构造煤研究现状及展望

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.04.0335.

研究表明,弱变形脆性系列构造煤发育区往往是煤层气开发的有利区,而韧性变形的糜棱煤分布区则是矿井瓦斯突出的危险地带。因此,面向煤层气勘探与开发和瓦斯突出预测与评价是学科领域亟待解决的关键科学问题及技术难题,构造煤的研究日益受到人们的高度重视。较为系统地阐述了构造煤的概念与分类,不同类型构造煤的变形特征、孔—裂隙结构和化学结构研究方面的主要进展,指出构造煤韧性变形机制研究还十分薄弱,是有待深入研究的关键科学问题;煤变形过程中元素的迁移与聚集的构造—地球化学过程是值得探讨的新领域,有可能通过应力敏感元素的提炼,揭示其在不同应力—应变环境和不同类型构造煤中的分布和演化规律,从而成为构造煤分布和瓦斯突出具有指示意义的预测指标;不同类型构造煤和瓦斯富集区的地球物理响应特征及探测理论和解释方法研究应为未来重要的发展方向。

关键词: 构造煤, 分类, 孔—裂隙结构, 化学结构

A number of studies have shown that development areas of weak deformation brittle series of tectonically deformed coal are often the favorable areas for coalbed methane development, and the distribution area of the mylonitic coal of ductile deformation is a danger zone of mine gas outburst. Therefore, faced with solving the key scientific issues and technical problems of the coal bed methane exploration and development and gas outburst prediction and evaluation, more and more attention has been paid to the research on tectonically deformed coal. This paper first systematically elaborated the main research progress on the concept and classification of tectonically deformed coals, their deformation characteristics, and the pore fissure structure and chemical structure. Then, it pointed out that there was a lack of research on the ductile deformation mechanism of coal, and this key scientific problem needs further research in the future. It seemed that the structural and geochemical process of chemical elements migration and accumulation during coal deformation was a new field which is worth exploring. Through refining stress sensitive elements, their distribution and evolution patterns in different stress-strain environments and different types of tectonically deformed coals might be revealed, and then they could become a predictive index which indicates the significance of distribution of tectonically deformed coals and gas outburst prediction. It was thought that geophysical response characteristics and research of detection theory and interpretation method of different types of tectonically deformed coal and gas enrichment area should be an important development direction in the future.

Key words: Tectonically deformed coal, Classification, Pore fissure structure, Chemical structure.

中图分类号:

