Articles

Soil Moisture Measurement and Simulation: A Review

Expand
  • 1. Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang110016, China;
    2.Shenyang Meteorological Service, Shenyang110168, China;
    3.College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China

Received date: 2011-11-09

  Revised date: 2012-02-16

  Online published: 2012-04-10

Abstract

Firstly, the observational techniques for soil moisture and the current situation of soil moisture databank are summarized, and the different aspects related to soil moisture simulation are carefully investigated, including the discretization schemes for Richards equation, the physical and biochemical processes in land surface model, the intercomparison of land surface models and the estimation of optimal parameters and uncertainties. Secondly, different data assimilation algorithms are reviewed, especially two widely used methods, i.e., 4-Dimensional Variational assimilation(4-D var)and Ensemble Kalman Filter(EnKF), are compared in detail, and also recent progresses in application of land data assimilation are evaluated. Finally, some considerations of future directions of research are discussed. 

Cite this article

Li Deqin, Duan Yunxia, Zhang Shuwen . Soil Moisture Measurement and Simulation: A Review[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2012 , 27(4) : 424 -434 . DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.04.0424

References

[1]Koster R D, Dirmeyer P A, Guo Z C, et al. Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation[J]. Science, 2004, 305(5 687): 1 138-1 140.
[2]Robinson D A, Campbell C S, Hopmans J W, et al. Soil moisture measurement for ecological and hydrological watershed-scale observatories: A review[J].Vadose Zone Journal, 2008, 7(1): 358-389.
[3]Shukla J, Mintz Y. Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the Earth′s climate[J]. Science, 1982, 215(4 539): 1 498-1 501.
[4]Fennessy M J, Shukla J. Impact of initial soil wetness on seasonal atmospheric prediction[J]. Journal of Climate, 1999, 12: 3 167-3 180. 
[5]Chen F, Pielke R A, Mitchell K. Development and application of land surface models for mesoscale atmospheric models: Problems and promises[M]Lakshmi V, Alberton J, Schaake J, eds. Land Surface Hydrology, Meteorology and Climate: Observations and Modeling. Washington DC: Water Science and Application, 2001, 3: 107-135.
[6]Dirmeyer P A. Climate drift in a coupled land-atmosphere model[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2001, 2: 89-100. 
[7]Guo Z, Dirmeyer P A, Hu Z Z, et al. Evaluation of the second global aoil wetness project soil moisture simulations: 2. Sensitivity to external meteorological forcing[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006, 111: D22S03, doi:10.1029/2006JD007845. 
[8]Koster R D, Suarez M J. Soil moisture memory in climate models[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2001, 2(6): 558-570.
[9]Ni-Meister W, Houser P, Walker J. Soil moisture initialization for climate prediction: Assimilation of SMMR soil moisture data into a land surface model[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006, 111: D20102, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007190.
[10]Pal J S, Eltahir E A B. Pathways relating soil moisture conditions to future summer rainfall within a model of the land-atmosphere system[J]. Journal of Climate, 2001, 14(6): 1 227-1 242.
[11]Taylor C M, Ellis R J. Satellite detection of soil moisture impacts on convection at the mesoscale[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33: L03404, doi:10.1029/2005GL025252.
[12]Koster R D, Suarez M J, Ducharne A, et al. A catchment-based approach to modeling land surface processes in a general circulation model, 1: Model structure[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000, 105(20): 24 809-24 822.
[13]Vivoni E D, Tai K, Gochis D J. Effects of initial soil moisture on rainfall generation and subsequent hydrologic response during the North American Monsoon[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2009, 10(3): 644-664.
[14]Sellers P J, Heiser M D, Hall F G, et al. Effects of spatial variability in topography, vegetation cover and soil moisture on area-averaged surface fluxes: A case study using the FIFE 1989 data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1995, 100(D12): 25 607-25 629.
[15]Dirmeyer P A, Gao X, Zhao M, et al. GSWP-2: Multi-model analysis and implications for our perception of the land surface[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2006, 87(10):1 381-1 397.
[16]Henderson-Sellers A. Soil moisture: A critical focus for global change studies[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 1996, 13(1/4): 3-9.
