是页岩气井压裂设计的主要目标,其内在因素是通过压裂在单一裂隙脆弱面上产生诱导应力以改变最大与最小主应力的分布,使裂隙发生转向,与天然裂隙沟通形成网状裂隙结构^{[ 97]},从而实现体积改造。

表3 岩石力学脆性与裂隙形态的关系图^{[ 96]} Table 3 The relationship between rock mechanics and fracture morphology^{[ 96]}

(2) 岩石敏感性

页岩的敏感性是指岩石的孔隙度和渗透率等物理参数随环境条件(温度、压力)和流动条件(流速、酸、碱、盐和水等)改变而变化的性质。页岩中黏土矿物的存在、组合特征及含量是引起储层敏感性的主要因素,即微粒运移、黏土膨胀以及对酸、注入液矿化度的敏感性,即通常所称的“水敏”、“速敏”、“酸敏”及“盐敏”。速敏试验表明,速敏造成的微粒运移能使渗透率降低11.76%~17.94%；水敏试验表明,即使富含低膨胀或非膨胀性黏土矿物(如高岭石、伊利石)的地层,在水介质环境变化(降低矿化度)时,由于这类黏土矿物水化分解产生的微粒运移也会造成地层损害；酸化过程中由于溶蚀不完全或选择性溶蚀作用,形成了数量可观的活动性残屑和微粒,对地层的损害更为严重^{[ 98]}。因此,页岩对压裂液体敏感性会影响页岩气储层压裂改造效果^{[ 90]}。

储层的改造前期工作,必然要进行敏感性评价和储层损害评价的基础工作即岩心矿物组成和黏土矿物成分分析^{[ 96]}。黏土微粒储层改造施工作业中,由于受紊流、高剪切速率或压力波动的影响或者是由于注入淡水使黏土颗粒分散,黏土微粒从碎屑颗粒脱落,并随注入流体移动而堵塞孔隙喉道造成储层损害^{[ 99]}。黏土矿物含量一般小于30%才认为是有利于页岩气储层的改造^{[ 76]}；黏土矿物含量过高,不利于储层压裂改造。当页岩中含有较少的膨胀性黏土矿物,较多的硅质矿物时,不仅对地层伤害较小且岩石脆性更强,在人工压裂外力作用下越易形成网状结构缝,从而增加油气泄流面积,有利于页岩气开采^{[ 100]}。

3.2 地质环境对储层改造的影响

盆-山耦合作用制约不同沉积环境的物源供给,板块运动以及地壳的沉降、抬升、断裂和褶皱等又对沉积相产生了相应的影响,从而导致页岩气储层特征发生变化,由此进一步影响储层改造效果。因而,页岩气储层所处的地质环境对页岩气储层改造有着重要的影响。天然裂隙和地应力是最为重要的因素之一。

(1) 天然裂隙

要成功实现页岩气开采,分析页岩气储层中天然裂隙网格、水力压裂裂隙的作用以及两者之间的相互作用是极为重要的^{[ 101]},天然裂隙与岩石的组成、分布及层理的发育以及构造作用有密切关系^{[ 102]}。天然裂隙对压裂的影响主要体现在压裂过程中所形成的人工裂隙与天然裂隙之间的关系上。页岩气的有效产出, 很大程度上取决于压裂裂隙和压裂过程中诱导天然裂隙开启而形成的相互交错的网络裂隙面积大小,其与页岩气井生产指数具有一定的相关性。在施工过程中尽可能多的沟通天然裂隙,使得渗透率极低的基质在扩散作用下释放的气体通过裂隙提高流动能力。最终整个改造层位形成沟通页岩气藏和井底的大型复杂缝网系统,尽可能地增大页岩气储层改造体积^{[ 103]}。所以,页岩气储层压裂设计的根本出发点在于如何在目的层形成有效的裂隙网络(图3a)^{[ 96, 104]}:

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图3 不同裂隙及水平井诱导裂隙示意图^{[ 104, 105]}Fig. 3 Different crack formulations and induced hydraulic fractures^{[ 104, 105]}

实际上,裂隙网络形成是天然裂隙和压裂裂隙相遇后最终的表现形态,而页岩气水平井的完井设计过程中裂隙的宽度以及半长度是所需注意的几个重要几何裂隙参数(图3b)。在天然裂隙存在的情况下,其与人工裂隙的夹角、拟净压力系数( R _n)是影响网状裂隙形成的主要因素。水平井中人工裂隙和天然裂隙夹角越大,值越大则越容易形成网状裂隙；直井条件下不容易形成网状裂隙^{[ 106, 107]}。

(3)

式中 R_n为拟净压力系数, P_frac为净压力,Mpa； S_h,max为水平最大主应力,Mpa； S_h,min为水平最小主应力,Mpa。

当人工裂隙与天然裂隙连通后,人工裂隙再延伸形态及再起裂点可以通过最大拉应力理论及最大周向应力理论进行确定^{[ 108]}。天然裂隙张开的极限应力条件①和人工裂隙突破天然裂隙的阻滞,继续沿原方向的延伸的极限应力条件②。

①

P _Ⅱ ₌ σ _N- α p _p + S _t ②

式中： p _p, S _f和 S _t分别是指油层孔隙压力、裂隙面的抗张强度(未充填裂隙的抗张强度为0)和岩石本体抗张强度； σ _N为裂缝面上的正应力。当①>②的情况下,压裂施工过程中流体压力首先达到 P _Ⅱ,人工裂隙在岩石本体起裂,延伸方向不改变,总体形成十字型裂纹；当①<②的情况下,压裂施工过程中流体压力首先达到 P _Ⅰ,天然裂隙优先张开,裂隙发生转向,沿着天然裂隙继续延伸；延伸至天然裂隙的尖端部位,其再延伸方向应根据最大轴向应力理论进行重新定向^{[ 106]}。此外,压裂裂隙的方位和裂隙带宽度等空间分布规律还与储层中不同天然裂隙组合及其与最大主应力间的相对方位有关^{[ 109]}。

根据前人研究结果^{[ 110, 111]},天然裂隙对储层改造的影响主要表现在3个主要方面：其一,天然裂隙是破裂面,它能够控制压裂裂隙的传播；第二,由于压裂带来的高压会导致天然裂隙的滑移,所形成的裂隙可以沿着天然裂隙网络延伸,这样能增加裂隙的导流能力,并有利于天然裂隙网络和井筒之间的连通性。第三,天然裂隙居于改造前的导流能力可能会影响井泄油体积的形状和程度。

(2) 地应力

地下任一岩石单元体均可看成受到3个方向上相互垂直的应力,即2个水平轴向应力( σ _x, σ _y,假设 σ _x> σ _y)和1个垂向应力( σ _z)。我国地质构造复杂多样,各板块之间以及板内各块段之间构造应力分布状态差异显著。在构造挤压区、逆冲推覆作用强烈地区、不同走向的断裂结合部位是构造应力集中的地区,而构造应力松驰、转折端挠褶带、与断层有关的次生裂隙、破碎断层面等部位是低应力分布地区^{[ 112]}。这些应力场不仅控制含油气盆地的建造与改造、影响油气的运移和聚集、控制裂隙分布规律等还能够影响钻采工艺(压裂、注水、提高采收率、水平井设计、套管设计、井壁稳定性等方面)。

页岩气储层中大量存在的天然裂隙和水平应力间的较小差异是形成复杂裂隙网络的重要地质条件^{[ 113]}。页岩储层通过水力压裂,当不断产生各种形式的裂隙形成裂隙网络时,气井才能有效地获得较高产气量。而裂隙网络形成的内在因素是页岩储层中岩石脆性,地应力分布则是极为必要的条件^{[ 97]}。人工裂隙总是沿阻力最小的路径发展,即沿着垂直于最小主应力的平面上产生和延伸。当出现以下几种应力状态时,③ ,④ ,⑤ ,⑥ ,压裂所产生的裂隙会分别有不同的效果,①②形成垂直裂隙；③形成水平裂隙；④压裂有可能形成水平裂隙或垂直裂隙(图4)^{[ 114]}:

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图4 裂隙与应力关系图^{[ 114]}Fig.4 The relationship between Cracks and stress^{[ 114]}

页岩气储层中不同天然裂隙组合及其与最大主应力间的相对方位, 决定了压裂裂隙的方位和裂隙宽度等空间分布规律。在压裂过程中,天然裂隙活动与否取决于地应力差、岩石组成和产生天然裂隙的抗张强度以及裂隙与最大主应力方向间的夹角等因素。陈勉^{[ 115]}等采用大尺寸真三轴实验系统证实了裂隙网络扩展模式与水平主应力差有关,在高水平主应力下将形成以主裂隙为主的多分支裂隙扩展模式；而在低水平主应力差下将形成径向网状裂隙扩展模式。可见,较低的水平应力差储层更易实施裂隙网络压裂。

4 储层改造对页岩气开发的关键作用

页岩气的商业化开采,关键在于有多少经济和技术可采的地质储量。为了获取高产量和高效益,利用钻井、完井工程设计技术和油气井增产工艺,通过优选目的层段、加快钻井速度、提高单井产能、延长开采期限,达到成本控制的目的,是页岩气开采过程中的重要环节。但是页岩气储层的改造是实现这一些重要环节的关键。目前,水力压裂技术是非常规储层中主要的储层改造方法,并以此提高页岩气的可采性。储层数值模拟是优化裂隙网络和多阶段压裂技术的重要工具^{[ 105]}。页岩气储层改造始终不能脱离地质条件的束缚,要针对具体页岩气储层优选压裂层位和施工工艺,才能取得比较好的开发效果和经济效益。例如,对于埋藏较浅、地层压力较低的储层通常采用N₂泡沫压裂,清水压裂的压裂液中一般已加入适量抑制剂,但仍要求储集层中膨胀性黏土矿物含量不能很高,原因是其水敏性强,遇水易膨胀、分散和运移,导致岩石渗透率下降^{[ 34]}。页岩的岩石组成、天然裂隙和地应力作用是影响储层改造的重要因素。显然,储层改造研究对页岩气开发取着关键作用。水力压裂技术并不只是唯一的储层改造方法,结合我国页岩气储层非均质性强以及构造变形复杂等特征,应尽快采用这些新的开采技术,包括超临界CO₂开发、液态丙烷压裂法等,这些方法的实质是使页岩气储层一定的纳米孔隙而不发育的裂隙经过储层改造产生更多的孔裂隙系统而让含气的纳米孔隙导通,产生较好的渗流条件,而达到增产和提高开采率的效果。此外,有资料称中澳已经开展二氧化碳封存项目合作研究,旨在在鄂尔多斯盆地运用二氧化碳驱页岩气的可能性与潜力。二氧化碳地质封存技术是目前极为重要的全球气候变化的新举措^{[ 116]}。

5 结论

本文在前期研究的基础上,从页岩空间分布、储层非均质性、岩石组成、地质环境、岩石物性特征等方面分析和总结了页岩气储层的主要地质特征,并探讨了这些特征对储层后期改造的影响。

(1) 页岩气储层低孔超低渗,非均质性很强,并有纵向、横向非均质性之分。主要体现在页岩气储层的结构和构造之上,岩石的非均质性又进而控制着储层孔隙空间中流体的分布和流动。不同的沉积环境和构造背景影响页岩的分布和组成,富有机质暗色泥页岩主要形成在相对海平面上升时期的海侵(湖侵)体系域；不同构造背景下的沉积盆地,对富有机质页岩的沉积、成岩以及有机质的保存产生不同影响,其中断陷盆地保存条件较佳。

(2) 页岩气储层的岩石组成中,有机质、黏土矿物、脆性矿物和碳酸盐矿物的多少决定着岩石力学性质,对储层改造的影响主要体现在两个方面：第一,岩石力学性质对储层改造的影响；第二,岩石敏感性影响。页岩气储层由于所含的硅质矿物、碳酸盐矿物、黏土矿物不同,导致储层岩石的脆性程度不同,从而引起页岩气储层的改造模式和改造效果不同,关于岩石的脆性可以用脆性指数表征。页岩气储层脆性指数达40%以上,才有可能形成网络裂隙。

(3) 温度、压力和流体是影响页岩气储层特征的三个主要因素。温度对页岩气储层的制约主要体现在热演化程度上。温度升高,热演化程度增加,页岩有机质大分子结构与孔隙结构发生相应改变,在此过程中并有大量天然气生成。压力对储层的影响主要体现在地应力上,地应力的存在不仅控制页岩气的聚集和运移,同时在储层后期改造的过程中还会影响着网络裂隙的形成,从而制约着储层改造效果。在天然裂隙发育的储层中流体(淡水)存在,使得地层水盐度得到稀释有利于甲烷菌对沉积有机质进行生物化学降解从而形成天然气。

(4) 天然裂隙和地应力是影响储层改造效果最重要的因素。水力压裂技术并不只是唯一的储层改造方法,结合我国页岩气储层非均质性强以及构造变形复杂等特征,应尽快采用这些新的开采技术,包括超临界CO₂开发、液态丙烷压裂法等,这些方法的实质是使页岩气储层一定的纳米孔隙而不发育的裂隙经过储层改造产生更多的孔裂隙系统而让含气的纳米孔隙导通,产生较好的渗流条件,而达到增产和提高开采率的效果,以成功实现页岩气产业化开发。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[103]	Zhao Jinzhou, Ren Lan, Hu Yongquan. Controlling factors of hydraulic fractures extending into network in shale formations[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2013, 35(1): 1-9. [赵金洲, 任岚, 胡永全. 页岩储层压裂隙成网延伸的受控因素分析[J]. 西南石油大学学报: 自然科学版, 2013, 35(1): 1-9. ] [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.2355]
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2002

1.768

0.0

... ③作为溶解态,少量溶解于干酪根、沥青质、残留水以及液态原油中^[1,2] ...

