磁学方法在环境污染研究中的应用

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2004.02.0230

环境磁学方法问世20多年来，因其快速、灵敏、经济、无破坏性和信息量大的特点，在环境研究中得到广泛的应用。磁学方法可用于传统的污染分析技术（化学）之前的预研究，而后者一般耗费大量人力、物力和时间；它也可以作为环境污染评估的代用指标。近年来，随着世界环境污染问题的日益严重和倍受关注，磁学方法被广泛地应用于环境污染研究。欧洲环境磁学专家在重建污染历史、监测现代环境污染、追踪与分离污染源等方面，开展了大量的工作，并积累了一定的经验。介绍了磁学方法用于污染研究的显著特点、主要用途、野外工作方法以及相关仪器；展示了在大气、土壤、潮滩、河流、湖泊以及海洋等不同环境系统中，利用磁手段研究污染的成果和最新进展；对于一些难点、热点问题，如磁性机理的研究、多源污染的分离、强烈多变的人类活动对获取有意义磁讯号的影响等，做了相应的分析和总结。

关键词: 磁学, 环境污染, 重金属, 磁机理

With the advantage of fast, sensitive, inexpensive, nondestructive measurement, magnetic methods can be used as a preliminary method of studying pollution effects before starting timeconsuming and expensive chemical methods. Magnetic parameters such as lowfield magnetic susceptibility also can provide a proxy method of estimating increased pollution of different environmental systems. With more and more attention paid to environmental pollution problems, magnetic methods have been widely used and fast developed since the environmental magnetism was founded about 20 years ago. Recently, magnetic methods have been popularly applied to environmental pollution research, especially heavy metals contamination investigation in Europe. Lots of researches were done and plenty of experience was gained in reconstructing pollution history, monitoring present environmental pollution, tracing and separating the sources of pollution.
In this paper, the advantages, principles and purposes of the magnetic methods are introduced. Some examples of different environmental systems, such as atmosphere, river, lake, harbor, coastal bank and so on, are given to prove the availability and effect of magnetic methods. A new soilprofile kappameter SM400, which enables continuous realtime measurements directly in the field, and a pocketsize magnetic susceptibility meter SM30, which can measure sediments and rocks with extremely low level of magnetic susceptibility, are also reported in this paper as new instruments. Some difficult and key problems are analyzed and summarized, such as how to interpret magnetic mechanism, how to explain the correlation between magnetic parameters and heavy metals, how to separate individual pollution source from multiple pollutions, how to get meaningful magnetic signal from intensive anthropogenic activities. However, to develop well, new methods must be used to analyze and interpret the magnetic data and other related subjects must be imported to environmental magnetism.

Key words: Heavy metals, Magnetic mechanism., Magnetism, Environmental pollution

中图分类号:

P318
X123

［1］Kenneth L, Veerosub, Andrew P R. Environmental magnetism: Past, present, and future ［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1995,100: 2 175-2 192.
［2］Oldfield F. Environmental magnetism—A personal perspective［J］. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1991, 10: 73-85.
［3］Dekkers M J. Environmental magnetism: An introduction［J］. Geologie en Mijnbouw,1997, 76: 163-182.
［4］Heller F, Strzyszcz Z, Magiera T. Magnetic record of industrial pollution in forest soils of Upper Silesia, Poland［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998, 103: 17 767-17 774.
［5］Scholger R. Heavy metal pollution monitoring by magnetic susceptibility measurements applied to sediments of river Mur (Styria, Austria)［J］. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 1998, 3: 25-37.
［6］Kapi[AKcˇ]ka A, Jordanova N, Petrovsky E, et al. Magnetic stability of power plant fly ash in different soil solutions［J］. Physics and Chemistry of Earth (A), 2000, 25: 431-436.
［7］Schibler L, Boyko T, Ferdy M, et al. Topsoil magnetic susceptibility mapping: Data reproducibility and comparability, measurement strategy［J］. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 2002, 46: 43-57.
［8］Petrovsky E, Kapi[AKcˇ]ka A, Jordanova N, et al. Lowfield magnetic susceptibility: A proxy method of estimating increased pollution of different environmental systems［J］. Environmental Geology, 2000, 39(3~4): 312-318.
［9］Locke G, Bertine K K. Magnetite in sediments as an indicator of coal combustion［J］.Applied Geochemistry, 1986, 1: 345-356
［10］Hay K L, Dearing J A, Baban S M J, et al. A preliminary attempt to identify atmosphericallyderived pollution particles in English topsoils from magnetic susceptibility measurements［J］. Physics and Chemistry of Earth, 1997, 22(1~2): 207-210.
［11］Williams T M. A sedimentary record of the deposition heavy metals and magnetic oxides in the Loch Dee basin, Galloway, Scotland, since 1500［J］. The Holocene,1991, 1: 142-150.
［12］Oldfied D F, Tolonenk, Thompson R. History of particulate atmospheric pollution from magnetic measurements in dated Finnish peat profiles［J］. AMBIO, 1981, 10(4): 185-188.
［13］Beckwith R W. Lake Acidification in the United Kingdom ［M］. London: Ensis Publishing, 1988. 1 800-1 986.
［14］Strzyszcz Z, Magiera T, Heller F. The influence of industrial immissions on the magnetic susceptibility of soils in upper Silesia［J］. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 1996, 40: 276-286.
［15］Hoffmann V, Knab M, Appel E. Magnetic susceptibility mapping of roadside pollution［J］. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1999, 66: 313-326.
［16］ Zhang Weiguo(张卫国), Yu Lizhong(俞立中). An attempt to research coastal heavy metal pollution with magnetic information［J］.Advances in Environmental Science(环境科学进展), 1993,1(5):37-43(in Chinese).
［17］Versteeg J K, Morris W A, Rukavina N A. The utility of magnetic properties as a proxy for mapping contamination in Hamilton Harbor sediments［J］.Great Lakes Research, 1995, 21:71-83.
［18］Shu J, John A Dearing, Andrew P, et al. Determining the sources of atmospheric particles in Shanghai, China, from magnetic and geochemical properties［J］. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35: 2 615-2 625.
［19］Hunt A. The application of mineral magnetic methods to atmospheric aerosol discrimination［J］. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1986, 42: 10-21.
［20］Shu J, Dearing J A, Morse A P, et al. Magnetic properties of daily sampled total suspended particles in Shanghai, China［J］.Environmental Science and Technology,2000,34:2 393-2 400.
［21］Muxworthy A R, Matzka J, Peterson N. Comparison of magnetic parameters of urban atmospheric particulate matter with pollution and meteorological data［J］.Atmospheric Environment， 2001, 35: 4 379-4 386.
［22］Magiera T, Strzyszcz Z. Ferrimagnetic minerals of anthropogenic origin in soils of some Polish national parks ［J］.Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 2000, 124: 37-48.
［23］Oldfield F, Scoullos M. Particulate pollution monitoring in the Elefsis Gulf: The role of terminal magnetic studies ［J］. Marine pollution Bulletin,1984, 15: 229-231.
［24］Scoullos M J, Oldfied F, Thompson R. Magnetic monitoring of marine particulate pollution in the Elefsis Gulf, Greece［J］. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1979, 10:287-291.
［25］Scoullos M J. Trace metal and magnetic studies of sediments in Greek estuaries and enclosed gulfs ［J］. Marine Chemistry,1986, 18: 249-262.
［26］Yu L, Oldfied F, Wu Y, et al. Paleoenvironmental implications of magnetic measurements on sediment core from Kunming Basin,Sw China［J］. Paleoliminology, 1992, 3: 95-111.
［27］Morris W A, Versteeg J K, Marvin C H, et al. A Preliminary comparisons between magnetic susceptibility and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in sediments from Hamilton Harbor, western Lake Ontario［J］. Science of the Total Environment, 1994, 152: 153-160.
［28］Mayer T, Morris W A, Versteeg K J. Feasibilty of using magnetic properties for assessment of particleassociated contaminant transport［J］. Water Quality Research Journal，Canada,1996, 31: 741-752. 
［29］Chan L S, Yeung C H, Yim W W S, et al. Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and distribution of heavy metals in contaminated seafloor sediments of Hong Kong Harbor［J］. Environmental Geology, 1998, 36(1~2): 77-86.
［30］ Zhang Weiguo(张卫国), Yu Lizhong(俞立中). Magnetic properties and its relationship with grain size of coastal sediments of the Changjiang River estuary［J］.Science in China(D)（中国科学,D辑),2002,32(9):783-792(in Chinese).
［31］ Zhang Weiguo(张卫国), Yu Lizhong(俞立中), Hutchinson S M. Magnetic diagnosis of heavy metal pollution record in coastal sediments on the southern bank of the Changjiang River estuary［J］. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(海洋与湖沼),2000,31(6):616-623(in Chinese).
［32］Fine P, Singer M J, La Ven R, et al. Role of pedogenesis in distribution of magnetic susceptibility in two California chronosequences［J］. Geoderma, 1989, 44: 287-306.
［33］Thompson, Oldfield. Environmental Magnetism ［M］.London: George Allen and Unwin,1986.
［34］Dearing J A, Hannam J A, Anderson A S, et al. Magnetic, geochemical and DNA properties of highly magnetic soils in England［J］.Geophysical Journal International, 2001, 144: 183-196.
［35］Bityukova L, Scholger R, Birke M. Magnetic susceptibility as indicator of environmental pollution of soils in Tallinn［J］. Physics and Chemistry of Earth (A), 1999, 24(9): 829-835.
［36］[AKDˇ]ura O.Heavy metals contamination and magnetic susceptibility in soils around metallurgical plant［J］. Physics and Chemistry of Earth(A), 1999,24(6):541-543.
［37］Zhang Weiguo(张卫国), Yu Lizhong(俞立中), Xu Yü(许羽), et al. Magnetic properties measurement of sediments as an indication of iron deoxidization and an application of heavy metal pollution research［J］.Science Bulletin(科学通报), 1998,43(19):2 114-2 118(in Chinese).
［38］Kapicka A, Jordanova N, Petrovsky E, et al. Magnetic stability of powerplant fly ash in different soil solutions［J］.Physics and Chemistry of Earth, 2001, 25(5): 431-436.
［39］Jordanova D, Jordanova N. Magnetic characteristics of different soil types from Bulgaria［J］ Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica,1999, 43: 303-318.
［40］Knab M. The application of magnetic susceptibility measurements for detecting anthropegenic heavy metal pollution in different environments［D］. Tuebingen: University of Tuebingen. 2001.
［41］Xie S, John A, Dearing, Bloemendal J. A partial susceptibility approach to analyzing the magnetic properties of environmental materials: A case study［J］. Geophysical Journal International, 1999, 138: 851-856.
［42］Knab M, Appel E, Hoffmann V. Using magnetic susceptibility as a discriminative proxy for heavy metal contamination along roads［J］.European Journal of Environmental and Engineer Geophysics, 2001, 6: 125-140.
［43］Huhn G, Schulz H J, Stark R, et al. Evolution of regional heavy metal deposition by multivariate analysis of element contents in pine tree barks［J］.Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1995, 84: 367-383.
［44］Schadlich G, Weissflog L, Schuurmann G. Magnetic susceptibility in conifer needles as indicator of fly ash deposition［J］. Fresenius Environment Bulletion, 1995, 47: 7-12.
［45］Kalliomki K, Kalliomki P L, KelhV, et al. Instrumentation for measuring the magnetic lung contamination of steel welders ［J］. Annal occupational Hygiene, 1980, 23:175-184.
［46］Kalliomki PL, Aittoniemi K, Gustafsson T, et al. Research on industrial ferrous metal aerosols［J］. Annal Occupational Hygiene, 1982, 26(1~4): 337-345.

