An estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and understanding of the sequestration dynamics is being one of the research foci for a country or a region to setup the total emission budget. By synthesizing and analyzing statistically the SOC data at different spatial level and temporal durations all over China, the SOC storage and distribution over geographical regions and soil types was presented, the recent C sequestration in agricultural soils was demonstrated, and uncertainty of C sequestration mechanisms was discussed in this paper. The estimates of total SOC pool of China’s soil ranged from 50 Pg to 185 Pg by various estimation methodologies. Surface SOC pool was estimated being 20 Pg by the author, of which one half was found in the soils largely with hydro-morphic formation or wetland origin. Paddy soil as an important anthropogenic soil played a unique role in C storage as they had a quite high C density. C sequestration trend since the 1980’s could be depicted by nationwide soil monitoring data although decreasing of SOC during 1950-1980 was argued. Hydragric cultivation, regional soil resilience and soil conservation technologies such as straw return and crop rotation had made significant contribution to the C sequestration rate of over 50 Tg/aof China. Clay protection could not account for SOC retention in various kinds of soils from China. SOC distribution, transformation and retention by soil micro-aggregates of different size ractions could be a topic for urgent research for dealing with SOCstorage and the effectson sink of the increasing atmospheric CO₂.