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Study Status and Key Scientific Issue of Tight Reservoir Oil and Gas Accumulation Mechanism
Zeng Jianhui1,2, Yang Zhifeng1,2, Feng Xiao1,2, Qiao Juncheng1,2, Zhang Zhongyi3
1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting,Beijing 102249
2. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
3. Exploration & Development Research Institute of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710018, China
Abstract
Tight oil and tight gas have been a hot area of petroleum exploration, development and research for the past 20 years. Based on extensive research of literature, the study status of tight reservoir characteristics and geneses, petroleum formation and distribution characteristics in tight reservoirs, and petroleum migration and accumulation mechanism in tight reservoirs are firstly summarized in this article. Secondly, the main features of domestic and international tight oil and gas accumulation researches are analyzed. At last, the article point out that the key scientific issue of tight oil and gas pool formation is petroleum injection, migration and accumulation in micro-nano pore network systems, which refers to petroleum injection mechanism from source rocks to tight reservoirs, petroleum migration and percolation mechanism in micro-nano pore network systems and petroleum occurrence and accumulation (detention) mechanism in micro-nano pore network systems. Investigation on tight reservoir oil and gas accumulation mechanism should pay attention to three key scientific problems.
图1 中国致密砂岩孔喉分布图(据文献[20]修改) 资料来源:塔里木盆地、四川盆地、松辽盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地延长组、吐哈盆地与渤海湾盆地1478个样品Fig.1 Pore and throat distribution of tight sandstones in China(modified from reference[20]) Data derived from 1478 rock samples of Tarim basin, Sichuan basin, Songliao basin, Yan chang formation of Ordos basin, Turpan-Hami basin and Bohai bay basin
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APS (Acta Pharmacologica Sinica), the top pharmacology research journal based in China, publishes original articles and reviews on all aspects of pharmacology and the related life sciences
Abstract Based on distribution of oil and gas in the world, the connotation and characteristics of “continuous” petroleum reservoirs are elaborated in this paper. “Continuous” petroleum reservoirs refer to unconventional trap reservoirs existing in a large-scale unconventional reservoir system, and the distribution of oil and gas is continuous. The main geological characteristics of “continuous” petroleum reservoirs are as follows: located in the center and slope of a basin, large-scale distribution and rich locally; mainly of large-scale unconventional reservoirs; traps have no clear boundaries; mainly of self-generating and self-preserving; mainly of primary migration; accumulated by diffusion and buoyancy is limited; non-Darcy flow; poor oil-water differentiation and different saturation; oil, water and gas coexist and have no common interface and pressure system; resources abundance is low and reserves are calculated by well-control region; the mining technologies are special and tailored techniques are required. In this paper are discussed the cause of deep-water “sandy debris flow” and a few examples on “continuous” reservoirs, the shallow-water delta low or ultra-low porosity and permeability reservoirs, coal-bed methane and shale-cracked reservoirs and so on.
1.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing100083, China;2.State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, Beijing100083, China
With the rise of unconventional oil and gas exploration, the study of shale reservoirs gets attention gradually and how to carry out the research of the shale reservoirs has become the primary problem in the study of unconventional oil and gas. Research on the shale reservoirs has great significance to the layer selection in exploration of shale oil and gas, to the evaluation of resource potential and to the calculation of seepage capacity of oil and gas. The micro-nano pore characterization techniques of shale, the division of pore types in shale and the mechanism of porosity evolution in shale are respectively overviewed and evaluated, and available problems are pointed out by combining with the newest research progress. We propose that the industrial CT-micro CT-nano CT/FIB series of radiation scanning and pressure mercury injection (MICP)-nitrogen gas adsorption (N 2 )carbon dioxide adsorption (CO 2 ) fluid method are the optimal methods of the quantitative characterization of reservoirs and the regression of experiment and porosity log should guide the favorite site of higher porosity. The classification of shale reservoir space should take oil and gas containing into consideration and AFM was suggested to study the reservoir continent ability for hydrocarbon. We suggest using rock diagensis simulation experiment and real profile samples to understand the shale porosity evolution and to find the main controlling factors with the aid of XRD analysis.
1 Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Beijing100083 2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing100083
Nano-pores dominate the storage space of tight reservoirs and the connectivity of pore throat system is complex. The diameter of organic matter pores and intra-particle pores in marine shale with high maturity of southern China are 20~890 nm. The pores in terrestrial shale are organic matter pores and matrix pores, with diameter between 30~200 nm. The storage space in tight sandstone includes dissolution pores and micro-fractures with diameter in 10~200 μm. Nano-pores are composed by inter-particle pores and inter-crystal pores with diameter 70~400 nm. The calcite dissolution pores, inter-particle dissolution pores and micro-fractures dominate the nano-pores in tight limestones and the diameter is 50~500 nm. Reservoir digenetic modeling data indicates that total porosity in shale increases firstly and decreased later with the increase of|temperature and pressure. Four occurrences of oil in nano-pores have been distinguished and inter-particle pores are the most favorable for the oil accumulation. Moreover, due to the special characteristics of unconventional oil and gas, further work should be focused on the instrument improvement, technology innovation and evaluation parameter optimization.
