基于土地利用类型的土壤重金属区域生态风险评价:以珠江三角洲经济区为例

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.08.0875

地球科学进展 ›› 2017, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (8): 875 -884. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.08.0875

宗庆霞 ¹(

), 窦磊 ², 侯青叶 ^1, ^*(

), 杨忠芳 ¹, 游远航 ³, 唐志敏 ^1, ⁴

1.中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
2.广东省地质调查院,广东广州 510080
3.广东省地质局第三地质大队,广东韶关 512023
4. 中国地质调查局南京地质调查中心,江苏南京 210016

收稿日期:2017-02-24 修回日期:2017-07-07 出版日期:2017-10-20
通讯作者: 侯青叶 E-mail:qingxiazong@163.com;qingyehou@126.com
基金资助:
中国地质调查局地质大调查项目“珠江三角洲土壤重金属地球化学成因与风险评价”(编号:12120115050401)和“珠江三角洲土壤重金属成因与生态风险评价”(编号:121201108000150012-10)资助

Regional Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Based on Different Land Uses

Qingxia Zong ¹( ), Lei Dou ², Qingye Hou ^1, ^*( ), Zhongfang Yang ¹, Yuanhang You ³, Zhimin Tang ^1, ⁴

1.School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2.Guangdong Institute of Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510080, China
3.No.3 Geological Brigade of Guangdong Bureau of Geology, Guangdong Shaoguan 512023, China
4.Nanjing Center, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China

Received:2017-02-24 Revised:2017-07-07 Online:2017-10-20 Published:2017-08-20
Contact: Qingye Hou E-mail:qingxiazong@163.com;qingyehou@126.com
About author:
First author:Zong Qingxia(1991-),female,Zigong City,Sichuan Province,Master student. Research areas include environmental geochemistry.E-mail:qingxiazong@163.com
Supported by:
*Foundation item:Project supported by the China Geological Survey “Geochemical genesis and risk assessment of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta soil”(No.12120115050401) and “Genesis and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta soil”(No.121201108000150012-10)

全文 ( 2 ) 下载PDF ( 276 )

引用国外较成熟的2种风险评价模型,基于珠江三角洲经济区生态地球化学调查结果,结合研究区土地利用现状对珠江三角洲表层土壤(0~20 cm)8种重金属的生态风险进行评价,并采用GIS技术表征重金属在区域空间上的风险分布特征。结果表明:珠江三角洲的土壤重金属风险主要来自于As,Cd,Cu,Hg元素,Cr和Zn几乎不存在风险。23.89%的土壤慢性风险指数大于1,表明有引发慢性病的可能,风险高值区主要分布在第四系平原区。37.22%的土壤几乎不存在慢性风险,其空间分布与珠江三角洲花岗岩分布较为一致。致癌风险空间分布与慢性风险相似,25.68%的土壤致癌风险指数超过了美国环保署推荐的1×10^-4。基于行政单元的人体健康风险区划表明番禺区和南沙区均存在较高的风险,应当引起足够重视。

关键词: 土壤重金属, 生态风险评价, 珠江三角洲, 土地利用类型

Based on the results of regional eco-geochemical survey in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone and the local land use patterns, two conventional risk assessment models are introduced to evaluate the ecological risk of eight heavy metals in the topsoil (0~20 cm) of Pearl River Delta. The spatial distribution characteristics of risk caused by metals in the region were characterized by GIS. Results show that As、Cd、Cu and Hg in the topsoil are the primary heavy metals posing risk to the Pearl River Delta while Cr and Zn are negligible. Meanwhile, 23.89% of soil samples have a hazard index of more than 1 which suggests that it is likely to cause chronic diseases in the region. The soils with high hazard index are mainly distributed in the Quaternary area. 37.22% of soil samples have a negligible chronic risk level, of which the spatial distribution is consistent with granite area. Moreover, the spatial distribution of carcinogenic risk is similar to chronic risk, where 25.68% of samples exceed the cancer risk index (1×10^-4) recommended by USEPA. Furthermore, the evaluation results presented at administrative units indicate that there are both higher chronic and cancer risk in Panyu and Nansha district where more attentions should be paid to.