[1]	赵转军, 杨艳艳, 庞瑜, 赵立芳, 管宇立, 张兆虎. 铁碳共沉作用对土壤重金属的吸附性能研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2017, 32(8): 867-874.
[2]	宗庆霞, 窦磊, 侯青叶, 杨忠芳, 游远航, 唐志敏. 基于土地利用类型的土壤重金属区域生态风险评价:以珠江三角洲经济区为例[J]. 地球科学进展, 2017, 32(8): 875-884.
[3]	唐志敏, 侯青叶, 游远航, 杨忠芳, 李括. 珠三角平原区第四系剖面重金属分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 地球科学进展, 2017, 32(8): 885-898.
[4]	李兴文, 张鹏, 强小科, 敖红. 三门峡会兴沟剖面黄土—古土壤序列的岩石磁学研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2017, 32(5): 513-523.
[5]	李勇, 赵应权, 姚洁. 水泥粉尘对工业区土壤磁学性质影响及其环境意义[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(8): 829-839.
[6]	杜佳媛, 魏永鹏, 刘菲菲, 代燕辉, 赵建, 王震宇. 氧化石墨烯对环境污染物的吸附行为及吸附机理[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(11): 1125-1136.
[7]	张兆永, 吉力力 , 阿不都外力, 姜逢清. 天山山地表层土壤重金属的污染评价及生态风险分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(5): 608-616.
[8]	宋焱，徐颂军，张勇，廖秀英，张林英，杨秀，杨文槐，冯晓丹. 白云山地表水重金属健康风险不确定性评价[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(9): 1036-1042.
[9]	周永章，沈文杰, 李勇，窦磊，李文胜，赖启宏，杜海燕，钟莉莉，梁婷. 基于通量模型的珠江三角洲经济区土壤重金属地球化学累积预测预警研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(10): 1115-1125.
[10]	姜苏,李院生,马红梅,安春雷. 环境中高氯酸盐的来源、污染现状及其分析方法[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(6): 617-624.
[11]	温健婷,张霞,张兵,赵冬. 土壤铅含量高光谱遥感反演中波段选择方法研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(6): 625-629.
[12]	方雪梅,王建设,戴家银. 全氟类有机污染物的污染状况及其生态毒理研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(5): 543-551.
[13]	李泽琴，侯佳渝，王奖臻. 矿山环境土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价模型探讨[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(5): 509-516.
[14]	陈翠华，倪师军，何彬彬，张成江. 基于GIS技术的江西德兴地区水系沉积物重金属污染的潜在生态危害研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(3): 312-322.
[15]	赵转军,南忠仁,王胜利,刘晓文,陶燕. 干旱区绿洲土壤共存重金属元素形态变化及生物有效性实验分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(11): 1193-1200.

阅读次数

全文

摘要

APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC METHODS ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION RESEARCH