[17]Krishnamurti T N, Surendran S, Shin D W, et al. Real-time multianalysis-multimodel superensemble forecasts of precipitation using TRMM and SSM/I products[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2001, 129(12): 2 861-2 883.
[18]Palmer T N, Alessandri A, Andersen U, et al. Development of a European multimodel ensemble system for seasonal to interannual prediction (DEMETER) [J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2004, 85(6): 853-872.
[19]Palmer T N, Shukla J. Editorial to DSP/PROVOST special issue[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2000, 126: 1 989-1 990.
[20]Korr Y H, Waldteufel P, Wigneron J P, et al. The SMOS mission: New tool for monitoring key elements of the global water cycle[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2010, 98(5): 666-687.
[21]Entekhabi D, Njoku E G, O’Neill P E, et al. The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2010, 98(5): 704-716. 
[22]Vereecken H, Huisman J A, Bogena H, et al. On the value of soil moisture measurements in vadose zone hydrology: A review[J]. Water Resources Research, 2008, 44: W00D06, doi:10.1029/2008WR006829.
[23]Wagner W, Blschl G, Pampaloni P, et al. Operational readiness of microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for hydrologic applications[J]. Nordic hydrology, 2007, 38(1): 1-20.
[24]Piles M, Entekhabi D, Camps A. A change detection algorithm for retrieving high-resolution soil moisture from SMAP radar and radiometer observations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2009, 47(12): 4 125-4 131.
[25]Merlin O, Walker J P, Kalma J D, et al. The NAFE’06 data set: Towards soil moisture retrieval at intermediate resolution[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2008, 31(11): 1 444-1 455.
[26]Robock A, Vinnikov K Y, Srinivasan G, et al. The global soil moisture data bank[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2000, 81:1 281-1 299,doi:10.1175/ 1520-0477(2000)081<1281:TGSMDB>2.3 .CO;2.
[27]Reichle R H, Koster R D. Comparison and assimilation of global soil moisture retrievals from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007, 112: D09108, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008033.
[28]Russo D. Determining soil hydraulic properties by parameter estimation: On the selection of a model for the hydraulic properties[J]. Water Resources Research, 1988, 24(3): 453-459.
[29]Oleson K W, Dai Y, Bonan G, et al. Technical Description of the Community Land Model (CLM)[R]. NCAR Technical Note-461+STR, 2004.
[30]Chen F, Jimy D. Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the penn state-NCAR MM5 modeling system[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2001, 129(4): 569-585.
[31]Viterbo P, Beljaars A C M. An improved land surface parameterization scheme in the ECMWF model and its validation[J]. Journal of Climate, 1995, 8(11): 2 716-2 748.
[32]Zhang Shuwen, Li Deqin, Qiu Chongjian. A comparative study of the three land surface models in simulating the soil moisture[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2009,28: 988-996.[张述文,李得勤,邱崇践.三类陆面模式模拟土壤湿度廓线的对比研究[J].高原气象,2009,28: 988-996.]
[33]Kowalczyk E A, Wang Y P, Law R M, et al. The CSIRO Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) Model for Use in Climate Models and as an Offline Model[R]. CRIRO marine and atmospheric research paper 013,2006.
[34]Celia M A, Bouloutas E T, Zarba R L. A general mass-conservative numerical solution for the unsaturated flow equation[J]. Water Resources Research, 1990, 26(7): 1 483-1 496.
[35]Henderson-Sellers A. Soil moisture simulation: Achievements of the RICE and PILPS intercomparison workshop and future directions[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 1996, 13(1/4): 99-115.
[36]Scipal K, Scheffler C, Wagner W. Soil moisture-runoff relation at the catchment scale as observed with coarse resolution microwave remote sensing[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2005, 9: 173-183.
[37]Parajka J, Naeimi V, Wagner G B W, et al. Assimilating scatterometer soil moisture data into conceptual hydrologic models at the regional scale[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2006, 10: 353-368.
[38]Grayson R B, Western A W, Chiew F H S, et al. Preferred states in spatial soil moisture patterns: Local and nonlocal controls[J]. Water Resources Research, 1997, 33(12):2 897-2 908.
[39]Merz B, Plate E J. An analysis of the effects of spatial variability of soil and soil moisture on runoff[J]. Water Resources Research, 1997, 33(12):2 909-2 922.
[40]Francois C, Quesney A, Ottle C. Sequential assimilation of ERS-1 SAR data into a coupled land surface-hydrological model using an extended Kalman filter[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2003, 4(2): 473- 487.