Key words: Soil heavy metals, Ecological risk assessment, Pearl River Delta, Land use.

中图分类号:

P934

图1 研究区地理位置及地质图(地质图引自参考文献[12])

Fig.1 Location of the study area and geological map(the geological map from reference [12])

表1 珠江三角洲经济区土地利用类型统计表

Table 1 Statistics of land use patterns in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone

土地利用类型	水田	旱地	林地	草地	水域	城乡、工矿、居民用地	未利用地
样品数量/N	2 528	1 056	5 314	132	1 004	871	2

表1 珠江三角洲经济区土地利用类型统计表

Table 1 Statistics of land use patterns in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone

土地利用类型	水田	旱地	林地	草地	水域	城乡、工矿、居民用地	未利用地
样品数量/N	2 528	1 056	5 314	132	1 004	871	2

表2 3种暴露途径下的暴露量计算公式

Table 2 Calculation formulas of metal exposure dose for three exposure pathways

暴露途径	计算公式	参考文献
饮食摄入	ADD_食用=C_土壤× $BCF × I R 食用 × EF × ED BW × AT$	[26,28]
无意吸食	ADD_吸食=C_土壤× $I R 土壤 × EF × ED × CF BW × AT$	[28]
皮肤接触	ADD_皮肤 =C_土壤× $SA × AF × ABS × EF × ED × CF BW × AT$	[28]

表2 3种暴露途径下的暴露量计算公式

Table 2 Calculation formulas of metal exposure dose for three exposure pathways

暴露途径	计算公式	参考文献
饮食摄入	ADD_食用=C_土壤× $BCF × I R 食用 × EF × ED BW × AT$	[26,28]
无意吸食	ADD_吸食=C_土壤× $I R 土壤 × EF × ED × CF BW × AT$	[28]
皮肤接触	ADD_皮肤 =C_土壤× $SA × AF × ABS × EF × ED × CF BW × AT$	[28]

表3 3种暴露途径下重金属元素的参考剂量

Table 3 Reference dose of heavy metals for three exposure pathways

重金属	RfD/(mg/(kg·d))			CSF mg/(kg·d)^{[ 29 ]}
重金属	饮食摄入^{[ 29 , 30 ]}		无意吸食^{[ 29 , 30 ]}	皮肤接触^{[ 30 ]}
As	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	1.23×10^-4
Cd	1×10^-3	1×10^-3	1×10^-5
Cr	3×10^-3	3×10^-3	6×10^-5
Cu	4×10^-2	4×10^-2	1.2×10^-2	1.5
Hg	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	2.1×10^-5
Ni	2×10^-2	2×10^-2	5.4×10^-3
Pb	3.5×10^-3	3.5×10^-3	5.25×10^-4
Zn	3×10^-1	3×10^-1	6×10^-2

表3 3种暴露途径下重金属元素的参考剂量

Table 3 Reference dose of heavy metals for three exposure pathways

重金属	RfD/(mg/(kg·d))			CSF mg/(kg·d)^{[ 29 ]}
重金属	饮食摄入^{[ 29 , 30 ]}		无意吸食^{[ 29 , 30 ]}	皮肤接触^{[ 30 ]}
As	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	1.23×10^-4
Cd	1×10^-3	1×10^-3	1×10^-5
Cr	3×10^-3	3×10^-3	6×10^-5
Cu	4×10^-2	4×10^-2	1.2×10^-2	1.5
Hg	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	2.1×10^-5
Ni	2×10^-2	2×10^-2	5.4×10^-3
Pb	3.5×10^-3	3.5×10^-3	5.25×10^-4
Zn	3×10^-1	3×10^-1	6×10^-2