P618.11

表1 构造煤主要分类方案

Table 1 Main classification of tectonically deformed coal

研究者	分类依据	分类方案
前苏联东方煤矿安全研究所^{[ 16 ]}	煤体褶皱变形程度	4类:层状构造、微褶皱状构造、褶皱状构造、强烈褶皱状构造
前苏联科学院地质所^{[ 17 ]}	煤体破坏程度	5类:Ⅰ非破坏煤、Ⅱ破坏煤、Ⅲ强烈破坏煤(片状煤)、Ⅳ粉碎煤(粒状煤)、Ⅴ全粉煤(土状煤)
四川矿业学院^{[ 18 ]}	煤的突出难易程度和煤结构的破坏程度	3类:甲(难突出煤)、乙(可能突出煤)、丙(易突出煤)
高凌蔚等^{[ 19 ]}	构造煤结构及成因	8类:初裂角砾状煤、镶嵌角砾状煤、错裂角砾状煤、碎斑状煤、碎粒状煤、鳞片状煤、鱼鳞状碎裂煤、揉皱状煤
袁崇孚^{[ 20 ]}	煤体结构及其突出的难易程度	4类:原生结构煤、碎裂煤、碎粒煤、糜棱煤
中华人民共和国煤炭工业部^{[ 21 ]}	煤体结构及其破坏程度	5类:Ⅰ非破坏煤、Ⅱ破坏煤、Ⅲ 强烈破坏煤、Ⅳ粉碎煤、Ⅴ全粉煤
陈善庆^{[ 22 ]}	构造煤的结构和构造特征	宏观5类:角砾状、细粒状、鳞片状、粉末状和揉皱状构造煤。微观7类:初裂状、碎裂状、角砾状、碎斑状、碎粒状、揉皱状和糜棱状煤
焦作矿业学院瓦斯地质研究室^{[ 17 ]}	煤体结构特征	4类:原生结构煤、碎裂煤、碎粒煤、糜棱煤
李康等^{[ 23 ]}	构造煤微观变形特征	5类:非构造煤、微裂隙煤、微劈理煤、碎裂构造煤和糜棱构造煤
朱兴珊等^{[ 14 ]}	煤体宏观破坏类型	2类4型7种:Ⅰ,Ⅱ-1,Ⅱ-2,Ⅲ-1,Ⅲ-2,Ⅳ-1,Ⅳ-2
侯泉林等^{[ 24 ]}	煤变形特征及性质	初碎裂煤、碎裂煤、超碎裂煤;初糜棱煤、糜棱煤,超糜棱煤
苏现波等^{[ 25 ]}	煤体结构及变质程度	4大类,12个型号:原生结构煤、碎裂煤、碎粒煤和糜棱煤
傅雪海等^{[ 26 ]}	测井曲线响应特征	3类:原生结构煤—碎裂煤、碎斑煤、糜棱煤(碎粉煤)
曹代勇等^{[ 27 ]}	煤的变形机制和显微及超微分析	6类:碎裂煤、碎斑煤、鳞片煤、碎粉煤、非均质结构煤、揉流糜棱煤
姜波等^{[ 2 ]}	构造煤的结构特征及其形成的应力—应变环境	碎裂煤和糜棱煤两大系列7种类型:初碎裂煤、碎裂煤、碎斑煤、碎粒煤、鳞片煤、揉皱煤、糜棱煤
琚宜文等^{[ 3 ]}	构造的变形机制和变形环境	3个变形序列10类煤:脆性系列(碎裂煤、碎斑煤、碎粒煤、碎粉煤、片状煤、薄片煤),脆—韧性过渡系列(鳞片煤),韧性系列(揉皱煤、糜棱煤、非均质结构煤)
汤友谊等^{[ 28 ]}	煤体结构及物性参数	2类:硬煤(原生结构煤、碎裂煤)和构造软煤(碎粒煤、糜棱煤)
王恩营等^{[ 29 ]}	构造煤的成因、结构和构造	8类:碎裂煤、碎粒煤、碎粉煤、透镜状煤、片状或鳞片状煤、粉片状煤、揉皱煤、糜棱煤
陈富勇等^{[ 30 ]}	构造煤变形特征	3类6型:碎裂煤(碎裂型和菱形包裹体型)、碎粒(片)煤(片状煤和鳞片型)、碎粉煤(揉皱型和粉末型)
屈争辉^{[ 31 ]}	构造煤变形特征	3个变形序列10类煤:初碎裂煤、块状碎裂煤、片状碎裂煤、碎斑煤、鳞片煤、揉皱煤、揉皱糜棱煤
李明^{[ 32 ]}	构造煤结构及成因	7类:碎裂煤、片状煤、碎斑煤、碎粒煤、鳞片煤、揉皱煤和糜棱煤,并细分为19个亚类

