With the developing of the paradox of population, resources and environment, the marine is coming into the research focus of the world. Deep sea is an special dark world containing the extremophiles which can endure extreme environment, such as extreme acid, extreme alkaline, extreme hot, extreme cold, extreme high salinity and extreme pressure, etc. In contrast to the terrestrial microorganisms, these microbes possess some different mechanism properties or genetic properties. The research about the adaptation mechanism of extremophiles will promote the understanding of deep sea biosphere and the global climate as well as the exploitation of the deep sea microbes and minerals resources. The review analyzed and elucidated the survival and adaptation mechanisms on the base of the former extremophiles research, which will offer some references for the study of deep sea microbes in the future.