Global Change Science plays a significant role in studying and understanding the mechanism and evolution of Earth system that human being live on, and the human activities effect on the surface Earth environment system. In this paper, we presented the studying progress in evolution history of Earth environment from different fields, firstly. Such as establishment of the curve of deep-sea oxygen isotope, development of Milankovitch astronomical orbit theory, studies on the high resolvability records of ice core, change of the short periodical climate and find of the accidental climate, comparison of the climate changes between north and south hemisphere and the contribution to the past global changes by Chinese scientists. And then we analyzed the affect of the human activities on the Earth environmental system by studying and observing the modern meteorological material, such as the greenhouse effect and global warming, hole of ozonosphere, changes of land use and land cover, water resources. At last, we discussed the main trend and challenges of Global Change Science in the new century.