1.College of Resources Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;2. School of Earth and Environment Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea;3. College of Geological Science & Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China;4. Schlumberger China, Chengdu 610041, China; 5. College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Along with the widely used experimental testing technology within 40 years, a number of significant knowledge and results have been achieved in diagenesis of clastic reservoirs an important branch of sedimentology and basin research, which has promoted the exploration and development of hydrocarbonbearing basins. This article encompasses the knowledge system to start an overview of the concept and research history of diagenesis, and to collate some representative classification viewpoints of clastic diagenetic stage. Several advances in recent theoretical and applied aspects of diagenesis, which have enriched the systems and technology series, have been introduced and summarized, including: ① improvement of alkaline diagenesis theory; ② increasingly widespread application in numerical simulation of clastic diagenesis; ③ rapid development of diagenesis within the framework of sequence stratigraphy or depositional facies; ④ preliminary investigation of structural diagenesis; ⑤ in-depth quantitative evaluation of diagenetic facies. Additionally, the research trends of the discipline system of diagenesis should be closely combined and discussed with diagenesis of tight sandstone reservoirs, diagenesis and its temporal properties of hierarchical systems, quantitative research of diagenesis, and integration of diagenesis and other fields. Frontier research and development directions have been prospected in order to bring forward further development of diagenesis, which is benefit for the forecasting and evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbonbearing clastic reservoirs.
Abstract Tectonic movement of the Ordos Basin is characterized by the whole ascending and descending. The main driving forces of petroleum migration in the Mesozoic are buoyancy and abnormal pressure. The continuous oil column height in reservoirs of the Jurassic Yan'an Formation is close to the calculated oil column height required to overcome capillary pressures. The width of the discovered oil-bearing belt below the Tertiary Yanchang Formation is far less than that needed for overcoming capillary pressures. Study of the mudstone compaction curves of more than 100 wells reveals that the driving was buoyancy in the Jurassic and the upper part of Tertiary Yangchang Formation. During the period of large quantity petroleum accumulation, middle and lower reservoirs of the Yangchang Formation were very tight, the formation basically lost water alternating ability, and the extensively developed abnormal high pressure became the main dynamic force of petroleum secondary migration.
Daqing Petroleum Institute, Daqing Heilongjiang 163318
There is abundant oil and gas in F,Y Formation of Sanzhao depression in Songliao Basin, how to further enlarge reservoir area and how to exploit proven territory are two problem puzzling explorer because of the complexity of reversed migration. The distinctiveness of accumulation of F,Y Formation are manifested in two aspects: first, higher density fault, smaller scale and concentrated in zone; second, it's difficult to forecast distribution of the fluvial channel sand since F,Y Formation located in convergence of provenance. This paper based on the correlation of oil and gas, centering on the formation and evolution of fault, oil source fault is calibrated, the allocation of fault and sand body and regulation of controlling oil has been analyzed and the accumulation model is established. It's considered that the oil of F, Y Formation mainly comes from the hydrocarbon source rock of K1qn, the key period of accumulation is last sediment stage of K2m, consequently, the main oil source faults are those among the periods of fault depression to depression and depression to inversion, reversed migration happened along the oil source fault under the action of overpressure, the depth downward is usually 200m, so the favorable formation of interest is the top of F,Y Formation. Faults in F,Y Formation is featured by concentration in zone, oil source faults , the ones controlling accumulation, are mainly the boundary faults. The force condition of "reversed migration", namely, oil along oil source faults, multiple phases of deformation of faults and transportation of horizontal fracture caused by the decoupling of mudstone of K1qn in reversed period determined the concentration of oil in footwall channel sand of fault, oil in horst controlled by oil source fault is highly concentrated, whereas the concentration zone of fault which is the lower tectonic place is not concentration area of oil.