2012

2.518

0.0

. 2012, 47:120-131

Effect of organic-matter type and thermal maturity on methane adsorption in shale-gas systems

... ③作为溶解态,少量溶解于干酪根、沥青质、残留水以及液态原油中^[1,2] ...

2005

0.0

... 在北美成功实现页岩气产业化开发的同时,我国近些年来已经在页岩气资源前景及潜力^{[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]}、页岩气有利区预测^{[20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]}以及勘探开发经验^{[33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]}等方面取得了突破性进展 ...

2009

0.0

0.833

2009

0.0

0.833

. 2009, 29(12):115-118 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2009.12.034

Development characteristics of organic-rich shale and strategic selection of shale gas exploration area in China

1.Oil & Gas Strategy Research Center, Ministry of Land and Resource, Beijing 100034, China;
2.China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

Shale gas, as a new type of unconventional natural gas resources, its exploration and development have got great success in the U.S.A., and fast progress in Canada, Australia and other countries. Shale gas exploration in China has just started and its study is still focused on shale gas reservoir conditions and favorable area evaluation. China's preferred shale gas favorable area is mainly related with organicrich clay and shale, and the major optimization is a prospective area for shale gas. Complicated geological background and multistage evolution lead to many types of China's petroleum basins whose structures are complex. Different evolution history of each basin directly controls the development and distribution of organicrich shale. By the different formation environment, organicrich shale can be divided into marine thick layer organicrich shale, continentsea intercrossing organicrich shale, coalbearing strata organicrich shale, and lacustrine organicrich shale. Among them, the thick layer marine organicrich shale is of first priority in China's near future shale gas exploration; continentsea intercrossing organicrich shale and coalbearing strata organicrich shale are thin in singlelayer, but they have symbiotic conditions with tight sandstone gas and coalbed gas, so the multilayer comining technology of shale gas, tight sandstone gas and many other types of natural gas resources has great practical significance; the lacustrine organicrich shale's diagenesis degree is generally low, and needs further optimization of a horizon with highstrength rock and the conditions of open hole completion for exploration and development.

我国页岩气勘探才刚刚起步，目前研究主要集中在页岩气成藏条件和有利区评价方面。页岩气有利区优选还处于富含有机质泥页岩优选阶段，优选出的主要是页岩气发育远景区。受复杂地质背景和多阶段演化过程的影响，我国含油气盆地类型多、盆地结构复杂，盆地的不同演化规律直接控制着富含有机质泥页岩的发育与分布。为此，依据形成环境将富含有机质泥页岩划分为海相厚层富含有机质泥页岩、海陆交互相及陆相煤系地层富含有机质泥页岩、湖相富含有机质泥页岩这3种类型，并分别探讨了其页岩气勘探开发前景。结论认为：①海相厚层富含有机质页岩是我国近期页岩气勘探的首选；②海陆交互相及陆相煤系地层富含有机质泥页岩单层厚度较薄，但与致密砂岩气和煤层气有共生条件，发展页岩气与致密砂岩气等多类型天然气资源多层合采技术具有十分现实的意义；③湖相富含有机质泥页岩成岩程度普遍不高，需要进一步优选岩石强度较大、具备裸眼完井条件的层位进行勘探开发。

2009

0.0

0.833

. 2009, 29(5):11-16 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2009.05.003

Prospects and strategic position of shale gas resources in China

1.PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051,China;
2.PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development，Beijing 100083，China;
3.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development，PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051,China

The organicrich shale formations are abundant in China, thus the prospects of shale gas exploration and production are bright. Analyses of the features of gas shale reservoirs and study on the accumulation mechanism and enrichment patterns of shale gas can provide a theoretical basis for assessment and recovery of shale gas resources in China. Gas shale reservoirs are regional continuous unconventional gas accumulations. The major conditions for the formation of gas shale reservoirs include relatively thick shale layers, high organic content, evolutionary stage over gas window, welldeveloped natural fractures, and occurring at the structural low or center of the basin. The main characteristics of shale gas pooling are indigenous generation and accumulation, continuous charging and accumulation, without migration or very short migration. Net thickness, organic content, matrix porosity and natural fractures are the key factors for shale gas enrichment.

随着页岩气开采技术进步和勘探投入条件的改善，页岩气的开采活动将进一步繁荣和快速扩展。在介绍国内外页岩气资源量的基础上，分析了中国页岩气资源勘探开发前景以及页岩气资源的战略地位。研究表明：从我国油气总体发展的战略角度，积极寻找天然气后备资源已是当务之急；我国地质历史时期广泛发育的富含有机质的页岩地层具有优越的页岩气形成与富集条件，资源潜力巨大，勘探开发前景广阔，必将成为新的天然气勘探开发重要领域。建议加大页岩气资源的研究力度和勘探投入，形成我国的页岩气资源储备和勘探开发特色技术；我国南方的古生界下组合泥页岩、北方中生界泥页岩等层系具有较好的页岩气勘探前景，建议通过老井复查优选有利井段进行试气和试采，以点带面，开创页岩气勘探开发新局面

2011

0.0

0.833

. 2011, 31(5):1-5 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2011.05.001

Main solution ways to speed up shale gas exploration and development in China

Oil and Gas Resource Strategy Research Centre, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100034, China

At present, shale gas recovery and utilization has become the focus in the global hydrocarbon exploration and development. To accelerate the process of shale gas exploration, development and utilization will help China to change its hydrocarbon resource pattern, even its whole energy structure, to mitigate the shortage of oil and gas resources, to ensure national energy security, and to promote the economic development. In view of this, this paper analyzes the shale gas resource potential and exploration status in China. Then, through a comparison with the successful experiences from American shale gas exploration and development, the following problems in this case in China are pointed out: the shale gas resources have not yet been proven; the related policies and key technologies are in urgent need; the investors are extremely restricted by an inflexible investment system; and the pipeline infrastructure has not been completed. In the end of this paper, the main resolution ways to accelerate the process of shale gas recovery, exploitation, and utilization are presented: shale gas resources investigation should go first with the purpose of good planning and reasonable regulation; invite public bidding, multiple investment channels, and foreign cooperation should be encouraged; technical difficulties should be tackled; pipe networks should be completed; and environmental protection should be highly attended to.

目前，页岩气的开发利用已成为全球油气勘探开发的新亮点。加快页岩气资源勘探开发和利用，对于改变中国油气资源格局，甚至改变整个能源结构，缓解中国油气资源短缺，保障国家能源安全，促进经济社会发展都具有十分重要的意义。为此，分析了中国页岩气的资源潜力与勘探开发状况，对比美国页岩气勘探开发取得的成功经验，指出了目前中国页岩气勘探开发面临的几个问题，即：资源家底不清，缺乏政策支持，缺乏核心技术，投资主体单一，管网设施不足。最后，提出了加快中国页岩气勘探开发和利用的主要路径，即：调查先行、规划调控、招标出让、多元投入、技术攻关、对外合作、建设管网、注重环保。

2013

0.0

0.2302

2009

0.0

0.833

. 2009, 29(5):33-39 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2009.05.007

An evaluation methods of shale gas resource and its application in the Sichuan Basin

1.PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development，Beijing 100083，China;
2.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051,China;
3.South Sichuan Gas Field, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Luzhou 646000,China

In recent 10 years, with the promotion of high natural gas price and advancement of horizontal well and fracturing techniques, shale gas resource has become the most important development object in the United States, thus forming an evaluation method on shale gas resource potential suitable for varied exploration and development stages, which made it increasingly improved to acknowledge shale gas resource. Based on researching into the American shale gas resource evaluation method, we probed into the evaluation method nowadays in China and have done the primary prediction on shale gas resource in southwest Sichuan basin and Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi formation of the Lower Paleozoic in Weiyuan gas field. It is believed that the Sichuan basin is an important new region worthwhile to be paid more attention in the field of natural gas exploration and development in future since it is rich in shale gas resource, the reserves of which is no less than that of conventional natural gas resource.

近10年来，在高天然气价格、水平井钻井技术和压裂技术进步的推动下，页岩气成为美国最重要的天然气开发目标，形成了适合于不同勘探开发阶段的页岩气资源潜力评价方法，对页岩气资源的认识不断得到深化。在详细研究美国页岩气资源评价方法基础上，探索了我国现阶段页岩气资源评价方法，并针对四川盆地西南部地区及威远气田区下古生界下寒武统筇竹寺组的页岩气资源做了初步预测。结果认为四川盆地页岩气资源丰富，不少于盆地常规天然气资源量，是未来值得重视的重要天然气勘探开发新领域。

2011

0.0

1.445

. 2011, 30(2/3):324-336

Resource potential, exploration and development prospect of shale gas in the whole world

页岩气为近年来在北美地区广泛勘探开发的天然气新目标,在全球非常规油气勘探开发中异军突起,成为突破最晚、近期发展最快的非常规天然气资源.依据北美地区页岩气勘探开发的历程和全球页岩气勘探开发的进展,阐述了全球页岩气勘探开发的基本态势和页岩气5个方面的典型特征,分析了全球页岩气的资源潜力与分布特征,预测中国页岩气资源潜力约100×1012m3,指出页岩气的成功勘探开发是近10年来油气地质理论与工程技术取得的最激动人心的重大成就,页岩气资源潜力丰富,实现全面开发将带来一场全球的能源革命.最后,提出了4点加快中国页岩气发展的建议.

2009

0.0

0.833

. 2009, 29(12):130-134 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2009.12.037

Shale gas assessment, methodology and its application: A case study of the western Sichuan depression

1.Key Laboratory of Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
2.Oil & Gas Strategy Research Center, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100034, China

According to shale gas development conditions and its accumulating mechanism, with the guide of basic principles for hydrocarbon resources assessment, the system of shale gas resources assessment method for different geological and data conditions has been systematically established as follows: analogy method, genetic method, statistical method, comprehensive analytical method, and so on. Based on the analysis of the shale conditions and accumulating profitability in the western Sichuan Depression, the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation has been optimized as the favorable one for shale gas development and its economic recoverable reserves. Considering the specific conditions of the study area, the geological analogy method, genetic analysis method and volume method are adopted to calculate the resources amount of shale gas in the western Sichuan Depression. Through the weighted average of Delphi, the shale gas resources amount in the western Sichuan Depression is estimated as 1.47  1.68 tcm, with the average value of 1.58 tcm. The favorable areas for shale gas exploration mainly are distributed along the line of Xinchang  Deyang  Guanghan  Xindu  Wenjiang  Dayi in the Chengdu sag.

根据页岩气发育条件及富集机理，结合油气资源评价方法的基本原则，系统归纳并建立了适合于不同地质及资料条件下的页岩气资源量与储量评价方法体系，包括：类比法(规模类比法、聚集条件类比法、综合类比法等)、成因法(产气历史分析法、剩余资源分析法、成因分析法等)、统计法(体积统计法、吸附要素分析法、地质要素分布概率风险分析法、产量分割法等)和综合分析法(蒙特卡洛法、打分法、盆地模拟法、专家赋值法、特尔菲综合法等)。通过对四川盆地川西坳陷页岩气地质条件和富集有利性的分析，优选上三叠统须家河组须五段为该地区页岩气发育且具有经济可采意义的有利层段。结合该地区实际地质条件，分别采用地质类比法、成因分析法和体积法对川西坳陷页岩气资源量进行了计算，运用特尔菲法加权得到该地区页岩气资源总量为1.47×10₁₂～1.68×10₁₂ m₃，均值为1.58×1010₁₂ m₃。平面上，页岩气勘探研究有利区主要分布于新场—德阳—广汉—新都—温江—大邑一线的成都凹陷。

2013

0.0

2010

4.087

0.0

2013

0.0

0.787

. 2013, 38(Suppl. 1):168-173

Shale gas accumulation conditions and resource potential of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in southeast Chongqing

Through the outcrop observation, shale core sampling and experimental testing of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale in Southeast Chongqing, we studied the shale distribution, organic type and content, maturity, porosity and gas capacity to reveal the shale gas accumulation conditions and resource potential. The research results show that, the Longmaxi shale in Southeast Chongqing is characterized by great thickness, high organic carbon content, high maturity and high gas capacity. And the Lower Longmaxi shale Formation with rich organic matter is in favor of the shale gas generation and accumulation, which is the shale gas exploration target. Based on a superimposition method of integrated information, the favorable areas for shale gas exploration and development are Pengshui-Lianhu-Qianjiang, Huayuan-eastern Longshan and western Youyang. With the probability volume method shale gas resource potential of the Lower Silurian Formation in Southeast Chongqing is calculated to be 0.27×1012m3-2.03×1012m3, expected value of 0.93×1012m3.