表4 健康风险评价模型计算参数

Table 4 Calculation parameters in the health risk assessment models

参数	单位	含义	取值	参考文献
BCF	无量纲	珠江三角洲土壤重金属在大米或蔬菜中的富集系数	/	见正文
IR_食	kg/d	广东省成人食物日平均消费量	大米0.339 蔬菜0.290	[31]
IR_土	mg/d	尘土日摄入量	100
SA	cm²	皮肤暴露面积	5 700	[32]
AF	mg/cm²	吸附因子	0.07
ABS	无量纲	皮肤吸收因子	As取0.03 其他取0.001	[32]
EF	d/a	重金属暴露频率	耕地350 城工居300 其他40	[26,32]
ED	a	慢性风险暴露年限	30	[32]
		慢性风险暴露总时间	30×365
AT	a	致癌风险暴露总时间,本研究取广东人平均寿命	76.5×365	[32,33]
BW	kg	成人平均体重	62	[34]
CF	无量纲	转换系数	10^-6	[32]

表4 健康风险评价模型计算参数

Table 4 Calculation parameters in the health risk assessment models

参数	单位	含义	取值	参考文献
BCF	无量纲	珠江三角洲土壤重金属在大米或蔬菜中的富集系数	/	见正文
IR_食	kg/d	广东省成人食物日平均消费量	大米0.339 蔬菜0.290	[31]
IR_土	mg/d	尘土日摄入量	100
SA	cm²	皮肤暴露面积	5 700	[32]
AF	mg/cm²	吸附因子	0.07
ABS	无量纲	皮肤吸收因子	As取0.03 其他取0.001	[32]
EF	d/a	重金属暴露频率	耕地350 城工居300 其他40	[26,32]
ED	a	慢性风险暴露年限	30	[32]
		慢性风险暴露总时间	30×365
AT	a	致癌风险暴露总时间,本研究取广东人平均寿命	76.5×365	[32,33]
BW	kg	成人平均体重	62	[34]
CF	无量纲	转换系数	10^-6	[32]

图2 珠江三角洲表层土壤重金属元素环境风险评价图

Fig.2 Environmental risk assessment map for heavy metals in topsoil in Pearl River Delta

表5 研究区重金属环境风险等级划分

Table 5 Environmental risk levels of soil heavy metals in the study area

重金属	风险等级(I_ER)
	无(I_ER=0)		低(0<I_ER<1)		中(1<I_ER<3)		高(I_ER>3)
	采样单元数 /个		百分比 /%		采样单元数 /个		百分比 /%	采样单元数 /个	百分比 /%	采样单元数 /个	百分比 /%
As	10 202	93.54	514	4.71	139	1.27	52	0.48
Cd	10 333	94.74	521	4.78	40	0.37	13	0.12
Cr	10 901	99.94	4	0.04	2	0.02	0	0.00
Cu	10 540	96.64	337	3.09	21	0.19	9	0.08
Hg	10 600	97.19	221	2.03	67	0.61	19	0.17
Ni	10 656	97.70	241	2.21	8	0.07	2	0.02
Pb	10 790	98.93	93	0.85	15	0.14	9	0.08
Zn	10 856	99.53	40	0.37	11	0.10	0	0.00

表5 研究区重金属环境风险等级划分

Table 5 Environmental risk levels of soil heavy metals in the study area

重金属	风险等级(I_ER)
	无(I_ER=0)		低(0<I_ER<1)		中(1<I_ER<3)		高(I_ER>3)
	采样单元数 /个		百分比 /%		采样单元数 /个		百分比 /%	采样单元数 /个	百分比 /%	采样单元数 /个	百分比 /%
As	10 202	93.54	514	4.71	139	1.27	52	0.48
Cd	10 333	94.74	521	4.78	40	0.37	13	0.12
Cr	10 901	99.94	4	0.04	2	0.02	0	0.00
Cu	10 540	96.64	337	3.09	21	0.19	9	0.08
Hg	10 600	97.19	221	2.03	67	0.61	19	0.17
Ni	10 656	97.70	241	2.21	8	0.07	2	0.02
Pb	10 790	98.93	93	0.85	15	0.14	9	0.08
Zn	10 856	99.53	40	0.37	11	0.10	0	0.00