[41]Visser A, Stuurman R, Bierkens M F P. Real-time forecasting of water table depth and soil moisture profiles[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2006, 29(5): 692-706.
[42]Pauwels V R N, Verhoest N E C, De Lannoy G J M, et al. Optimization of a coupled hydrology-crop growth model through the assimilation of observed soil moisture and leaf area index values using an ensemble Kalman filter[J]. Water Resources Research, 2007, 43: W04421, doi:10.1029/2006WR004942.[43]Foley J A, Prentice I C, Ramankutty N, et al. An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1996, 10(4): 603- 628.
[44]Prentice I C, Webb R S, Ter-Mikhaelian M T, et al. Developing a Global Vegetation Dynamics Model: Results of an IIASA Summer Workshop[R]. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Laxenburg, Austria, 1989.
[45]Cramer W, Bondeau A, Woodward F I, et al. Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: Results from six dynamic global vegetation models[J]. Global Change Biology, 2001, 7: 357-373.
[46]Cao M, Woodward F I. Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change[J]. Nature, 1998, 393: 249-252.
[47]Levis S, Bonan G B, Vertenstein M, et al. The Community Land Model′s Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (CLM-DGVM): Technical Description and User′s Guide[R]. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-459+IA, NCAR, Boulder, Colo, 2004.
[48]Henderson-Sellers A, Pitman A J, Love P K, et al. The Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS): Phases 2 and 3[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1995, 76(4): 489-503.
[49]Shao Y, Henderson-Sellers A. Validation of soil moisture simulation in landsurface parameterisation schemes with HAPEX data[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 1996, 13(1/4): 11-46.
[50]Entin J K, Robock A, Vinnikov K Y, et al. Evaluation of Global Soil Wetness Project soil moisture simulations[J]. Journal of the meteorological society of Japan, 1999, 77(1B): 183-198.
[51]Guo Z, Dirmeyer P A, Hu Z Z, et al. Evaluation of GSWP-2 soil moisture simulations, Part Ⅱ: Sensitivity to external meteorological forcing[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006, 111: D22S03, doi:10.1029/2006JD0078450.
[52]Gao X, Dirmeyer P A. A multimodel analysis, validation, and transferability study of global soil wetness products[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2006, 7(6): 1 218-1 236.
[53]Koster R D, Milly P C D. The interplay between transpiration and runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models[J]. Journal of Climate, 1997, 10(7): 1 578-1 591.
[54]Abramowitz G, Leuning R, Clark M, et al. Evaluating the performance of land surface models[J]. Journal of Climate, 2008, 21(21): 5 468-5 480.
[55]Schüttemeyer D, Moene A F, Holtslag A A M, et al. Evaluation of two land surface schemes used in terrains of increasing aridity in West Africa[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2008, 9(2): 173-193.
[56]Li Xin, Huang Chunlin, Che Tao, et al. Development of a Chinese land data assimilation system: Its process and prospects[J]. Process in Natural Science, 2007, 17(8): 881-892.[李新, 黄春林, 车涛, 等. 中国陆面数据同化系统研究的进展与前瞻[J]. 自然科学进展, 2007, 17(2): 163-173.]
[57]Duan Q, Schaake J, Andréassian V, et al. Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2006, 320(1/2): 3-17.
[58]Gupta V K, Bastidas L A, Sorooshian S, et al. Parameter estimation of a land surface scheme using multicriteria methods[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1999, 104(D16): 19 491-19 503.
[59]Bastidas L A, Hogue T S, Sorooshian S, et al. Parameter sensitivity analysis for different complexity land surface models using multicriteria methods[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006, 111: D20101, doi:10.1029/2005JD006377.
[60]Bastidas L A, Gupta H V, Sorooshian S, et al. Sensitivity analysis of a land surface scheme using multicriteria methods[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1999, 104(D16): 19 481-19 490.
[61]Demarty J, Ottle C, Braud I, et al. Using a multiobjective approach to retrieve information on surface properties used in a SVAT model[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, 287(1/4): 214-236.
[62]Xia Y, Yang Z L, Stoffa P L, et al. Optimal parameter and uncertainty estimation of a land surface model: Sensitivity to parameter ranges and model complexities[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2005, 22(1):142-157. 
[63]Yang K, Watanabe T, Koike T, et al. Auto-calibration system developed to assimilate AMSR-E data into a land surface model for estimating soil moisture and the surface energy budget[J]. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 2007, 85A: 229-242, doi:10.2151/jmsj.85A.229.