在渝东南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩露头观察、岩芯取样及实验测试的基础上，从富有机质页岩分布、有机质类型及含量、成熟度、孔渗性及含气量等方面研究了页岩气聚集条件与资源潜力。结果表明，研究区下志留统龙马溪组页岩厚度大、有机碳含量高、成熟度高、含气量高，其中龙马溪组下部富有机质页岩有利于页岩气的形成与富集，是页岩气勘探开发的有利层段。通过综合信息叠合研究认为，彭水-连湖-黔江、花垣-龙山东和酉阳西地区是页岩气勘探开发的有利区域。利用概率体积法计算的页岩气资源量为0.27×1012m3-2.03×1012m3，期望值为0.93×1012m3。

2013

0.0

1.224

2013

0.0

0.787

2013

0.0

2013

0.0

0.55

2013

0.0

2008

0.0

0.833

. 2008, 28(2):151-156

The Sichuan Basin shale gas accumulation and geological conditions

China University of Geosciences·Beijing

Distinguished by what from traditional conception of fissured shale gas, shale gas is concerned to the gas accumulated within the shales and/or mudstones by free and adsorbed gas. The Sichuan Basin experienced complex tectonic movements in process of the evolution from Craton basin to foreland basin. As a result, The Sichuan Basin is of the similar tectonic characteristics and geological conditions for shale gas with the typical shale gas basins in America, where the Paleozoic shale is not only the source rocks for conventional gas reservoirs but also the main objects for shale gas accumulation and exploration. At present, a large number of evidences of shale gas have been found in the Sichuan Basin. According to the structural and evolutional characteristics of the Sichuan Basin, the unconventional gas is distributed by two distinguished patterns: in place, shale gas is mainly in the southeastern basin while the sourcecontacting gas in the northwestern basin; in time, shale gas accumulated in the Paleozoic Erathem while sourcecontacting gas in the Mesozoic Erathem. In North and South Sichuan Basin, including Southwestern Sichuan Basin, there developed Paleozoic Erathem gas bearing shales with huge thickness, high contents of organic matters and shallow buried depths. Lower Cambrian and Lower Silurian Series are of good geological conditions for shale gas accumulation and exploration. In Central Sichuan Basin there developed both Mesozoic and Paleozoic Erathems of source rocks, in which Upper Triassic Series is the favorable horizon for shale gas exploration. In West Sichuan Basin the gas bearing shales is mainly Mesozoic Erathem, in which shales and tight sands interbed frequently to form the sourcecontacting gas with the characteristics of gas accumulated on the bottom of tight sands. There exist perspective conditions for exploration and exploitation of shale gas in West Sichuan Basin, especially the high carbon shales and/or mudstones with relatively shallower depths.

与传统上的“泥页岩裂缝气”并不完全相同，页岩气是主体上以吸附相和游离相同时赋存于泥岩及页岩地层中的天然气。四川盆地经历了克拉通和前陆盆地演化过程中复杂的构造变动，形成了与美国典型页岩气盆地相似的构造演化特点和地质条件，其中的古生界页岩不仅是盆地内常规气藏的烃源岩，而且还是页岩气成藏及勘探的主要对象，目前已发现了页岩气存在的大量证据。根据演化及勘探地质特点，四川盆地非常规天然气具有两分格局，东南部以页岩气为主而西北部以根缘气为主，古生界主体发育页岩气而中生界主体发育根缘气。川东和川南地区(包括川西南)古生界生气页岩发育厚度大、有机质含量高、埋藏深度小，下寒武统和下志留统具有良好的页岩气成藏及勘探地质条件；川中地区同时发育中、古生界烃源岩，上三叠统、下志留统和下寒武统可作为页岩气勘探的有利层位；川西中生界泥/页岩常与致密砂岩形成频繁互层并产生具有砂岩底部含气特点的根缘气，整体上存在着页岩气发育和勘探的远景条件，局部埋藏相对较浅的高碳泥/页岩是页岩气勘探的基本对象。

2008

0.0

1.443

. 2008, 22(4):640-646

Shale gas and its significance for exploration

与传统意义上的泥页岩裂缝气并不完全相同,现代概念的页岩气是主体上以吸附和游离状态同时赋存于具有生烃能力泥岩及页岩等地层中的天然气聚集,具有自生自储、吸附成藏、隐蔽聚集等地质特点.美国的页岩气勘探取得巨大成功,是投入工业性勘探开发的三大非常规天然气类型之一,目前已形成了区域性页岩气勘探开发局面.中国的页岩气研究正在起步,许多盆地及研究区具有页岩气成藏的地质条件.与美国东部地区页岩气成藏地质条件进行初步对比,中国南方具有有利的页岩气发育条件,开展页岩气研究具有重要意义.

2012

0.0

0.833

. 2012, 6:1-8 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2012.06.001

Shale gas favorable blocks delineation and quantitative evaluation based on the geological anomaly theory: A case study of the lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation,the southeastern area of Chongqing

1.School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;
2.School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

The present studies associated with shale gas mainly focus on the shale gas pooling mechanism, the geological conditions for shale gas reservoirs, and prospect area forecast, but the studies of shale gas exploration theories and methods are relatively weak, which restricts to some degree the progress of shale gas industrialization in China. In view of this, based on the abnormal geological prospecting theory and the geological characteristics of shale gas, the favorable blocks delineation and quantitative evaluation are put forward. First, 71 outcrop sections and data of Yuye1 well were collected in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, southeastern area of Chongqing. Then, according to 5 key indicators (buried depth, thickness, organic matter content, content of clay minerals and quartz) and their value ranges, 7 favorable sections in this study area are predicted as follows: Dayou, Wulong, Pengshui, Lianhu, Qianjiang, Taiji, and Youyang. Furthermore, through a quantitative evaluation on the beneficial degree of the above 7 favorable sections, 14 favorable shale gas blocks are delineated as Wulong, West Qianjiang, East Qianjiang, West Taiji, East Lianhu, West Lianhu, Middle Lianhu, West Lujiao (Pengshui), Changtan (Pengshui), Gaogu (Pengshui), East Lujiao (Pengshui), West Youyang, East Youyang, and Dayou. Finally, through a quantitative evaluation on the absolute advantage and relative advantage of the 14 favorable blocks, 6 prior targets in this study area are pointed out: West Qianjiang, Wulong, West Taiji, East Lianhu, West Lianhu, and Middle Lianhu.

目前国内有关页岩气的研究主要集中在页岩气的成藏机理、页岩气成藏的地质条件和远景区预测，而对页岩气勘探理论和方法的研究则相对比较薄弱，这在一定程度上制约了我国页岩气工业化进程。为此，以地质异常找矿理论为指导，结合页岩气的地质特征，提出了页岩气有利区块圈定与定量评价方法。利用渝东南地区下志留统龙马溪组71个露头剖面和渝页1井的数据，根据页岩埋深、厚度、有机质含量、黏土矿物含量、石英含量等5个页岩气有利区地质异常关键指标及其阈值，预测了渝东南地区大有、武隆、彭水、连湖、黔江、太极和酉阳7个龙马溪组页岩气有利区段。通过对有利区段进行有利度定量评价，圈定出渝东南地区武隆、黔江西、黔江东、太极西、连湖东、连湖西、连湖中、彭水鹿角西、彭水长滩、彭水高谷、彭水鹿角东、酉阳西、酉阳东、大有等14个区块为页岩气有利区块。进而在对上述有利区块进行找气绝对优度和相对优度定量评价的基础上，指出黔江西、武隆、太极西、连湖东、连湖西、连湖中等6个有利区块是渝东南地区页岩气勘探开发的优先靶区。

2009

0.0

1.437

. 2009, 30(4):484-491

Controlling factors for shale gas accumulation and prediction of potential development area in shale gas reservoir of south China

在系统研究美国页岩气成藏理论和成藏条件的基础上,分析了页岩气成藏的主要控制因素,分为内部因素和外部因素:前者指页岩本身的因素,包括有机质类型和含量、成熟度、裂缝、孔隙度和渗透率、矿物组成、厚度、湿度等;后者主要包括深度、温度和压力等.其中,有机质类型和含量、成熟度、裂缝及孔隙度和渗透率是控制页岩气成藏的主要因素.结合主要影响参数,建立了预测页岩含气的种类、比例和页岩气藏发育有利区的参数模型.运用此模型类比研究发现,中国南方古生界海相页岩层中,寒武系和志留系是页岩气发育的最有利层系.寒武系页岩气藏发育最有利区位于四川盆地和米仓山-大巴山前陆以及渝东、黔北、湘西-江南隆起北缘一线;志留系页岩气藏发育最有利区位于上扬子的四川盆地和米仓山-大巴山前陆和渝东-鄂西一带、中扬子鄂北以及下扬子苏南等地.并对各有利区的泥页岩指标进行分析,以期为中国页岩气早期评价提供参考.

2010

0.0

0.789

. 2010, 41(2):700-708

Shale gas reservoir distribution geological law, characteristics and suggestions

对不同类型盆地内页岩气藏的页岩特征、深度、压力、天然气成因、裂缝、含气饱和度及气藏模式等气藏特征进行分析,对我国相似构造演化、相似类型盆地页岩气成藏条件进行类比研究.研究结果表明:江南-雪峰隆起北缘、鄂西及塔里木南缘等早古生代前陆盆地,准噶尔盆地周缘、"钦防海槽"和"十万大山"等晚古生代前陆盆地,扬子板块南北两条前陆盆地带等中生代前陆盆地以及塔里木、四川和鄂尔多斯等克拉通盆地都具备页岩气藏发育的地质条件.

2011

0.0

1.437

2008

0.0

0.833

. 2008, 28(12):26-29

Possibility of shale gas resources in the Paleocene in Jiyang Depression

Research Institute of Geosciences, SINOPEC Shengli Oil Field Company

The history of shale gas exploration and production in North America shows that shale gas, as one of unconventional natural gas resources, is a kind of realistic alternative energy resource. Based on analyses of numerous seismic, drilling, mineral and geochemical data, it is believed that shale is extensively developed in the Palaeogene Shahejie formation in Jiyang depression, the Baohai Bay basin. The shale in this area is characterized by high abundance of organic matter with main type Ⅰ-Ⅱ1, and wide range of maturity of organic matter, thus has already possessed good conditions for the generation of large amount of shale gas. The geological conditions in this area are comparable to that of North America. In addition, many low angle and high angle fractures are well developed in the shale. Abnormalities are commonly appeared on gas logs in the shale intervals, indicating the possibility of existence of large shale gas volume, thus shale gas will be a new frontier of gas exploration.

北美的勘探实践证实，页岩气作为非常规天然气资源，是现实的接替能源。通过对大量地震、钻井、矿物、地球化学资料的分析，认为渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组普遍发育泥页岩，有机质丰度高，有机质类型以腐泥型—混合型为主，有机质成熟度分布范围宽，具备大量形成页岩气的物质基础；其具体地质条件与北美具有可比性，且各凹陷泥页岩发育大量的顺层、低角度和垂向、高角度裂缝，页岩层段普遍出现气测异常，可能存在着巨大的页岩气资源量，是值得关注的天然气勘探新领域。

2009

0.0

2.2884

. 2009, 21(2):116-120

Exploration prospect of shale gas and coal-bed methane in Sichuan Basin

页岩气与煤层气是非常规气勘探的重要领域,国外早已进入实质性商业勘探开发.我国从本世纪初对页岩气关注渐增.页岩气以吸附、溶解、游离状态存在,形成于暗色高炭泥质烃源岩中.该文根据四川盆地烃源岩研究成果.论证了上二叠统龙潭组煤系利于煤层气成藏,有利区块位于华蓥山及其东南侧与南端地带.该地带以烟煤为主,瓦斯含量高、埋藏浅.上三叠统须家河组煤系,煤岩瓦斯含量低,有利页岩气成藏.有利区块有二:一是川西南威远背斜周缘及川南之北段区块;二是米仓山前缘,目的层埋藏较浅.油系泥质烃源岩有利页岩气成藏的层系是下侏罗统,有利区块位于川东北、川北有机质成熟度高的高陡构造翼部及盆地边缘浅埋带.下志留统龙马溪组、下寒武统筇竹寺组暗色泥质烃源岩,在盆地内早期有利页岩气成藏.现今因成熟度剧增,不利页岩气保存,而且目的层埋深大,可在老气田"立体勘探"时关注.但在大巴山靠盆地一侧,江南古陆西北缘,其有机质成熟度有降低的趋势,不失为页岩气成藏的有利地带.

2011

0.0

0.833

. 2011, 31(2):40-46 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2011.12.006

Exploration potential shale gas in the Ordos Basin

1.Petroleum Exploration & Development Research Institute, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
2.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China

The Ordos Basin is a large superimposed basin with abundant oil and gas, where multiple sets of shale sequences are well developed including the Ordovician marine facies, Carboniferous  Permian transition facies, and Triassic lacustrine facies, which provides basic geological conditions for shale gas formation. In order to make clear the exploration potential of shale gas in this basin, a preliminary evaluation is conducted through field geological surveying, core observation, and oldwell data reexamination, in combination with organic geochemistry and rock analysis, gas content measurement, and isothermal adsorption curves. The following conclusions are presented herein. (1) In the Middle Ordovician Pingliang Formation, the shale rocks are distributed widely with great thickness; although a great volume of gas is at the generation stage there but the organic matter abundance is so low that shale gas pooling becomes difficult. (2) In the Yan7 of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, shale rocks are also distributed widely with the thickness between 15 and 40 m; the organic matter abundance is quite high and a huge volume of oil is at the generation stage there; shale gas belongs to the associated thermogenic gas and its pooling condition is worse than that of the dense oil reservoirs. (3) Shale rocks in the Carboniferous  Permian formations are distributed widely with the thickness between 50 and 150 m; the organic matter abundance is rather high and a large volume of shale gas is at the stage of generation with the gas contents at 0.21 ~ 1.08 m³/t, which reveals a great potential for shale gas exploration.