Abstract Natural convection in an enclosure filled with two layers of porous media is investigated numerically. Constant heat flux is imposed on the left vertical wall and the right wall is assumed to be at a low temperature. The focus of the work is on the validity of the Darcy model when various combinations of fluid Rayleigh number, Darcy number and permeability ratios are considered for fixed values of the modified Rayleigh numbers. It is found that the boundary effects (Brinkman term) have significant importance at higher modified Rayleigh numbers (Rayleigh number based on permeability, Ra m ). Calculations are performed for a modified Rayleigh number up to 10 5 . The results showed that, for the investigated range of parameters, the flow structure and heat transfer could be different than what Darcy model predicts. Two circulations are predicted for Ra f =1×10 8 , for two different cases, Da =1×10 −3 , K r =1000 and Da =1×10 −4 , K r =100 ( K r = K 1 / K 2 ). For K r >1, increasing permeability ratio decreases flow penetration from layer 1 to layer 2 while reverse is true for K r Ra m ( Ra m ?10 3 ) and K r =1000, the heat transfer is conductive in the right layer, while this is true for the left layer for K r =0.001. It is possible to obtain no-slip velocity boundary conditions both at the walls and at the interface between the porous layers even for very low permeability.
In the Dongying Depression, high abundance of parallel microfractures are found in the hydrocarbon source rocks of the upper unit of E 2-3 s 4 Member and the lower unit of E 2-3 s 3 Member. Most of the microfractures are filled with secondary calcite. The layers with microfractures are extensive in the basin and appear at about 2900~3000 m, which are consistent with the top depth of the maturation stage of hydrocarbon source rocks. Lithological and geochemical studies show that the occurrence of microfractures in the rocks is heterogeneous. Most of microfractures are found in the paper laminated shales with high organic matter abundance, while still none is found in the massive mudstones with lower organic matter abundance. The relations between organic matter abundance, organic matter maturation and the occurrence of microfractures indicate that hydrocarbons generation is the key reason for the parallel microfractures to produce. When maturated the source rocks with high organic matter abundance begin to generate a great deal of hydrocarbons, which quickly raise the pore pressure and lead the rocks to fracture at last. As the upper unit of E 2-3 s 4 Member and the lower unit of E 2-3 s 3 Member are interbedded with shales and mudstone, and the occurrence of microfractures is heterogeneous and only limited to shales, the layers with microfractures and layers lack of microfractures are intercalated. So, we propose that the expulsion of hydrocarbons in this section will be similar to source rocks of intercalated sands and muds in front of the delta, and can improve hydrocarbons expulsion efficiency.
1.Geological Exploration and Development Research Institute of Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co., Ltd., CNPC, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China; 2.School of Resources and Environment, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China; 3.Northwest Sichuan Gas Fields, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, PetroChina, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China
The tight sand gas reservoirs in the 1st and 2nd members of the Permian Shaanxi Formation and the 8th member of the Permian Shihezi Formation are featured by low porosity and low permeability. However, the currently used lower limits of porosity and permeability might be too high. Several methods such as experimental statistical method, porositypermeability crossplotting method, minimum flow pore throat radius method, and logging parameter method, were used to further determine the optimal lower limits of porosity and permeability for reservoirs in this block. The results show that the lower limit of porosity for the sandstone reservoirs in the 8th member of the Shihezi Formation is 5.0%, the lower limit of permeability is 0.10 mD, and the lower limit of gas saturation is 55%. As for the 1st member of the Shanxi Formation, these values are 4.0%, 0.075 mD and 55% respectively, and as for the 2nd member of the Shanxi Formation, these values are 3.5%, 0.075 mD and 45% respectively. These values are of great importance to the accurate calculation of reserves in this block.
The oil and gas reservoirs have been divided in three types: Millimeterpore, micropore and nanopore. The diameter of pore throat in conventional reservoir is generally larger than one micron. The diameter of nano-pore in shale gas reservoirs ranges between 5 and 160 nanometers in North American, mainly from 80 to 100 nanometers. Based on the field emission SEM and the nano CT reconfiguration technique, it was the first discovery of nano-pore in research of unconventional tight sandstone and shale gas reservoir in China, whose diameter is less than one micron. The nano-pore in tight sandstone gas reservoirs is mainly of grain micropore, authigenic mineral intragranular pore and microfracture, throat is sheetlike, bended platy, has poor connectivity and its diameter ranges between 10 and 1000 nanometers, mainly from 300 to 900 nanometers. The nanopore in shale gas reservoirs is mainly of organic matter nanopore, grain nanopore and authigenic mineral intragranular pore, and its diameter ranges between 5 and 300 nanometers, mainly from 80 to 200 nanometers. The nanopore is main body of connectivitive reservoir space in tight reservoirs. The discovery of nano-pore system within oil and gas reservoir has changed the traditional understanding that the micron-pore is exclusive. It also provided the significant scientific value with understanding geological characteristics of conventional oil and gas local accumulation, unconventionally continuous petroleum accumulation, develop petroleum accumulation mechanism and increase the potential of resources.