[64]Santanello J J A, Peters-Lidard C D, Garcia M E, et al. Using remotely-sensed estimates of soil moisture to infer soil texture and hydraulic properties across a semi-arid watershed[J]. Remote sensing of Environment, 2007, 110(1): 79-97.
[65]Li Chao, Ren Li. Estimation of unsaturated soil hydraulic parameters using the ensemble kalman filter[J]. Vadose Zone Journal, 2011, 10: 1 205-1 227,doi: 10.2136/vzj2010.0159.
[66]Scott R L, Shuttleworth W J, Keefer T O, et al. Modeling multiyear observations of soil moisture recharge in the semiarid American Southwest[J]. Water Resources Research, 2000, 36(8): 2 233-2 247.
[67]Lambot S, Weihermuller L, Huisman J A, et al. Analysis of air-launched ground-penetrating radar techniques to measure the soil surface water content[J]. Water Resources Research, 2006, 42: W11403, doi:10.1029/2006WR005097.
[68]Kowalsky M B, Finsterle S, Rubin Y. Estimating flow parameter distributions using ground-penetrating radar and hydrological measurements during transient flow in the vadose zone[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2004, 27: 583- 599, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.03.003. 
[69]Vereecken H, Kamai T, Harter T, et al. Explaining soil moisture variability as a function of mean soil moisture: A stochastic unsaturated flow perspective[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, 34: L22402, doi:10.1029/2007GL031813.
[70]Mattikalli N M, Engman E T, Jackson T J, et al. Microwave remote sensing of temporal variations of brightness temperature and near-surface soil water content during a watershed-scale field experiment, and its application to the estimation of soil physical properties[J]. Water Resources Research, 1998, 34(9):2 289-2 299.
[71]Bai Yulong,Li Xin,Han Xujun. A review of error problems for land data assimilation systems[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26 (8): 795-804.[摆玉龙, 李新, 韩旭军. 陆面数据同化系统误差问题研究综述[J]. 地球科学进展,2011, 26 (8): 795-804.]
[72]Mitchell K E, Lohmann D, Houser P R, et al. The multi-institution North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS): Utilizing multiple GCIP products and partners in a continental distributed hydrological modeling system[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, 109: D07S90, doi:10.1029/2003JD003823.
[73]Rodell M, Houser P R, Jambor U, et al. The global land data assimilation system[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2004, 85(3): 381-394.
[74]Huang Chunlin, Li Xin. A review of land data assimilation system[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2004, 19(5): 424-430.[黄春林,李新.陆面数据同化系统的研究综述[J].遥感技术与应用,2004,19(5): 424-430.]
[75]Kumar S V, Reichle R H, Peters-Lidard C D, et al. A land surface data assimilation framework using the land information system: Description and applications[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2008, 31(11):1 419-1 432.
[76]Shi Chunxiang, Xie Zhenghui, Qian Hui, et al. China land soil moisture EnKF data assimilation based on satellite remote sensing data[J]. Science in China (Series D), 2011, 54(9): 1 430-1 440.
[77]Ni-Meister W. Recent advances on soil moisture data assimilation[J]. Physical Geography, 2008, 29(1): 19-37.
[78]Reichle R H. Data assimilation methods in the Earth sciences[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2008, 31(11):1 411-1 418.
[79]Kalnay E, Li H, Miyoshi T, et al. 4-D-Var or ensemble Kalman filter?[J].Tellus, 2007, 59A: 758-773.
[80]Evensen G. Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1994, 99(C5): 10 143-10 162.
[81]Whitaker J S, Hamill T H. Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2002, 130(7): 1 913-1 924.
[82]Bishop C H, Brian J E, Sharanya J M. Adaptive sampling with the ensemble transform kalman filter. Part I: Theoretical aspects[J].Monthly Weather Review, 2001, 129(12): 420-436.
[83]Anderson J L. An Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter for data assimilation[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2001, 129(12):2 884-2 903.
[84]Whitaker J S, Hamill T H, Wei X, et al. Ensemble Data Assimilation with the NCEP global forecast system[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2008, 136(2): 463-482.
[85]Hunt B R, Kalnay E, Kostelich E J, et al. Four-dimensional ensemble Kalman filtering[J]. Tellus, 2004, 56A: 273-277.
[86]Tian X, Xie Z, Dai A. An ensemble-based explicit four-dimensional variational assimilation method[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008,113: D21124, doi:10.1029/2008JD010358.
[87]Qiu Chongjian, Zhang Lei, Shao Aimei. A explicit four-dimensional variational data assimilation method[J]. Science in China (Series D), 2007, 50(8): 1 232-1 240.