鄂尔多斯盆地为大型富油气叠合盆地，发育奥陶系海相、石炭—二叠系海陆过渡相和三叠系湖相等多套页岩层系，具备页岩气形成的基本地质条件。为弄清该盆地页岩气的勘探潜力，通过野外地质勘查、岩心观察、老井资料复查，结合有机地球化学和岩石学分析、含气量测试、等温吸附曲线测定等实验结果，对其页岩气勘探潜力进行了初步评价。结论认为：①该区中奥陶统平凉组页岩分布范围和厚度较大，已进入大量生气阶段，但有机质丰度偏低，不利于页岩气成藏；②上三叠统延长组长7段页岩分布范围较广，厚度介于15～40 m，有机质丰度很高，处于大量生油阶段，页岩气主要为热成因的伴生气，成藏条件较致密油要差；③石炭—二叠系页岩分布范围广，厚度介于50～150 m，有机质丰度较高，处于大量生气阶段，含气量介于0.21×10⁸～1.0×10⁸ m³/t，页岩气勘探潜力最大。

2012

0.0

2013

0.0

2013

0.0

0.8248

2013

0.0

2003

0.0

0.881

2007

0.0

2.573

... 例如,对于埋藏较浅、地层压力较低的储层通常采用N₂泡沫压裂,清水压裂的压裂液中一般已加入适量抑制剂,但仍要求储集层中膨胀性黏土矿物含量不能很高,原因是其水敏性强,遇水易膨胀、分散和运移,导致岩石渗透率下降^[34] ...

2009

0.0

2009

0.0

0.833

. 2009, 29(5):7-10 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2009.05.002

A key factor promoting rapid development of shale gas in America:Techniacal progress

.PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development，Beijing 100083，China;
2.PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051,China

Production of shale gas will get more prosperous and will expand rapidly along with technical progress and improvement of economic conditions. The prospects of shale gas exploration and production and the strategic position of shale gas resources in China are analyzed after introducing the domestic and foreign shale gas resource volumes. As required by the overall development strategy of petroleum industry in China, prospecting for natural gas reserves is a task of top priority. The organicrich shale formations were extensively deposited in different geologic periods in China and had favorable conditions for the generation and accumulation of shale gas. They have huge potentials of gas resources and bright prospects of exploration and production, and will surely become a major new field of gas exploration and production. It is proposed to strengthen research and increase exploration investment in shale gas. The shale and mudstone in the lower sequences in South China and those in the Mesozoic in North China have relatively large potential for shale gas exploration. It is proposed to perform gas testing or production test in the favorable intervals selected through reviewing old wells, so as to open a new stage of shale gas exploration through fanning out from point to area.

近年来，美国页岩气的勘探开发步入大规模快速发展阶段。除了得益于天然气市场需求的增长、国家政策扶持等因素外，技术进步是推动美国页岩气快速发展的关键因素，其中钻井、完井与增产技术的进步，尤其是水平井钻井、水力多段压裂、重复压裂、同步压裂以及裂缝综合监测等技术的突破与广泛运用起着极为重要的作用。美国页岩气勘探开发的巨大成功表明，只要突破传统的勘探思想，坚持不懈地开展技术创新，仍然能够使分布广泛的页岩气资源量逐步转化为经济和技术可采储量。

2009

0.0

2009

0.0

0.833

. 2009, 29(5):1-6 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2009.05.001

Shale gas enormous potential of unconventional natural gas resource

1.PetroChina Foreign Cooperation Administration Department，Beijing 100007, China;
2.PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development，Beijing 100083，China

Shale gas is a special type of unconventional natural gas resource. This paper conducted indepth investigation into and summed up history and successful experience from the exploration and development of the shale gas reservoirs in North America. Unlike conventional natural gas reservoirs, shale gas reservoirs have their special characters from the aspects of geology and development. Oil and gas operators regarded the shale gas as their important target for natural gas development, and achieved great success by their effective policy and advanced drilling and completion technologies including horizontal well and hydraulic fracturing. This paper points out that research and exploration and development of shale gas in China is still at the exploratory stage, the Paleozoic sea facies and Cenozoic continental facies are two important areas for shale gas exploration and development, and the enormous potential of shale gas will become a realistic gas resource only if geological study and technology on drilling and completion are improved to a high level. This paper suggests that survey on the shale gas resource should be hastened, favorable polices should be made out, and more cooperation with foreign countries should be encouraged to promote the shale gas development in China.

通过对北美页岩气藏的深入研究并系统总结其勘探开发历史与成功经验，指出页岩气藏是典型的非常规天然气藏。探讨了页岩气藏在地质特征、开发特征上与常规天然气藏的明显差异。北美油气生产商把页岩气藏作为重要天然气开发目标，其有效勘探开发的关键在于有政策引导和水平井、水力压裂等先进钻、完井技术的成功应用。借鉴其经验，认为我国对页岩气的研究与勘探开发尚处于探索阶段，存在古生界海相与中、新生界陆相两大页岩气勘探开发领域，页岩气资源潜力巨大，在地质理论和钻、完井等生产技术发展的推动下，将成为中国现实的天然气资源。建议加快我国页岩气资源战略调查，制定优惠政策，加强对外合作，推动我国页岩气勘探开发技术和产业化发展。

2011

0.0

0.881

... 硅质矿物、碳酸盐岩矿物含量多少,决定储层岩石不同的脆性程度,从而导致页岩气储层不同的改造模式和改造效果^[39] ...

2011

0.0

0.833

. 2011, 31(12):26-39 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2011.12.005

China shale gas formation conditions and exploration practice

1.Petroleum Exploraiton and Development Research Institute, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
2.Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
3.China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

Commercial and scale production of tight gas and CBM has already been achieved in China at present and the effective development of shale gas is to be expected. Based on the analysis of tectonic settings and geological characteristics as well as the conditions of shale gas accumulation and their influential factors, it is believed that the organicrich shales in China are featured by multiple ages, various types, complex forming environment, and significant differences of geological characteristics and accumulation conditions between different types of organicrich shales. In conclusion, there are 5 types of organicrich shale gas forming environment, including semideep and deepwater shelf facies at cratonic margins (the Lower Paleozoic in the Yangtze area), paludal facies at cratonic margins (the PermoCarboniferous in North China), lakeswamp facies in foreland basins (the Upper Triassic in the Sichuan Basin, the TriassicJurassic West China), semideep to deep lake facies in rifted basins (the Paleogene and Neogene in the Bohai Bay Basin, the Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin), and deep lake facies in large intracontinental depressed basins (the Triassic in the Ordos Basin). The major conditions of shale gas accumulation in China include extensiveness of organicrich shale development, unevenness of organicrich shale distribution, variety of gas generation potential of different shale, and diversity of shale gas reservoirs. There are 4 types of shale gas plays, namely pyrolysis shale gas play, thermal mature shale gas play, deep buried mature shale gas play, and biogas & low mature shale gas play. The previous exploration practices reveal that shale gas resources are rich in China. The prospect of shale gas development in China will be bright along with the breakthrough of theory and technology and the improvement of economic conditions.

中国非常规天然气已实现了致密气、煤层气资源的规模化工业生产，正在寻求实现页岩气资源的有效开发。为此，通过对中国富有机质页岩形成构造背景、地质特征、页岩气形成条件及影响因素的分析，认为中国富有机质页岩时代多、类型丰富、形成环境复杂，不同类型富有机质页岩地质特征与页岩气形成条件差异明显。中国富有机质页岩形成环境有5类：①克拉通边缘半深水—深水陆棚相(扬子地区下古生界)；②克拉通边缘沼泽相(华北地区石炭—二叠系)；③前陆盆地湖—沼相(四川盆地上三叠统、西部地区三叠—侏罗系)；④裂谷盆地断(坳)陷半深—深湖相(渤海湾盆地古近系和新近系、松辽盆地白垩系)；⑤大型陆内坳陷盆地深湖相(鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系)。中国页岩气形成条件可归纳为：①富有机质页岩发育具有广泛性；②富有机质页岩展布具有不均衡性；③不同类型页岩成气潜力具有多样性；④页岩储层具有差异性。中国页岩气区带类型可以划归4种类型：热裂解页岩含气区、热成熟页岩含气区、深埋热成熟页岩含气区和生物气—低成熟页岩含气区。中国页岩气勘探实践表明：中国拥有丰富的页岩气资源量，随着理论与技术的突破、经济条件的改善，未来中国页岩气资源有较好发展前景。

... 页岩气储层致密,以纳米孔隙为主^[40],赋存于富有机质的细粒沉积岩中(通常指页岩),岩石中包含有机质、矿物质、流体(包括水和气体)等组成部分 ...

2009

0.0

0.833

. 2009, 29(5):51-58 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2009.05.010

Accumulation conditions and exploitation prospect of shale gas in the lower Paleozoic Sichuan Basin

1.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051,China;
2.PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051,China;
3.PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development，Beijing 100083，China;
4.South Sichuan Gas Field, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Luzhou 646000,China

The black shale in the Lower Paleozoic Qiongzusi and Longmaxi formations has been proved to be the important source rocks of large and medium gas fields in Carboniferous and Sinian in the Sichuan basin, meanwhile there is signs indicating that it has its own potential to form shale gas reservoirs. The preliminary study shows that the black shale in the abovementioned areas is characterized by large thickness, wide distribution and enrichment of sand, siliceous and organic and that a large amount of oil and gas shows and smallscale oil and gas flow have been encountered in these areas, so they possess the beneficial geological conditions to form shale gas reservoirs.The Lower Paleozoic in southern Sichuan basin is abundant in shale gas, especially such two blocks as Weiyuan and Zigong  Luzhou  Yongchuan can be taken as the favorable target areas in recent exploitation of shale gas and they are hoped to have a breakthrough by old wells reexamination and sand fracturing.

下古生界筇竹寺组和龙马溪组黑色页岩已被证实为四川盆地石炭系、震旦系等大中型气田或气藏的重要烃源岩，同时有迹象表明自身也具有形成页岩气藏的潜力。初步研究结果表明，筇竹寺组和龙马溪组黑色页岩均具有厚度大、区域分布广、富砂质、硅质和有机质的特征，且已见到大量油气显示和小规模油气流，具备形成页岩气藏的有利地质条件。四川盆地南部地区下古生界页岩气资源丰富，其中威远和自贡—泸州—永川２个区块可作为近期开展页岩气勘探开发的有利目标区，通过老井复查和加砂压裂测试，有望取得勘探突破。

... 储层有很多种岩石类型,不仅包括富有机质的高碳泥页岩还包括黑色页岩所夹的薄层泥质粉砂岩和各种砂岩^[41],如美国San Juan盆地Lewis页岩气储层组合,并非仅为页岩层,而更多为致密砂岩层 ...

... 10^-3um^2[41] ...

2008

0.0

... 狭义上是指纯的含有机质页岩或泥岩,如美国Michigan盆地Antrim页岩^[42] ...

2010

0.0

2.573

. 2010, 37(6):641-653 DOI:10.1016/S1876-3804(11)60001-3

Geological characteristics, formation mechanism and resource potential of shale gas in Chia

Abstract

With Sichuan Basin as focus, this paper introduces the depositional environment, geochemical and reservoir characteristics, gas concentration and prospective resource potential of three different types of shale in China: marine shale, marine-terrigenous shale and terrigenous shale. Marine shale features high organic abundance (TOC: 1.0%–5.5%), high-over maturity (R_o: 2%–5%), rich accumulation of shale gas (gas concentration: 1.17–6.02 m³/t) and mainly continental shelf deposition, mainly distributed in the Paleozoic in the Yangtze area, Southern China, the Paleozoic in Northern China Platform and the Cambrian-Ordovician in Tarim Basin; Marine-terrigenous coalbed carbonaceous shale has high organic abundance (TOC: 2.6%–5.4%) and medium maturity (R_o: 1.1%–2.5%); terrigenous shale in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic has high organic abundance (TOC: 0.5%–22.0%) and mid-low maturity (R_o: 0.6–1.5%). The study on shale reservoirs in the Lower Paleozoic in Sichuan Basin discoveried nanometer-sized pores for the first time, and Cambrian and Silurian marine shale developed lots of micro- and nanometer-sized pores (100–200 nm), which is quite similar to the conditions in North America. Through comprehensive evaluation, it is thought that several shale gas intervals in Sichuan Basin are the practical targets for shale gas exploration and development, and that the Weiyuan-Changning area in the Mid-South of Sichuan Basin, which is characterized by high thermal evolution degree (R_o: 2.0%–4.0%), high porosity (3.0%–4.8%), high gas concentration (2.82–3.28 m³/t), high brittle mineral content (40%–80%) and proper burial depth (1500–4500 m), is the core area for shale gas exploration and development, the daily gas production for Well Wei 201 is 1×10⁴–2×10⁴ m³.

摘要

：以四川盆地为重点，介绍中国海相、海陆过渡相、陆相三大类型页岩形成的沉积环境、地球化学与储集层特征、含气量与远景资源量。中国海相页岩是一套高有机质丰度(TOC为1.0%～5.5%)、高—过成熟(Ro值为2.0%～5.0%)、富含页岩气(含气量1.17～6.02 m3/t)、以陆棚相为主的沉积，主要分布在华南扬子地区古生界、华北地台古生界和塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系；海陆过渡相煤系炭质页岩有机质丰度高(TOC为2.6%～5.4%)、成熟度适中(Ro值为1.1%～2.5%)；中新生界陆相页岩有机质丰度高(TOC为0.5%～22.0%)、低熟—成熟(Ro值为0.6%～1.5%)。在对四川盆地下古生界页岩储集层研究中首次发现，寒武系和志留系海相页岩发育大量与北美地区相似的微米—纳米级孔隙。综合评价认为四川盆地发育的多套页岩气层系是勘探开发的现实领域，四川盆地中南部威远—长宁等地区的寒武系和志留系是页岩气勘探开发的核心区与层系，其特点是：热演化程度较高(Ro值为2.0%～4.0%)、孔隙度较高(3.0%～4.8%)，含气量较高(2.82～3.28 m3/t)、脆性矿物含量较高(40%～80%)、埋深适中(1 500～4 500 m)，有利于开采。图7表7参38

... 我国页岩分布从区域尺度上发育有海相、海陆过渡相及陆相页岩,其有机质含量、热成熟度都各有差别^[43],页岩气储层发育区初步分析有四大区域,即南方、中东部、西北及青藏等地区^[44] ...

