戴海伦, 代加兵, 舒安平, 张科利. 河岸侵蚀研究进展综述. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(9): 988-996
Dai Hailun, Dai Jiabing, Shu Anping, Zhang Keli. Review of River Bank Erosion Research. Advance in Earth Science, 2013, 28(9): 988-996
Dai Hailun1, Dai Jiabing1, Shu Anping2, Zhang Keli1
1. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Abstract
Riverbank erosion is a critical style of lateral channel change. It threatens the arable land, ecological environment, as well as the people’s lives and properties along the river. Through review on the research process of riverbank erosion globally, four aspects were classified and described: ① Riverbank erosion processes and mechanisms. The occurence and development of riverbank erosion is quite complicated, composed by multiple processes, which are hard to separate with each other. Therefore, the scholars have proposed a lot of theories to describe the processes. Among the theories, “Riverbank Stability Theory” has been widely recognized and developed. ② Factors of riverbank erosion. The key factors that affect riverbank erosion include hydrology conditions of the river, soil properties, geomorphology, vegetation of the river bank and meteorology. However, it should be noted that the importance of different factors in the collapse process is not equivalent and effects of the same factor on different rivers are various. ③ Riverbank erosion estimation. With the tremendous improvement of quantification recently, time interval of erosion measurement is shortening continuously, while spatial scale is larger and larger. At the same time, resolution is becoming increasingly high. Erosion pin was commonly used in early studies because of its easy use and low cost, whereas remote sensing and digital photogrammetry have more advantages in modern measurement. ④Modeling of riverbank erosion. At present, the models are mainly based on the fundamental theories of hydraulics and soil mechanics, to study riverbank stability. According to the review of the four aspects above, problems of recent researches and prospects of possible development in the future were discussed. The researchers should pay much attention to temporal spatial distribution of riverbank erosion first before further research. The study would be greatly helpful to the researchers for the specific river reach when choosing the proper theories as well as technologies for measurement and quantification, study the riverbank erosion through both macroscopic and microscopic views, and predict the erosion for management purpose.
Keyword:
River bank erosion; River bank collapse; Estimation of erosion amount; Assessment model.
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Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources. 2008, (3):80 - 83
RAN Lishan1,2, WANG Suiji1, FAN Xiaoli1,2, MIN Shitou11,2, ZHAO Jianming3, ZHANG Ruifeng3, ZENG Guoping3
冉立山1,2, 王随继1, 范小黎1,2, 闵石头1,2, 赵建明3, 张瑞峰3, 曾国平3
1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China; 2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China; 3. Toudaoguai Station,Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Reach,Yellow River Conservancy Committee,Baotou 014000,China
The application of dams built upstream will change the input conditions, including water and sediment of downstream channel system, and destroy former dynamic equilibrium, so necessary adjustments are demanded for the downstream channel to adapt to the new water and sediment supply, which will lead to the downstream channel to restore its former equilibrium or reach a new equilibrium. Using about 50 years of hydrological, sediment and cross-sectional data, spatial response process of Toudaoguai cross-section to the application of dams built upstream was analyzed. The results showed that the Toudaoguai cross-section change was influenced strongly by the application of upstream dams and armoring happened and extended to the channel down the Sanhuhekou cross-section. Median diameter of sediment particle experienced a three-stage changing trend which was characterized by an increase at first, then decrease and increase again finally, since the joint application of Longyangxia, Qingtongxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs in 1986, the three-stage changing trend has become less obvious than the time period between 1969 and 1986 when only Qingtongxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs were put into operation.
1. Hydraulics and River Research Institute, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China; 2. Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510140, China
In order to study the adjustment regulation of riverbed form, in view of river energy dissipation, the 50-year river data collected from the Inner Mongolia Reach of Yellow River is analyzed by introducing the targets such as river work, longitudinal and transverse energy slope. It is found that the operation of upstream reservoirs has a great impact on the hydraulic regime of the river reach, such as decreasing the frequency of overbank flooding, increasing the channel width/depth ratio, and enhancing the horizontal activity in the river reach. In the process of riverbed form adjustment under the influence of reservoir operation, there is a close relation between the incoming sediment coefficient and the fluvial facies coefficient, and also between the average swing speed and the characteristic value of water and sediment. The study on the section configuration change, horizontal swing and the energy dissipation reveals that the river flow can directly impact the evolution of channel cross-section. The correlation among characteristics of runoff and riverbed morphology is constrained by the distribution of river energy dissipation. In this studying reach, it is found that the total water energy can roughly balance the required energy dissipation during the various periods of the year.
