The structure and evolution characteristics of hydrocarbon generation material is an important problem for the study on petroleum geochemistry. With the occurrence of new analysis method, the component and structure study of hydrocarbon generation material has been made large development which is froming the element to functional groups analysis. The solid state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy gives the content of different functional groups, further, the every kind of structure parameters can be calculated. The structure information has been made a new analysis from the angle of the evaluation of source rocks, the hydrocarbon generation evolution and mechanism of source rocks, and the maturity indicators of source rocks, etc. It has been calculated that the aliphatic carbon is the major contributor of oil and gas, the content of oil and gas potential carbon determinated the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks, and the average aromatic cluster size is an effective and recommendable evolution indicator. The solid state ¹³C NMR techiniques open a new field for the study on petroleum geochemistry.