2011

0.0

0.2391

2011

0.0

1.445

. 2011, 30(2/3):385-392

Formation condition of gas-bearing shale reservoir and its geological research target

应用沉积学和层序地层学的理论和方法,综合考虑页岩气系统形成的有利条件,结合国内争国外的实例,总结了有利于泥页岩,特别是可作为页岩气储层的富有机质暗色泥页岩形成的时期和沉积环境,认为富有机质暗色泥页岩主要形成在相对海(湖)平面上升时期的海侵(湖侵)体系域,特别是密集段附近的位置;陆相盆地中的湖湾、半深湖一深湖与海相盆地中的半深海一深海盆地、台地边缘深缓坡和半闭塞一闭塞的欠补偿海湾地区是富有机质暗色泥页岩发育的有利地区.通过对美国Bar-nett等页岩气系统的分析,认为制作暗色泥岩等厚图、TOC等值线图、R.等值线图、暗色泥岩埋深图等单因素基础地质图件,对其进行叠加综合分析,对页岩气的勘探具有很好的指导意义.

... 陆相盆地中的湖湾、半深湖与海相盆地中的半深海—深海盆地、盆地边缘深缓坡和半闭塞—闭塞的欠补偿海湾地区是富有机质暗色泥页岩发育的有利地区^[45] ...

2012

0.0

. 2012, 8:null-null

Comparative sequence stratigraphy and organic geochemistry of gas shales: Commonality or coincidence?

... 有机质含量很少的高水位体系域/水退体积域(HST/RST)地层下超于其上^[46] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 32(2):164-170

Characteristics of ultramicroscopic organic lithology of excellent marine shale in the upper Permian sequence, Sichuan Basin

利用扫描电镜-能谱元素分析和全岩X-衍射等分析技术对海相页岩优质烃源岩进行超显微有机岩石学研究.海相优质页岩常以石英和钙质矿物(方解石)为主,粘土矿物含量一般不超过20%,平均只在5%左右,总有机碳含量与石英含量具有一定程度的正相关性,而与粘土矿物含量呈负相关.四川盆地东北部上二叠统台地凹陷优质页岩矿物成分以硅质和钙质矿物为主,几乎不含粘土,硅质矿物或钙质矿物多为各种成烃生物的碎屑或生物粘吸物经成岩作用演化而来,为有机成因.超显微硅质生物遗骸颗粒内一般含有机成因的碳元素和硫元素,且二者含量具有正相关性.台内凹陷沉积环境容易形成富有机质、高硅质钙质矿物而低粘土的海相优质页岩.

... 海沼或三角洲以及陆相湖盆由于沉积水体相对较浅或相互分隔、近物源、沉积水体多为弱酸性,有利于高岭石及绿泥石等的形成,因而容易形成富有机质、高黏土含量而低硅质、钙质矿物的泥页岩^[47] ...

2012

0.0

... 纵向非均质性是纵向上岩石组成、结构构造、孔隙特征、储气性能等的变化规律,横向非均质性是平面上的分布特征^[48] ...

... 杨氏模量是指其所受应力与应变的比,它是描述岩石抵抗形变能力的物理量,即反映岩石的刚性大小^[48] ...

2002

0.0

2011

0.0

... 0%^[50] ...

2008

0.0

... 有机质含量不仅与生烃有密切关系而且与气体吸附关系重大,高有机质含量意味着更高的生烃潜力及更好的吸附能力^[51] ...

2007

1.768

0.0

... 此外,有机质含量多少在一定程度上也控制着页岩裂隙的发育程度^[52,53] ...

... 脆性公式^[52]如下： ...

2007

1.768

0.0

... 此外,有机质含量多少在一定程度上也控制着页岩裂隙的发育程度^[52,53] ...

2012

0.0

1.355

... 随着有机质成熟度增高,页岩中有机质更多地转化为烃类,硅质矿物含量相对升高,页岩脆性也随之增强,更易形成裂隙^[54] ...

... 最后,当储层中裂隙发育并有流体(淡水)存在时,地层水盐度得到稀释,有利于甲烷菌对沉积有机质进行生物化学降解从而形成天然气^[54] ...

2012

0.0

. 2012, 3(1):97-105

Fracture development in shale and its relationship to gas accumulation

... 丁文龙等^[55]探讨了有机碳含量与裂隙发育程度之间的关系,并认为随着有机碳含量的增加,裂隙发育程度由差、中等、好到很好发展 ...

... ③ 垂直荷载超出泥页岩抗压强度以及上覆地层不均匀载荷导致泥页岩破裂形成的垂向荷载裂隙^[55] ...

2012

0.0

... 此外,不同沉积相页岩层在岩石组合、有机质与矿物组成上等表现不一样,如海相页岩多为厚层状,海陆过渡相页岩常与砂岩、煤层等互层,陆相泥页岩薄层但累计厚度大等^[56] ...

2012

0.0

0.787

. 2012, 37(5):782-787

Shale gas accumulation conditions and favorable zones of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in south Sichuan Basin,China

Based on latest drilling data,outcrop geologic survey around the area and laboratory test results of lots of rock samples,analysed shale gas generation conditions and potential of Silurian Longmaxi shale in south of Sichuan Basin with the regional distribution,organic geochemical and reservoir characteristics,gas concentration and reservoir pressure of organic-rich shale rock.Through integrated study,it is thought that：Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the study area features high organic content(TOC：0.35%~18.40%,average of 2.52%),high net shale thickness(20~260 m),high brittle mineral content(more than 40%~70%),lots of nanoporosity in organic and high gas content(0.3~5.1 m 3/t,average of 1.9 m 3/t),Moderate burial depth(2 000~3 600 m) is favour of the generation and accumulation of shale gas.Silurian Longmaxi Formation is one of the favorable stratas of shale gas exploration and development in China,that accessed frequently gas show in drilling processes and obtained industrialization breakthrough；areas of Weiyuan,Longchang-Yongchuan and Changning-Gongxian are three realistic and favorable targets for Silurian Longmaxi shale gas exploration and development.

利用四川盆地南部志留系龙马溪组最新钻井、露头地质调查资料及样品分析结果，从富有机质页岩区域分布、岩性、有机质特征、储层特征、含气性、地层压力等方面，重点研究川南地区龙马溪组页岩气形成条件与有利区优选.认为龙马溪组页岩有机质含量高(TOC含量0.35%~18.40%，平均2.52%)、有效厚度大(黑色页岩厚20~260 m)、热演化程度高(Ro值1.8%~3.6%)、脆性矿物含量较高(40%~70%)、有机质纳米孔隙发育、含气量较高(0.3~5.1 m 3/t，平均1.9 m 3/t)、埋藏适中(2 000~3 600 m)，有利于页岩气的形成与富集，其中龙马溪组下部富有机质页岩发育，是南方最有利的页岩气勘探开发层系.综合对比研究指出，隆昌-永川、威远、长宁-珙县等地区具备页岩气勘探开发有利的地质与地面工程条件，是目前经济技术条件下研究区内龙马溪组页岩3个最现实的页岩气勘探开发有利目标区。

... 甲烷在页岩微孔(孔径小于2nm)中顺序填充,中孔(2～50nm)中多层吸附至毛细管凝聚,在大孔中(>50nm)中甲烷以压缩或溶解态赋存^[57,80] ...

2014

0.0

0.4727

1999

0.0

1.227

... 页岩中的有机质在储层中可呈分散型、顺层富集型和局部富集型镶嵌于各种无机矿物之间^[59],因而在一定程度上制约储层中无机矿物的组合及含量 ...

2012

0.0

0.55

... 页岩中的某些黏土矿物由于沉积、成岩作用会发生成分和结构上的改变(如伊利石化、绿泥石化等),从而使得页岩中产生微裂隙,如黏土矿物中蒙皂石向伊利石转化,蒙皂石单位构造高度减小引起蒙皂石构造塌陷导致泥页岩中微裂隙的产生^[60] ...

2008

1.768

0.0

... 此外,黏土有着较高的微孔隙体积和较大的比表面积,具有较大的吸附势^[61],还能促进有机质向烃类地转化^[62] ...

2006

0.0

0.8315

. 2006, 3:27-38

Catalysis of clay mineral to organic matter in hydrocarbon genesis

烃源岩的有机质主要以有机粘土复合体的形式存在.有机质生烃是一种有机粘土化学反应.反应过程中,有机质与粘土之间存在质子和电子迁移,粘土通过对水分子的吸附和离解为有机质加氢裂解提供H+,而有机质生成的有机酸激活了粘土的催化活性,也为蒙皂石伊利石化反应创造了条件.烃源岩不同粘土矿物的选择性催化特征是影响油气组成的最重要因素.粘土的催化活性大小和发育时间是决定烃源岩生烃潜力大小的因素.由于烃源岩在蒙皂石伊利石化阶段具有最大的催化活性,而且与有机质生烃反应同步,因此富含伊/蒙混合层的烃源岩是世界含油气盆地的最有利烃源岩.不同地质时期的烃类地质储量与烃源岩膨胀性粘土的丰度有密切关系.

... 此外,黏土有着较高的微孔隙体积和较大的比表面积,具有较大的吸附势^[61],还能促进有机质向烃类地转化^[62] ...

2008

0.0

... 硅质矿物含量高、储层的脆性特征强,压裂时易脆性断裂形成网状裂隙,更加容易实现体积改造^[63] ...

2007

1.768

0.0

... 005um^[64] ...

2010

0.0

0.833

. 2010, 30(10):26-29 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.10000976.2010.03.006

Transient pressure of infinite conductivity fractured wells for shale gas

State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China

Although recoverable resources of shale gas are very abundant in China, very low or even no natural productivity can be obtained for most of the wells in shale gas reservoirs, and productivity will be available only when some stimulation measures are taken during the shale gas development. Therefore, based on a study on the fracturing of conventional gas reservoirs, in view of the characteristics of pressure drawdown, desorption, diffusion, and fluid flow during the output of shale gases, we start from the filtration theory and adopt the Quasi steady state Fick diffusion according to the point source function method, to study the singlephase flow of shale gases in the matrix and fractures. Based on the above, we set up an evaluation model on the infinite conductivity fractured well of shale gas reservoirs, to discuss the influences of parameters, such as adsorption coefficient, fracture storage coefficient, and cross flow coefficient on the pressure performance and analyze the dynamic characteristics of the fractured wells in shale gas reservoirs together with some estimation methods of parameters. As a result, the problem of indeterminable dynamic parameters of shale gas reservoirs is thus resolved and typical curves of fractured wells in shale gas reservoirs are drawn for the first time. This study will provide technical support for the highefficiency development of shale gas reservoirs.

我国页岩气可采资源量巨大，但页岩气藏大多数井的自然产能很低或无自然产能，开发过程中要实施储层压裂改造才具备生产能力。为此，在常规气藏压裂研究的基础上，针对页岩气产出过程中的降压、解析、扩散、渗流等特点，从页岩气渗流机理入手，以点源函数方法为基础，应用菲克拟稳态扩散模型，研究了页岩气在基质和裂缝中的单相流动，建立了页岩气藏无限导流压裂井评价模型，讨论了吸附系数、裂缝储容系数和窜流系数等参数对压力动态的影响，分析了页岩气藏压裂井动态特征及部分参数估计方法，解决了无法确定页岩气藏动态参数的难题，首次绘制了页岩气藏压裂井典型曲线。研究成果可为页岩气藏的合理高效开发提供技术支持。

... ④气体从宏观裂隙向井筒渗流^[65,66] ...

2012

0.0

0.833

. 2012, 32(9):44-47 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2012.09.010

Percolation mechanism of three-pore double-permeability in shale gas reservoir

School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China

This paper studies the seepage mechanism and productivity predication of shale gas reservoirs in order to acquire a better understanding of complex air flow patterns and thereby know how to get a high shale gas productivity. According to the existing dualporosity medium model applicable to unconventional coalbed methane reservoirs and tripleporosity medium model considering the cave conditions, a tripleporosity/dualpermeability media model for shale gas reservoirs is proposed based on the characteristics and formation mechanism of shale gas reservoirs. Through the analysis of diffusion and seepage patterns for shale gas, this paper presents a seepage differential equation with the impact of the fluid gravity and capillary force taken into consideration. In addition, the shale gas productivity is forecasted by the numerical simulation software. The result shows that the matrix permeability rate and the fracture conductivity capacity are the main controlling factors of the production of shale gas reservoirs; it is effective to perform largescale fracturing treatment on the reformation of shale gas reservoirs so as to form a fracture network with stronger connectivity for ideal shale gas recovery.

为了掌握页岩气储层气体复杂流动的规律，从而高效开发页岩气藏，对页岩气渗流机理进行了研究。借鉴适用于非常规煤层气藏双重孔隙介质模型和考虑溶洞情况的三重孔隙介质模型，基于页岩气储层特征和成藏机理，提出了页岩气藏三孔双渗介质模型；研究了页岩气解析扩散渗流规律，提出考虑储层流体重力和毛细管力影响的渗流微分方程；并利用数值模拟软件对页岩气产能进行了预测。结果表明：基质渗透率和裂缝导流能力是页岩气开采的主控因素，只有对储层进行大规模压裂改造，形成连通性较强的裂缝网络后才能获得理想的页岩气产量和采收率。

... ④气体从宏观裂隙向井筒渗流^[65,66] ...

