The fragile ecological environment has been formed for a 1ong time in continental river basin in arid zone.The evolution process is seriously changed along the utilization of natural resources especially water resource by human beings, which affected ecosafety in arid zone.Depending oil development of fragile ecological environment researches at home and abroad, based on the analysis of physical geography characteristics in the typical Tarim River Basin.the fragile ecological environment features and evolution patterns are revealed.In the past century, people engaged in some research work in the continental river basin in arid zone.Such as, human beings and environment problem, water resource problems including hydrological geology and water amount change features as well as hydrological environment, climatology and physical geography fields etc.With gradual implementation of national development strategies in the west part, the continental river basin would become an important area that has large potential in resoeexploitation and economy development in arid zone.