[88]Tian X, Xie Z, Dai A, et al. A dual-pass variational data assimilation framework for estimating soil moisture profiles from AMSR-E microwave brightness temperature[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009,114: D16102, doi:10.1029 /2008JD011600.
[89]Walker J P, Houser P R. A methodology for initializing soil moisture in a global climate model: Assimilation of near-surface soil moisture observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2001, 106(D11): 11 761-11 774.
[90]Reichle R H, Koster R D. Global assimilation of satellite surface soil moisture retrievals into the NASA Catchment land surface model[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(2): L02404, doi:10.1029/2004GL021700.
[91]Ni-Meister W, Houser P, Walker J. Soil moisture initialization for climate prediction: Assimilation of Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer soil moisture data into a land surface model[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006, 111: D20102, doi:10.1029/2006JD007190.
[92]Rodell M, Houser P R. Updating a land surface model with MODIS-derived snow cover[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2004, 5(6): 1 064-1 075.
[93]Dong J, Walker J P, Houser P R, et al. Scanning multichannel microwave radiometer snow water equivalent assimilation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007, 112: D07108.
[94]Bernard R, Vauclin M, Vidal-Madjar D. Possible use of active microwave remote sensing data for prediction of regional evaporation by numerical simulation of soil water movement in the unsaturated zone[J]. Water Resources Research, 1981, 17(6): 1 603-1 610.
[95]Walker J P, Willgoose G R, Kalma J D. One-dimensional soil moisture profile retrieval by assimilation of near-surface observations: A comparison of retrieval algorithms[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2001, 24(6): 631-650.
[96]Margulis S, McLaughlin D, Entekhabi D, et al. Land data assimilation and soil moisture estimation using measurements from the Southern Great Plains 1997 field experiment[J]. Water Resources Research, 2002, 38(12):1 299.
[97]Reichle R H, McLaughlin D B, Entekhabi D. Hydrologic data assimilation with the ensemble kalman filter[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2002, 130(1): 103-114.
[98]Crow W T, Wood E F. The assimilation of remotely sensed soil brightness temperature imagery into a land surface model using ensemble Kalman filtering: A case study based on ESTAR measurements during SGP97[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2003, 26(2): 137-149. 
[99]Reichle R D, McLaughlin D B. Downscaling of radiobrightness measurements for soil moisture estimation: A four-dimensional variational data assimilation approach[J]. Water Resources Research, 2001,37(9):2 353-2 364.
[100]Houser P R, Shuttleworth W J, Gupta H V, et al. Integration of soil moisture remote sensing and hydrologic modeling using data assimilation[J]. Water Resources Research, 1998, 34(12):3 405-3 420.
[101]Gou Haofeng, Liu Yanhua, Zhang Shuwen, et al. Assessing the performance of the Ensemble Kalman Filter for soil moisture profile retrieval[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2010, 25(4): 400-408.[苟浩峰,刘彦华,张述文,等.评估集合卡曼滤波反演土壤湿度廓线的性能[J].地球科学进展,2010,25(4): 400-408.]
[102]Dunne S, Entekhabi D. Land surface state and flux estimation using the ensemble Kalman smoother during the Southern Great Plains 1997 field experiment[J]. Water Resources Research, 2006, 42: W01407.
[103]Tian X, Xie Z, Dai A. A land surface soil moisture data assimilation system based on the dual-UKF method and the Community Land Model[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113: D14127, doi:10.1029/2007JD009650.
[104]Li J, Islam S. On the estimation of soil moisture profile and surface fluxes partitioning from sequential assimilation of surface layer soil moisture[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 1999, 220(1/2): 86-103. 
[105]Hoeben R, Troch P A. Assimilation of active microwave observation data for soil moisture profile estimation[J]. Water Resources Research, 2000, 36(10): 2 805-2 819.
[106]Walker J P, Houser P R. Requirements of a global near-surface soil moisture satellite mission: Accuracy, repeat time, and spatial resolution[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2004, 27(8): 785-801.
[107]Das N N, Mohanty B P. Root zone soil moisture assessment using remote sensing and vadose zone modeling[J]. Vadose Zone Journal, 2006, 5(1): 296-307.
[108]Ines A M V, Mohanty B P. Near-surface soil moisture assimilation for quantifying effective soil hydraulic properties under different hydrocolimatic conditions[J]. Vadose Zone Journal, 2008, 7: 39-52.

Outlines

/