表1 构造煤主要分类方案

Table 1 Main classification of tectonically deformed coal

研究者	分类依据	分类方案
前苏联东方煤矿安全研究所^{[ 16 ]}	煤体褶皱变形程度	4类:层状构造、微褶皱状构造、褶皱状构造、强烈褶皱状构造
前苏联科学院地质所^{[ 17 ]}	煤体破坏程度	5类:Ⅰ非破坏煤、Ⅱ破坏煤、Ⅲ强烈破坏煤(片状煤)、Ⅳ粉碎煤(粒状煤)、Ⅴ全粉煤(土状煤)
四川矿业学院^{[ 18 ]}	煤的突出难易程度和煤结构的破坏程度	3类:甲(难突出煤)、乙(可能突出煤)、丙(易突出煤)
高凌蔚等^{[ 19 ]}	构造煤结构及成因	8类:初裂角砾状煤、镶嵌角砾状煤、错裂角砾状煤、碎斑状煤、碎粒状煤、鳞片状煤、鱼鳞状碎裂煤、揉皱状煤
袁崇孚^{[ 20 ]}	煤体结构及其突出的难易程度	4类:原生结构煤、碎裂煤、碎粒煤、糜棱煤
中华人民共和国煤炭工业部^{[ 21 ]}	煤体结构及其破坏程度	5类:Ⅰ非破坏煤、Ⅱ破坏煤、Ⅲ 强烈破坏煤、Ⅳ粉碎煤、Ⅴ全粉煤
陈善庆^{[ 22 ]}	构造煤的结构和构造特征	宏观5类:角砾状、细粒状、鳞片状、粉末状和揉皱状构造煤。微观7类:初裂状、碎裂状、角砾状、碎斑状、碎粒状、揉皱状和糜棱状煤
焦作矿业学院瓦斯地质研究室^{[ 17 ]}	煤体结构特征	4类:原生结构煤、碎裂煤、碎粒煤、糜棱煤
李康等^{[ 23 ]}	构造煤微观变形特征	5类:非构造煤、微裂隙煤、微劈理煤、碎裂构造煤和糜棱构造煤
朱兴珊等^{[ 14 ]}	煤体宏观破坏类型	2类4型7种:Ⅰ,Ⅱ-1,Ⅱ-2,Ⅲ-1,Ⅲ-2,Ⅳ-1,Ⅳ-2
侯泉林等^{[ 24 ]}	煤变形特征及性质	初碎裂煤、碎裂煤、超碎裂煤;初糜棱煤、糜棱煤,超糜棱煤
苏现波等^{[ 25 ]}	煤体结构及变质程度	4大类,12个型号:原生结构煤、碎裂煤、碎粒煤和糜棱煤
傅雪海等^{[ 26 ]}	测井曲线响应特征	3类:原生结构煤—碎裂煤、碎斑煤、糜棱煤(碎粉煤)
曹代勇等^{[ 27 ]}	煤的变形机制和显微及超微分析	6类:碎裂煤、碎斑煤、鳞片煤、碎粉煤、非均质结构煤、揉流糜棱煤
姜波等^{[ 2 ]}	构造煤的结构特征及其形成的应力—应变环境	碎裂煤和糜棱煤两大系列7种类型:初碎裂煤、碎裂煤、碎斑煤、碎粒煤、鳞片煤、揉皱煤、糜棱煤
琚宜文等^{[ 3 ]}	构造的变形机制和变形环境	3个变形序列10类煤:脆性系列(碎裂煤、碎斑煤、碎粒煤、碎粉煤、片状煤、薄片煤),脆—韧性过渡系列(鳞片煤),韧性系列(揉皱煤、糜棱煤、非均质结构煤)
汤友谊等^{[ 28 ]}	煤体结构及物性参数	2类:硬煤(原生结构煤、碎裂煤)和构造软煤(碎粒煤、糜棱煤)
王恩营等^{[ 29 ]}	构造煤的成因、结构和构造	8类:碎裂煤、碎粒煤、碎粉煤、透镜状煤、片状或鳞片状煤、粉片状煤、揉皱煤、糜棱煤
陈富勇等^{[ 30 ]}	构造煤变形特征	3类6型:碎裂煤(碎裂型和菱形包裹体型)、碎粒(片)煤(片状煤和鳞片型)、碎粉煤(揉皱型和粉末型)
屈争辉^{[ 31 ]}	构造煤变形特征	3个变形序列10类煤:初碎裂煤、块状碎裂煤、片状碎裂煤、碎斑煤、鳞片煤、揉皱煤、揉皱糜棱煤
李明^{[ 32 ]}	构造煤结构及成因	7类:碎裂煤、片状煤、碎斑煤、碎粒煤、鳞片煤、揉皱煤和糜棱煤,并细分为19个亚类

图1 阳泉新景矿碎裂煤(手标本)

Fig.1 Cataclastic coal of Xinjing mine,Yangquan(hand sample)

图2 淮北祁南矿碎斑煤(反射光)

Fig.2 Porphyroclastic coal of Qi’nan mine, Huaibei(reflect light)

图3 淮北朱仙庄矿碎粒煤(反射光)

Fig.3 Granulated coal of Zhuxianzhuang mine, Huaibei(reflect light)

图4 淮北祁南矿薄片煤(反射光)

Fig.4 Flake coal of Qi’nan mine, Huaibei(reflect light)

图5 淮北祁南矿揉皱煤(反射光)

Fig.5 Wrinkly coal of Qi’nan mine, Huaibei(reflect light)

图6 淮北朱仙庄矿糜棱煤(反射光)

Fig.6 Mylonitic coal of Zhuxianzhuang mine, Huaibei (reflect light)

图7 淮北祁东矿鳞片煤(反射光)

Fig.7 Squamate coal of Qidong mine,Huaibei (reflect light)

图8 不同类型构造煤各阶段孔容和孔容比分布图 ^{[

32
]}

Fig.8 The contribution of each pore valume to the total ^{[

32
]}

表2 构造煤孔径结构的自然分类 ^{[

47
]}

Table 2 Natural classification of pore structure of tectonically deformed coal ^{[

47
]}

	孔径结构类型	孔隙直径分布范围/nm
裂隙为主	超大孔	>20 000
裂隙与孔隙	大孔	5 000~20 000
	中孔	100~5 000
孔隙	过渡孔	15~100
	微孔	<15

表2 构造煤孔径结构的自然分类 ^{[

47
]}

Table 2 Natural classification of pore structure of tectonically deformed coal ^{[

47
]}

	孔径结构类型	孔隙直径分布范围/nm
裂隙为主	超大孔	>20 000
裂隙与孔隙	大孔	5 000~20 000
	中孔	100~5 000
孔隙	过渡孔	15~100
	微孔	<15

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摘要

Current Research Status and Prospect of Tectonically Deformed Coal