2003

0.0

... 裂隙是天然气渗流和储集空间,它是失去结合力的表面,页岩中裂隙分类有很多^[67,68],主要存在5种裂隙,即构造裂隙(张裂隙和剪裂隙)、层间页理、层面滑移裂隙、成岩收缩微裂隙和有机质演化异常压力裂隙^[69] ...

2011

0.0

1.388

. 2011, 26(2):135-144

The research progress of shale fractures

School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing100083, China

Discovery of numbers of fractured reservoirs in shale around the world and recent great progress of North American shale gas exploration shows the study of the fractures in shale is quite important. On the basis of the literature research of shale fractures research findings around the world, shale reservoir with strong plasticity has common and specificity, compared with other types of rock, on fractures type and origin, identification method, parameter estimation, and distribution prediction. The shale reservoir fractures can de classified into two groups of fracture according to their origin, structural and non-structural fracture, and 12 sub-classes. Different class of fractures has different characteristics and origin. Structural fractures, including high-angle shear fracture, Tensile and shear fractures and low-angle slip fracture, belong to ductile shear fracture. Non-structural fracture in shale, more developed than other types of lithology, such as shrinkage fractures, stylolites, over-pressured fractures and weathered fracture, resulted from diagenesis, drying crack, over-ressure, mineral phase transformation, recrystallization, and pressure-solution. Then we summarize the methods of fracture identification, parameter estimation, fracture reservoir distribution prediction using geological, seismic, drilling and logging and structural stress, and then propose current problems and trend of study on shale fracture reservoir nowadays.

国内外大量泥岩裂缝油气藏不断发现和近年来北美地区页岩气勘探获得的巨大成功表明，泥页岩裂缝的研究尤为重要。在对国内外泥页岩裂缝研究成果全面系统调研和详细深入分析总结的基础上，认为与其他岩石类型的储层相比，塑性相对较大的泥页岩储层在裂缝类型与成因、裂缝识别方法、裂缝参数估算、裂缝分布预测等方面既有共性也有其特殊性。依据成因将泥页岩储层裂缝划分出了构造裂缝和非构造裂缝两大类和12个亚类，不同类型裂缝的特征及形成机理均不相同。构造裂缝主要为高角度剪切裂缝、张剪性裂缝和低角度滑脱裂缝等，属于韧性剪切破裂。泥页岩非构造裂缝较其他岩性储层更发育，是由成岩、干裂、超压、风化、矿物相变、重结晶及压溶作用形成的收缩裂缝、缝合线、超压裂缝及风化裂缝等。在此基础上，总结了利用地质、地震、钻井、测井和构造应力等资料，进行泥页岩裂缝识别、裂缝参数估算、裂缝储层分布预测等方法。并提出了目前泥页岩裂缝研究中存在的主要问题与发展趋势。

2011

0.0

. 2011, 22(3):525-532

Feature of muddy shale fissure and its effect for shale gas exploration and development

The Key Laboratory for Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism,
Ministry of Education,China University of Geosciences (Beijing),Beijing 100083,China

Fissure can be provided not only for shale gas accumulation space,but also for migration pathway of gas production.As a kind of low permeability and low porosity reservoir,mechanism of shale gas production is complicated,involving the relationship between adsorbed gas content and free gas content,natural tiny fissure and fracturing induced fissure.We discuss type of muddy shale fissure,identification,basic parameters (width/opening,length,spacing,density,strike and dip,filling,dissolution reconstruction,etc.),poroperm characteristics,geologic background,and the effects on accumulation and production of shale gas.There are five kinds of fissure in the muddy shale,including structural fractures (extensional crack,shearing crack and extensional\|shearing crack),interlayer lamellation crack,bedding glide crack,diagenetic shrink micro-cracks,and abnormal pressure crack of organic evolution.Geologic factors controlling the fissure formation are complex,such as regional tectonic stress,tectonic position,sedimentary diagenesis,lithology,lithofacies,poroperm characteristics,and formation pressure.The identification characteristic of fissure and its formation mechanism is different,so the effect on adsorption,segregation,and response to seepage property of shale gas is not identical.Exploration target zone of shale gas should be set on muddy shale with higher permeability or reconstructional fissures.

裂缝既可为页岩气提供聚集空间，也可为页岩气的生产提供运移通道。泥页岩作为一种低孔低渗储层，页岩气生产机制非常复杂，涉及吸附气含量与游离气含量、天然微裂缝与压裂诱导缝系统之间的相互关系。对泥页岩裂缝的成因类型、识别特征、基本参数(宽度/张开度、长度、间距、密度、产状、充填情况、溶蚀改造情况等)、孔渗性、地质控制因素及其对页岩气聚集和产出的影响进行了研究。泥页岩中主要存在5种裂缝，即构造缝(张性缝和剪性缝)、层间页理缝、层面滑移缝、成岩收缩微裂缝和有机质演化异常压力缝;控制裂缝形成的地质因素复杂，主要有区域构造应力、构造部位、沉积成岩作用、岩性、岩相、物性及地层压力等;裂缝识别特征及成因机制各不相同，其对页岩气的吸附和解析以及渗流性响应所起的作用也不相同。页岩气有利勘探目标区应首选那些拥有较高渗透能力或具备可改造条件的泥页岩裂缝发育带。

2007

0.0

... 构造成因裂隙主要和构造应力场和储层岩石物理性质有关系^[70],而热成因裂隙生烃与有机质热解生烃有关 ...

2002

0.0

... 天然裂隙(成岩裂隙和/或构造裂隙)的形成与静岩压力、构造应力、热应力和高流体压力有关,能以各种尺度出现,具有极强的非均质性^[71] ...

2002

0.0

0.281

... 此外,还包括强大压力的岩浆侵入以及盐丘等所引起的拉张和挤压裂隙以及不规则流动现象^[72,73]或水平挤压产生的压溶作用形成的构造压溶缝合线 ...

2008

0.0

0.25

... 此外,还包括强大压力的岩浆侵入以及盐丘等所引起的拉张和挤压裂隙以及不规则流动现象^[72,73]或水平挤压产生的压溶作用形成的构造压溶缝合线 ...

2012

0.0

0.7149

... 孔隙是页岩气储层中最重要的有效储集空间^[74] ...

2012

0.0

1.388

. 2012, 27(12):1319-1325

New advances in shale porosity research

1.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing100083, China；
2.State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Beijing100083, China

With the rise of unconventional oil and gas exploration, the study of shale reservoirs gets attention gradually and how to carry out the research of the shale reservoirs has become the primary problem in the study of unconventional oil and gas. Research on the shale reservoirs has great significance to the layer selection in exploration of shale oil and gas, to the evaluation of resource potential and to the calculation of seepage capacity of oil and gas. The micro-nano pore characterization techniques of shale, the division of pore types in shale and the mechanism of porosity evolution in shale are respectively overviewed and evaluated, and available problems are pointed out by combining with the newest research progress. We propose that the industrial CT-micro CT-nano CT/FIB series of radiation scanning and pressure mercury injection (MICP)-nitrogen gas adsorption (N₂)carbon dioxide adsorption (CO₂) fluid method are the optimal methods of the quantitative characterization of reservoirs and the regression of experiment and porosity log should guide the favorite site of higher porosity. The classification of shale reservoir space should take oil and gas containing into consideration and AFM was suggested to study the reservoir continent ability for hydrocarbon. We suggest using rock diagensis simulation experiment and real profile samples to understand the shale porosity evolution and to find the main controlling factors with the aid of XRD analysis.

随着非常规油气勘探的兴起页岩孔隙研究备受重视，如何研究页岩孔隙已经成为非常规油气首要解决的问题之一，其对页岩油气勘探层位选取、资源潜力评价和油气渗流能力计算具有重要意义。对页岩微—纳米孔隙表征技术、页岩孔隙类别的划分以及页岩孔隙演化规律分别进行了综述并指出存在问题，同时结合最新研究进展对页岩孔隙研究进行展望。提出工业CT—微米CT—纳米CT/FIB系列辐射扫描方法和压汞(MICP)—氮气吸附(N₂)—二氧化碳吸附(CO₂)流体法是孔隙定量表征的最优方法，通过单井孔隙度测井资料与实验室测定结果建立校正图版指导储层孔隙发育段优选；页岩孔隙分类研究还应该考虑含油气性，利用原子力显微镜等工具加强孔隙含油性研究；孔隙演化规律研究应该采用模拟实验和真实剖面样品对比并结合矿物组成分析等寻找主控因素。

... 比较简单和实用的方案是将页岩的孔隙分为有机质孔、粒间孔隙和粒内孔隙,因为这种分类考虑到了油气润湿性和油气流动差异^[75] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 33(3):219-232

Types and characteristics of shale gas reservoir: A case study of Lower Paleozoic in and around Sichuan Basin

通过对四川盆地及其周缘下寒武统和上奥陶统一下志留统41块黑色页岩的野外观察、显微薄片、扫描电镜及X衍射等实验分析,对页岩储层特征、裂缝特征和孔隙特征等进行了研究.认为页岩气藏的储集类型主要有裂缝和孔隙2类.根据页岩气藏特征、裂缝对页岩气成藏的控制作用及裂缝的性质,按裂缝的发育规模分为巨型裂缝、大型裂缝、中型裂缝、小型裂缝和微型裂缝等5类；按孔隙类型将孔隙分为有机质(沥青)孔和/或干酪根网络、矿物质孔(矿物比表面、晶内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和杂基孔隙等)以及有机质和各种矿物之间的孔隙.不同的裂缝类型、裂缝规模、孔隙类型和孔隙大小对页岩储能、产能的贡献不同,作用也不同.孔隙是页岩气藏中气体的储存空间,很大程度上决定着其储能,而裂缝是页岩气藏中气体渗流的主要通道,决定着其产能,由于页岩基质的低孔低渗性,裂缝的发育规模决定着页岩气藏的品质.

... 然而,不同类型孔隙的储气特征不同,聂海宽等^[76]将孔隙分为了有机质(沥青)孔、和或/干酪根网络、矿物质孔(矿物比表面积、晶内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和杂基孔隙等)以及有机质和各种矿物之间的孔隙 ...

... 黏土矿物含量一般小于30%才认为是有利于页岩气储层的改造^[76] ...

2011

0.0

... 此外,对于不同的孔裂隙类型,其气体在孔裂隙中的流动类型、粒子运动和扩散运动亦有区别(表2)^[77] ...

2011

1.117

2.65

. 2011, 27(6):1857-1864

First discovery of nano-pore throat in oil and gas reservoir in China and its scientific value

The oil and gas reservoirs have been divided in three types: Millimeterpore, micropore and nanopore. The diameter of pore throat in conventional reservoir is generally larger than one micron. The diameter of nano-pore in shale gas reservoirs ranges between 5 and 160 nanometers in North American, mainly from 80 to 100 nanometers. Based on the field emission SEM and the nano CT reconfiguration technique, it was the first discovery of nano-pore in research of unconventional tight sandstone and shale gas reservoir in China, whose diameter is less than one micron. The nano-pore in tight sandstone gas reservoirs is mainly of grain micropore, authigenic mineral intragranular pore and microfracture, throat is sheetlike, bended platy, has poor connectivity and its diameter ranges between 10 and 1000 nanometers, mainly from 300 to 900 nanometers. The nanopore in shale gas reservoirs is mainly of organic matter nanopore, grain nanopore and authigenic mineral intragranular pore, and its diameter ranges between 5 and 300 nanometers, mainly from 80 to 200 nanometers. The nanopore is main body of connectivitive reservoir space in tight reservoirs. The discovery of nano-pore system within oil and gas reservoir has changed the traditional understanding that the micron-pore is exclusive. It also provided the significant scientific value with understanding geological characteristics of conventional oil and gas local accumulation, unconventionally continuous petroleum accumulation, develop petroleum accumulation mechanism and increase the potential of resources.

油气储层孔隙可分为毫米级孔、微米级孔、纳米级孔3种类型,常规储层孔隙直径一般大于1μm。北美地区页岩气储层纳米级孔径范围为5~160nm,主体为80~100nm。在对中国非常规油气储层研究中,应用场发射扫锚电子显微镜与纳米CT重构技术,首次发现了小于1μm的油气纳米孔。其中,致密砂岩油气储层中纳米级孔隙以颗粒内孔、自生矿物晶间孔及微裂缝为主,喉道呈席状、弯曲片状,孔隙直径范围10~1000nm,主体为300~900nm;页岩气储层纳米级孔隙以有机质内孔、颗粒内孔及自生矿物晶间孔为主,孔隙直径范围5~300nm,主体为80~200nm。纳米级孔是致密储层连通性储集空间的主体。纳米级孔隙系统的发现,改变了微米级孔隙是油气储层唯一微观孔隙的传统认识,为认识常规油气局部富集,非常规油气连续聚集的地质特征、研究连续型油气聚集机理、增加资源潜力具有重要的科学意义。

... 与其他常规天然气储层不同,页岩气储层以纳米级孔隙为主,邹才能等^[78]在对中国非常规油气储层研究中,采用场发射扫锚电子显微镜与纳米CT重构技术研究了页岩气储层纳米级孔隙,并认为纳米级孔是致密储层连通性储集空间的主体 ...

2014

2.976

0.0

. 2014, 123:10-19

Measurement of gas storage processes in shale and of the molecular diffusion coefficient in kerogen

... 页岩气储层中三种不同种类的赋存气体,即吸附态、游离态和溶解态,在不同孔隙中相应的存储机制和运移过程表现不同^[79] ...