ZHANG Chun-yan, CHEN Li, ZHANG Jun-Yong, WANG Zhi-guo
张春燕, 陈立, 张俊勇, 王志国
Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Based on the field data,the lateral erosion in the downstream of the resemvir is dealt with in the paper.The effect of lateral boundary condition,the river regime and the bed material on lateral erosion are analyzed.Some conclusions could be drawn:①The lateral erosion does exist in the downstream of the resemvir.The lateral erosion is slight at the begining,and then gradually enhanced,sometimes the lateral erosion in the downstream may result in a bigger width than before;②In the reaches where the lateral boundary conditions are strong,the lateral erosion is weak and it is strong in the reaches where the lateral boundary conditions are weak;③In the reaches where the bed material is coarse and the material in the bank is fine,the lateral erosion is strong,while in the reaches where the bed material is fine and the erosive resistance of bank is strong,the lateral erosion i s weak;And④in the bifurcated reaches,the lateral erosion mainly happens in the main channel;In the wandering reaches,the character of wandering is controlled firstly and the effect of lateral erosion is submerged;In the meandering reaches,the phenomena of the cut-bank and thrown-away-elbow are prevalent.
According to observed data,this paper analyzed the change of flow and sediment condition,the change of river erosion and deposition,the change of bank slope at some typical control works,and the riverbank stability after operation of the Three Gorges Project(TGP).The results show that:(1) The incoming sediment load in lower reach of the dam decreased drastically after storage of the TGP,and this leads to prevalent scouring in Jingjiang reach;(2) The slope of underwater bank at some sections became steeper which may cause problem to the stability of the existing bank.In reality,the bank collapse in some places has happened and already affected flood control safety and river regime stability.To alleviate current situation,the following suggestions were put forward:(1) The monitoring to control works in Jingjiang reach should be enhanced,the happened bank collapse should be treated,and the weak parts of bank protection works should be reinforced in time;(2) More attention to the effect of operation of the TGP on the riverbank stability in Jingjiang reach and the study of corresponding treatment countermeasures is needed.
1. School of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
The seepage in riverbank generally induces the bank-collapse so it is one of the key points in the research of this area.The seepage analysis now is based on the assumption that the flows inside and outside the bank slope are too slow to be considered,which ignored the fact that the flow velocity in the river is rather high,eg.2.5~4.5 m/s in the Yangtze River,China.A new experimental equipment is developed to invest igate the effect of flow velocity on the seepage in riverbank A series of tests are performed by combining various flow velocities and seepage heads.The test results indicat that the flow velocity obviously affects the seepage in the sand soil.When the seepage gradient at the seepage exit is lower than a certain value,the flow will weaken the seepage discharge; if the seepage gradient is higher than the certain value,the flow will increase the seepage discharge.The research will benefit the safety evaluation of the constructions along rivers.
This paper firstly describes the phenomenon of channel widenning in degradation of alluvial rivers, explains the reasons and mechanism of channel widenning and analyzes the stability of cohesive soil river bank failure.Then by establishing a one-dimensional mathematical river model of graded suspended sediments and incorporating a couputing pattern of channel lateral widenning, it predicts the process of channel widenning in degradation of an alluvial river. Moreover, this paper analyzes the effects of different inflow conditions and sediment conditions and different riverbank soil properties on channel widenning and bed degradation. Finally it also proposes the main effect factors.
This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model to simulate morphological changes in alluvial channels due to bank erosion. A method for the simulation of bank erosion is established. This is incorporated into a 3-D mathematical model for turbulent flow and non-uniform, non-equilibrium sediment transport. This model is applied to simulate morphological changes in the Shishou bend of the middle Yangtze River in China, where serious bank erosions occurred during the last two decades. The double-layer sediment structure of the riverbank on the middle Yangtze River is taken into account in the bank erosion module. Both cohesive and non-cohesive bank material in the different layers are considered. The bank erosion module also includes other factors affecting the rate of bank erosion, such as the longitudinal length of failed bank, the thickness of each layer in the double-layer structure, and the erosion-resisting effect of cohesive material from the top layer of failed bank. A locally-adaptive grid system is proposed to efficiently simulate the lateral migration of alluvial channel due to bank erosion. The predictive capability of the 3-D model is examined by laboratory data. Simulated processes of bank erosion agree with field observations in the Shishou bend during the period of October 1996–October 1998, and the bank erosion module plays a significant role in simulating morphological changes of the study reach. In addition, the equivalent channel-forming discharge, which is defined as a constant discharge that can create the same amount of bank erosion in an alluvial channel as that created by natural runoff processes during the same period of time, is proposed to improve calculation efficiency for feasibility studies.