2005

0.0

... 甲烷在页岩微孔(孔径小于2nm)中顺序填充,中孔(2～50nm)中多层吸附至毛细管凝聚,在大孔中(>50nm)中甲烷以压缩或溶解态赋存^[57,80] ...

2012

0.0

0.833

. 2012, 32(40):50-53 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2012.04.012

Dynamic characteristics of shale gas flow in nanoscale pores

School of Energy Sources, China University of Geosciences  Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

The pore structure of a shale gas reservoir is complex and the pores are in rather small diameter, especially the nanoscale pores are the most widely distributed, and a great volume of gas is adsorbed in the shales. During the shale gas development, the desorption of the absorbed gas in the shales will result in the change in the pore structure, thus causing dynamic change in the permeability of shales. In view of this, based on the capillary model, the flow dynamic characteristics of gas molecules in nanoscale pores are studied with the solid deformation theory being introduced. The following results are achieved in this study. (1) When the pore diameter is less than 10 nm, the decrease of permeability with formation pressure takes on a fastslow trend due to the influence of diffusion and desorption of gas; the larger the pore diameter, the lower the pressure of the permeability knee point and the faster the decrease of permeability. (2) When the pore diameter is larger than 20 nm, diffusion among the gas molecules shows minor influence on seepage; but when the pressure is low (less than 10 MPa), diffusion shows major influence on gas seepage.

页岩储层的孔隙结构比较复杂，孔隙直径较小，纳米级孔隙普遍发育，大量的页岩气是以吸附态储存于页岩中的。页岩气开采时，纳米级的孔隙结构和吸附气解吸会引起孔隙结构改变，从而使页岩渗透率产生动态变化。为此，基于毛细管模型，引用固体变形理论，研究了气体分子在纳米级孔隙中渗流动态特征。结果表明：孔隙直径小于10 nm时，受扩散与解吸作用的影响，渗透率随储层压力下降呈现出先增加后减小的趋势；孔隙直径越大，渗透率拐点压力值越低，渗透率下降速度越快；孔隙直径大于20 nm，气体分子间的扩散作用对渗流影响较小；压力较低(小于10 MPa)时，气体渗流受分子扩散效应作用明显。

... 纳米级孔隙由于其流动空间直径很小,气体分子平均自由程与孔隙直径大小接近,气体分析与孔隙壁的碰撞概率大大增加,从而渗透率变差^[81] ...

2009

0.451

0.0

2009

0.0

0.6955

. 2009, 21(3):1-5,27

Basin-mountain evolution,lithosphere transformation and their relationship with coalbed methane accumulation in North China

以华北陆块盆-山构造与岩石圈岩浆热结构演化研究为基础,以区内不同富集机制的含煤区域为研究对象,对华北典型地区盆-山演化、岩石圈转型及其与煤层气富集的关系进行了深入探讨.研究表明,华北典型地区盆-山动力学过程从中生代开始经历了挤压盆-山阶段、挤压盆-山向伸展盆-山转换阶段以及伸展盆-山阶段;华北岩石圈结构演化则经历了岩石圈增厚与稳定过程、岩石圈转型过程、岩石圈快速减薄过程等,且自古生代以来至少经历了两次以上具有时空不均一性的岩石圈转型.沁水盆地和两淮煤田的构造-热动力学环境有利于煤层气富集,且在挤压与伸展作用的转换和叠加过程中形成的构造过渡带是煤层气富集的有利构造单元.沁水盆地煤层气富集特征是岩浆一热作用有利于煤层气储集,而一定的构造变形有利于煤层气的渗流和开采;两淮煤田的强构造作用和后期叠加的张性应力场有利于煤层气的富集和储层的增渗,可在构造煤发育区寻找煤层气开发的有利区域.

... 4 地质环境煤层气在不同的盆-山体制(伸展、过渡和挤压)和不同岩石圈结构背景下表现出不同的富集机制,探索盆-山演化过程及盆地演变的构造-热动力学作用是研究煤层气富集与分布的前提和关键之一^[83] ...

2010

0.0

1.355

. 2010, 17(5):1-6

Study on shale gas accumulation mode

通过将页岩气与煤层气、深盆气的成藏条件进行对比,总结了页岩气藏的物质来源、储集条件、运聚条件、成藏要求与保存条件,建立了页岩气成藏模式.将页岩气成藏分为早期运聚成藏、中期原地聚集成藏和晚期裂缝调整成藏3个阶段,并结合实例分析了页岩气各阶段的成藏特征.在与美国页岩气藏储集参数分析、对比的基础上,对页岩气的3种成藏模式进行了总结.早期运聚成藏阶段主要生成生物气,气体主要以游离相和溶解相的形式运移至构造高部位,保存于泥页岩原生孔隙中;中期原地聚集成藏阶段页岩开始大量生成热解气和裂解气,并在不同的构造部位形成异常压力体系,页岩气主要表现为原地聚集,气体主要保存于次生孔隙和少量原生孔隙和微裂缝中;晚期裂缝调整成藏阶段主要生成干气,页岩内部构造及成岩裂缝大量发育,相对封闭的压力体系遭到破坏,裂缝沟通不同的封闭体系,页岩气可调整成藏,由构造低部位向高部位短距离运移.

... 页岩气与煤层气在富集方面有着相似的特点,如原地聚集,短-无距离运移等^[84] ...

2011

0.0

... 尽管煤层气和页岩气在气体的来源与赋存层位等方面有所不同,但是在富集特征、运移过程及开发技术方面具有一些共性^[85] ...

2011

0.0

... 伴随着热成熟度增高,页岩有机质大分子结构与孔隙结构发生相应改变,在此过程中并有大量天然气生成,从而热成熟度高的页岩表现出更高的孔隙含量^[86] ...

1997

0.0

... 构造应力场演化导致地壳产生不同类型的构造和差异升降特征, 形成隆坳相间的构造格局造成油源区和储集区的侧向配置^[87] ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 10:99-112

New type curves for analyzing horizontal well with multiple fractures in shale gas reservoirs

... 水力压裂技术是常用的储层改造方法^[88] ...

2011

0.0

1.055

. 2011, 22(6):1093-1099

Parameters and method for shale gas reservoir evaluation

1.School of Energy Resources,China University of Geoscience(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China;
2.Faculty of Petroleum Engineering,China University of Petroleum(East China),Dongying 257061,China

Shale gas is globally developing.Since shale reservoir has its own unique characteristics,the key for shale gas development is to understand the characteristics of shale by means of logging,core analysis and laboratory experiments,in order to find favorable prospect area of shale gas.In this paper,we list some of the key parameters for shale gas evaluation,such as shale thickness,total organic content (TOC),hydrogen index (IH),kerogen type,thermal maturity (Ro),mineral composition and permeability.We also introduce the evaluation methods of shale gas reservoir,like as logging.We use the logging to identify lithologic character and fissure,and determine the mineral constitute of shale,TOC,and permeability.We also use the real\|time LWD in shale gas reservoir character identification.Meanwhile,we discuss various parameters for Barnett shale gas evaluation in Fort Worth,for its success development will be a good example for guiding shale gas development in China.

目前全球范围的页岩气开发已经展开。页岩储层有其独特的属性，因此页岩气开发的第一步是了解页岩的特性，这需借助测井、岩心分析等手段对其进行评价，以便寻找有利的页岩气远景区。首先介绍页岩气远景区评价的一些主要指标，如页岩厚度、有机质丰度(TOC)、含氢指数、干酪根类型、热成熟度(RO)、页岩矿物组分和渗透率等\.其次对页岩气储层评价的方法进行介绍，主要是测井法，归纳采用测井方式对岩性、裂缝等的识别和对岩石矿物成分、TOC、渗透率等的确定，并阐述实时LWD技术在页岩气储层特征识别方面的应用。最后，对Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩的各项指标进行了分析，认为其成功的开发对我国页岩气资源的开发具有重要借鉴意义。

... 72 m的连续厚度,这是水力压裂垂直区域内的可行性目标^[89] ...

2012

0.0

... 泊松比越低,页岩脆性越大且容易压裂产生裂隙^[90] ...

... 因此,页岩对压裂液体敏感性会影响页岩气储层压裂改造效果^[90] ...

2012

0.0

1.505

. 2012, 31(8):1680-1685

Indoor evaluation method for shale brittleness and improvement

1. School of Petroleum Engineering，China University of Petroleum，Beijing 102249，China;
2. Bureau of Economic Geology，University of Texas，Austin 78758，USA

Brittleness of gas shale reservoir is of vital significance to testing and evaluating the brittleness of shale. In view of this，through literature investigation and lab tests，20 kinds of basic methods for testing brittleness，including methods based on strength，hardness and ruggedness are summarized，focusing on discussing testing theory and lab method for shale brittleness based on complete stress-strain characteristics. Considering brittleness fracture mechanism and fracture feature，brittleness of shale is defined as a synthetic characteristic of material，affected by its heterogeneity and external testing environment. To identify brittleness of shale，complete stress-strain curve consisted of pre-peak and post-peak parts should both be considered. To improve the accuracy of brittleness evaluation，complete stress-strain testing in underground environment should be simulated. Capacity for resisting inelastic deformation before rupture and losing rate of bearing capacity after rupture are the main mechanical performance of brittleness. To improve the evaluation accuracy，existing mechanical testing schemes are also modified. Meanwhile，brittleness characteristics of black shale from South China is tested through true triaxial rock mechanics tests and then evaluated using improved methods.

页岩气储层脆性对页岩的脆性进行测试、评价具有重要的意义。鉴于此，通过文献调研和室内测试，总结脆性测试的20种基本方法，包括基于强度、硬度和坚固性的评价方法，并重点讨论基于全应力–应变特征的页岩脆性测试原理和试验方法。针对页岩脆性破裂机制结合断裂特征定义脆性，认为页岩的脆性是材料的综合特性，受自身非均质性和外在测试环境共同影响；峰后与峰前应力–应变特征均是表征脆性的关键，模拟地下环境的全应力–应变测试能够提高脆性评价的准确度；试样破坏前抵抗非弹性变形的能力和破坏后承载力丧失速度的快慢是脆性强弱的主要力学表现。为提高脆性评价的准确性，对已有的力学测试方法提出改进方案。开展室内真三轴岩石力学实验，对我国南方黑色页岩的脆性特征进行评价。

... 李庆辉等^[91]通过文献调研和室内测试,总结脆性测试的20种基本方法,包括基于强度、硬度和坚固性的评价方法等 ...

0.0

... Wang^[92]修正了该脆性公式,增加了成岩作用对脆性的影响,此时脆性主要影响参数是与构造、埋藏史、热成熟度相关的温度和流体组分的变化 ...

2011

0.0

... 式中：R_o是镜质组反射率,a和b为确定的常数^[93] ...

2007

0.0

... 由公式(2)可知,碳酸盐矿物与页岩的脆性有关系,此外碳酸盐矿物含量还是判断裂隙是否发育的一项重要指标^[94] ...

... 据北美页岩气储层的压裂实践经验,岩石脆性与裂隙形态和裂隙扩展具有一定的关系^[95,96](表3),压裂设计时根据岩石脆性特征优选液体体系和支撑剂^[94] ...

1990

0.0

0.879

2011

0.0

0.833

. 2011, 31(4):51-54 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2011.04.012

Key techniques of experimental evaluation in the fracturing traetment for shale gas reservoirs

Gas Production Engineering Research Institute, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, PetroChina, Guanghan, Sichuan 618300, China

There is a great potential in the exploration and development of shale gas reservoirs, but due to the ultralow permeability of the matrix, it is necessary to apply large scale hydraulic fracturing to form the fracture network which is the key to obtaining a commercial gas flow. Unlike that for regular low permeability sand gas reservoirs, the fracture networks in the fracturing design for a shale gas well will highly depend on the particular laboratory evaluation techniques. Therefore, starting from the regular fracturing laboratory evaluation, the mechanical properties were compared between tight sand gas and shale gas reservoirs. Substantial laboratory evaluation studies have been conducted on the features of shale gas rock brittle and stress sensitivity of core samples. Furthermore, a comparison study was made on the results of hydraulic fractureheight recorded by radioactive tracer log and microseismic monitoring of a fractreatment program. All those above understandings can be used as reference for the experimental evaluation of shale gas reservoirs and the optimal design of fracture network fracturing.

页岩气藏勘探开发潜力巨大，因其基质具有超低渗透特点，使得开发过程中需要进行大规模水力压裂，裂缝网络是获得工业性气流的关键。页岩气井的缝网压裂设计有别于常规低渗透砂岩储层压裂设计，特殊的室内实验评价技术是缝网压裂设计的重中之重。为此，从常规的压裂实验评价入手，分析对比了致密砂岩气与页岩气储层力学性质特征，针对页岩岩石脆性特征以及储层岩心敏感性等实验评价关键技术，开展了大量的实验评价研究，并与现场压裂缝高示踪剂监测、地面微地震裂缝监测结果进行了对比分析。所取得的认识可为页岩储层实验评价分析及缝网压裂优化设计提供参考。

... 储层的改造前期工作,必然要进行敏感性评价和储层损害评价的基础工作即岩心矿物组成和黏土矿物成分分析^[96] ...

... 所以,页岩气储层压裂设计的根本出发点在于如何在目的层形成有效的裂隙网络(图3a)^[96,104]: ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 39(3):36-40

Fracturing design method in shale gas

页岩气能否有效产出,很大程度上取决于压裂裂缝和压裂过程中诱导天然裂缝开启而形成的相互交错的网络裂缝面积大小,其与页岩气井生产指数具有一定的相关性,因此,页岩气压裂设计的根本出发点在于如何形成有效的网络裂缝.在借鉴国外海相页岩气压裂成功经验的基础上,针对国内陆相页岩气的特殊性,进行了网络压裂的探索性研究.确立了页岩气网络压裂设计原则及相关理论基础,阐述了网络压裂设计的基本思路及优化方法,包括射孔方案、小型测试方案、压裂材料优选、施工参数及压后返排参数优化等,并围绕页岩气网络裂缝的主控因素(页岩可压性、诱导应力场、主裂缝净压力优化及控制等)进行了系统的模拟分析.基于所提出的优化设计方法,对河南油田某页岩气井实施了小型测试压裂和主压裂施工,获得成功并取得了很好的效果.

... 网络裂隙是页岩气井压裂设计的主要目标,其内在因素是通过压裂在单一裂隙脆弱面上产生诱导应力以改变最大与最小主应力的分布,使裂隙发生转向,与天然裂隙沟通形成网状裂隙结构^[97],从而实现体积改造 ...

... 而裂隙网络形成的内在因素是页岩储层中岩石脆性,地应力分布则是极为必要的条件^[97] ...

1991

0.0

0.833

. 1991, 11(4):24-28

Effect and control of clay minerals on clastic reservoir

This paper briefly describes the occurrence, types and characteristics of common clay minerals in clastic rocks, the x-ray diffraction analysis, and the effect of clay minerals on the physical properties of reservoirs and the oil and gas production, which was verified by practice examples.

本文概述了碎屑岩中常见粘土矿物的产状、类型及特征,X-射线衍射分析,以及粘土矿物对储集层物性、油气生产的影响,并用实例进行了验证。

... 酸化过程中由于溶蚀不完全或选择性溶蚀作用,形成了数量可观的活动性残屑和微粒,对地层的损害更为严重^[98] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 32(2):7-12 DOI:10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.002

The distribution characteristics of clay minerals and reservoir sensitivity in the lower section of Xingouju Formation

College of Computer Science,Yangtze University，Jingzhou Hubei 434023，China

The combination and distribution of clay minerals in lower section of Xingouju Formation of Jiangling sag are obviously controlled by the sedimentary environment，kaolinite exists only in delta plain facies，the minerals are characterized by illite，kaolinite，ordered to disordered illite/montmorillonite mixing layer and small amount of chlorite.The clay minerals combination in delta front facies include illite，chlorite and ordered illite/montmorillonite mixing layer.The two main clay minerals in prodelta and lacustrine mudstone are illite and chlorite.The sensitivity test result shows that the reservoir has medium velocity sensitivity，strong-superstrong water sensitivity，strong salt sensitivity and strong acid sensitivity in the study area.

江陵凹陷新沟咀组下段粘土矿物组合与分布受沉积环境影响明显，高岭石仅分布于三角洲平原相带中，粘土矿物以伊利石、高岭石和有序-无序伊蒙混层及少数绿泥石为特征；三角洲前缘相中粘土矿物组合则为伊利石、绿泥石和有序伊蒙混层；前三角洲及湖盆泥岩相中则以伊利石和绿泥石两种粘土矿物为主。储层的敏感性实验结果表明，本区储层具有中等强度速敏、强—特强水敏、强盐敏和强酸敏性。

... 黏土微粒储层改造施工作业中,由于受紊流、高剪切速率或压力波动的影响或者是由于注入淡水使黏土颗粒分散,黏土微粒从碎屑颗粒脱落,并随注入流体移动而堵塞孔隙喉道造成储层损害^[99] ...

2012

0.0

0.2793

... 当页岩中含有较少的膨胀性黏土矿物,较多的硅质矿物时,不仅对地层伤害较小且岩石脆性更强,在人工压裂外力作用下越易形成网状结构缝,从而增加油气泄流面积,有利于页岩气开采^[100] ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 12:22-33

Reservoir modeling of shale formations

... 要成功实现页岩气开采,分析页岩气储层中天然裂隙网格、水力压裂裂隙的作用以及两者之间的相互作用是极为重要的^[101],天然裂隙与岩石的组成、分布及层理的发育以及构造作用有密切关系^[102] ...

2009

0.0

0.8848

. 2009, (3):20-23

Major accumulation factors and storage reconstruction of shale gas reservoir

含气页岩通常既可以作为烃源岩,又可以作为储层和盖层.页岩作为烃源岩,页岩气的产量与其总有机碳含量(TOC)、有机质的成熟度(Ro),有效厚度密切相关;页岩作为储层,它有着低的孔隙度和渗透率,这也是它能作为盖层的原因.在页岩气藏中,气体主要是以吸附方式吸附在有机质和黏土颗粒的表面,或者以游离方式聚集在裂缝和孔隙中的.通过研究煤层气解吸机理,研究了页岩气的解吸机理及页岩中裂缝的检测方法.分析四川盆地烃源岩的地球化学特征、展布特征等,并探讨了四川盆地页岩气藏的分布.

2013

0.0

0.2355

... 最终整个改造层位形成沟通页岩气藏和井底的大型复杂缝网系统,尽可能地增大页岩气储层改造体积^[103] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 4:1745-1750

Intelligent fracture creation for shale gas development

... 所以,页岩气储层压裂设计的根本出发点在于如何在目的层形成有效的裂隙网络(图3a)^[96,104]: ...

2014

0.997

0.0

. 2014, 113:1-7

Sensitivity analysis of hydraulic fracture geometry in shale gas reservoirs

... 储层数值模拟是优化裂隙网络和多阶段压裂技术的重要工具^[105] ...

2009

0.0

... 直井条件下不容易形成网状裂隙^[106,107] ...

... 延伸至天然裂隙的尖端部位,其再延伸方向应根据最大轴向应力理论进行重新定向^[106] ...

2011

0.0

0.833

. 2011, 31(12):81-84 DOI:10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2011.12.014

Numerical simulation models with hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs

1.Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, Ministry of Education ∥ China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;
2.Overseas Exploration & Development Company, PetroChina, Beijing 100034, China

Hydraulic fracturing treatment and horizontal well exploitation are major techniques in the shale gas development. Through a summary analysis of the characteristics of the hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs, the dominating factors resulting in the formation of net fractures are first studied, then the extended models of fractures and the types of fluid rate forecast models including their pros and cons are discussed. This study indicates that the major characteristics of hydraulic fracturing treatment in shale gas reservoirs include special mechanism of absorption, complex fractures, and multiscale effect of seepage flows, with an aim of forming net fractures and enlarging the volume of reservoir stimulation. Furthermore, the formation of net fractures is mainly controlled by the factors such as the intersection angle of natural and hydraulic fractures, the maximum and the minimum horizontal principal stresses, and the brittleness of shales. The major problems facing the fluids rate forecast of hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs are the simulation of fracture morphology and the description of gas flow patterns, for which there are models for unconventional fractures and discrete fractures, and a dual porosity model. These models and methods represent, to some degree, the characteristics of the fracture morphology and seepage flows in the shale gas fracturing treatment but without considering the irregular fracture morphology. These research findings and cognitions give guidance to further shale gas development.

水力压裂和水平井开采是页岩气开发的主要技术，在我国尚处在工业试验阶段，存在很多技术瓶颈。在总结分析了页岩气压裂的特点基础上，探讨了网状裂缝形成的主控因素及裂缝扩展模型、产能预测模型的类型以及优缺点。结果认为，特殊的赋存生产机理、复杂的裂缝形态和多尺度的渗流模式是页岩气压裂的主要特点，其目的是形成网状裂缝，扩大储层改造体积；网状裂缝的形成主要受天然裂缝与人工裂缝的夹角、水平主应力差和岩石的脆性等因素的控制。页岩气压裂产能预测模型面临的主要问题是裂缝形态的模拟和气体流态的描述，主要有非常规裂缝模型、离散裂缝模型和双重介质模型等，这些模型和方法在一定程度上表征了页岩气压裂裂缝形态和渗流特点，但没有考虑不规则的裂缝形态等。

... 直井条件下不容易形成网状裂隙^[106,107] ...

2012

0.0

... 当人工裂隙与天然裂隙连通后,人工裂隙再延伸形态及再起裂点可以通过最大拉应力理论及最大周向应力理论进行确定^[108] ...

2000

0.0

0.7373

... 此外,压裂裂隙的方位和裂隙带宽度等空间分布规律还与储层中不同天然裂隙组合及其与最大主应力间的相对方位有关^[109] ...

2007

0.0

. 2007, 29(5):141-142,149

Influence of natural fractures on hydraulic fracturing

从裂缝的微观延伸出发,从理论上剖析了井壁附近天然微裂缝在裂缝连接、裂缝延伸方面的作用:在水力裂缝延伸沿程的天然裂缝会改变水力裂缝的传播方向,从而使裂缝的连接性能变差,产生多条水力裂缝;在射孔边缘的天然裂缝,虽然在方位上对裂缝连接极为不利,但仍可能成为水力压裂裂缝的最初通道,直接改变裂缝的延伸方向,使得裂缝自然连接的过程变缓或失败.应对措施,一是加入细陶或微陶,封堵部分狭窄裂缝,兼降滤作用;二是在前置液中加入柴油,降低滤失;三是缩小射孔段的长度,减少裂缝的起裂点.

... 根据前人研究结果^[110,111],天然裂隙对储层改造的影响主要表现在3个主要方面：其一,天然裂隙是破裂面,它能够控制压裂裂隙的传播 ...

2011

0.0

... 根据前人研究结果^[110,111],天然裂隙对储层改造的影响主要表现在3个主要方面：其一,天然裂隙是破裂面,它能够控制压裂裂隙的传播 ...

2000

0.0

0.646

. 2000, 19(4):353-355

Effect of in-situ stress on coalbed permeability

国内外资料表明,地应力对煤层渗透性有显著影响,通过实验室和试井资料分析发现,煤层渗透率与地应力呈幂指数相关关系,据此可以在某种程度上预测煤层的渗透性.

... 在构造挤压区、逆冲推覆作用强烈地区、不同走向的断裂结合部位是构造应力集中的地区,而构造应力松驰、转折端挠褶带、与断层有关的次生裂隙、破碎断层面等部位是低应力分布地区^[112] ...

2010

0.0

... 页岩气储层中大量存在的天然裂隙和水平应力间的较小差异是形成复杂裂隙网络的重要地质条件^[113] ...

1994

0.0

2.573

... ④压裂有可能形成水平裂隙或垂直裂隙(图4)^[114]: ...

2008

0.0

1.437

. 2008, 29(3):431-434

Experimental study on fracturing features in naturally fractured reservoir

模拟了裂缝性储层的天然裂缝系统,利用大尺寸真三轴实验系统,分析了天然裂缝影响下的水力裂缝形态、压力曲线特征和滤失机理.实验结果表明,在天然裂缝系统中,裂缝扩展模式分为主缝多分支缝和径向网状扩展两种形式.在同一个天然裂缝系统中,主缝多分支缝扩展模式在水平主应力压差高的条件下占优势,压力曲线波动频繁,基本符合一维滤失特征;径向网状扩展模式在水平主应力压差低的条件下占优势,压力曲线平缓,属于二维滤失.进行了小型压裂估算最小地应力模拟,定义了天然裂缝主导的误差系数,在模拟出的上述天然裂缝条件下,平均误差系数为0.42.

... 陈勉^[115]等采用大尺寸真三轴实验系统证实了裂隙网络扩展模式与水平主应力差有关,在高水平主应力下将形成以主裂隙为主的多分支裂隙扩展模式 ...

2013

0.0

1.388

. 2013, 28(6):718-727

Status and suggestion of environmental monitoring for CO2 geological storage

1.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071,China;
2.Shengli Engineering ＆ Consulting Co.，Ltd,Dongying 257026，China;
3.Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s of China, Beijing 100038，China

The geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a promising technology for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. There are 8 operating largescale integrated CCS projects (LSIPs) and 74 LSIPs in different stages all over the world. CO₂ injection may increase the formation pressure, and CO₂ leakage from natural and manmade pathways may affect human health and ecosystems. In order to provide assurance that suitable sites can be selected and can be operated safely, sequestered CO₂ will need to be monitored to verify that there is no leakage and to provide confidence in predictions about its future behavior over the long term. A review of the CO₂ geological storage monitoring all over the world is presented, including the regulations, guidelines and the application of technologies in different projects. The objects and technologies of baseline monitoring and routine monitoring technologies of onshore and offshore CCS projects (SECARB, Otway, Lacq, Weyburn, Gorgon, Sleipner, In Salah, Snhvit, CO₂SINK, RECOPOL) with different reservoir types (deep saline formation, oil field, depleted gas field and depleted coal bed) are investigated and analyzed in detail. Moreover, a monitoring selection tool (MST) is introduced and applied to the Shengli Oilfield CO₂-EOR project. According to the analysis of monitoring database and evaluation results of MST, the potential baseline monitoring objectives and technologies of the Shengli Oilfield CCUS project are proposed. Finally, outline and methodology of the monitoring work are discussed briefly.

CO₂地质封存是应对全球气候变化的新举措，许多国家都开展了相关的工程项目或研究。环境监测作为验证场址在当前以及较长一段时间后的合理性和安全性的重要手段，是工程实施的重要工作。对国内外CO₂地质封存环境监测的相关工作以及项目所采用的监测技术进行总结，并利用监测选择工具MST得出中石化胜利油田CO₂-EOR项目适用的监测技术，在此基础上提出该项目背景监测的对象、技术和频率等框架，为项目监测工作的开展提供参考依据，最后简略提出环境监测工作的方法和大纲。

... 二氧化碳地质封存技术是目前极为重要的全球气候变化的新举措^[116] ...