图3 珠江三角洲表层土壤重金属元素慢性风险评价图

Fig.3 Chronic risk assessment map for heavy metals in topsoil in Pearl River Delta

图4 珠江三角洲表层土壤重金属元素致癌风险评价图

Fig.4 Cancer risk assessment map for heavy metals in topsoil in Pearl River Delta

图5 珠江三角洲表层土壤重金属元素慢性风险区划图

Fig.5 Chronic risk assessment map at level of districts for heavy metals in topsoil in Pearl River Delta

图6 珠江三角洲表层土壤重金属元素致癌风险区划图

Fig.6 Cancer risk assessment map at level of districts for heavy metals in topsoil in Pearl River Delta

[1]	USEPA. Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment[R].Washington DC, USA: EPA/630/R-92/001, 1992.
[2]	USEPA. EPA Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment[R].Washington DC, USA: EPA/630/R-95/002, 1998.
[3]	NEPC. National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure[R]. Adelaide, Australia: F2013C00288, 1999.
[4]	UKEnvironment Agency.An Ecological Risk Assessment Framework for Contaminants in soil[R].Bristol, UK:SC070009/SR1 , 2008.
[5]	Hunsaker C T, Graham R L, Suter II G W, et al. Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale[J]. Environment Management, 1990, 14(3): 325-332.
[6]	Ma Baoyan, Zhang Xuelin.Regional ecological risk assessment of selenium in Jilin Province, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 262(1/2): 103-110.
[7]	XuLinyu, Liu Guoyou. The study of a method of regional environmental risk assessment[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2009, 90(11): 3 290-3 296.
[8]	Rapant S, Fajkov K, Khun M, et al.Application of health risk assessment method for geological environment at national and regional scales[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2011, 64(2): 513-521.
[9]	Fu Zaiyi, Xu Xuegong.Regional ecological risk assessment[J].Advances in Earth Science, 2001,16(2): 267-271.
	[付在毅, 许学工. 区域生态风险评价[J]. 地球科学进展, 2001, 16(2): 267-271.]
[10]	Zhang Xuhui, Shao Qianqian, Ding Yuanjun,et al.Societal responsibility and development trends of global soil studies and the provisions for China: Lessons from the status of the 《World’s Soil Resources Report》[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2016, 31(10): 1 012-1 020.
	[张旭辉, 邵前前, 丁元君,等. 从《世界土壤资源状况报告》解读全球土壤学社会责任和发展特点及对中国土壤学研究的启示[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(10): 1 012-1 020.]
[11]	Zhou Yongzhang, Shen Wenjie, Li Yong, et al.A study of prediction and early warning forecast on geochemical accumulation of soil heavy metals based on flux model in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone(China)[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 27(10): 1 115-1 125.
	[周永章, 沈文杰, 李勇, 等.基于通量模型的珠江三角洲经济区土壤重金属地球化学累积预测预警研究[J].地球科学进展, 2012, 27(10): 1 115-1 125.]
[12]	Dou Lei, Du Haiyan, You Yuanhang,et al.Eco-geochemistry survey and assessment in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone[J]. Geoscience, 2014, 28(5): 915-927.
	[窦磊, 杜海燕, 游远航等. 珠江三角洲经济区生态地球化学评价[J]. 现代地质, 2014, 28(5): 915-927.]
[13]	Dou Lei, Du Haiyan, Huang Yuhui,et al.Main research achievements of agro-geological and eco-geochemical research in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone[J]. Geological Survey of China, 2015, 2(4): 47-55.
	[窦磊, 杜海燕, 黄宇辉,等. 珠江三角洲经济区农业地质与生态地球化学调查成果综述[J]. 中国地质调查, 2015, 2(4): 47-55.]
[14]	Zhang Lingyan, Guo Shuhai, Wu Bo.The source, spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from the Pearl River Delta based on the national multi-purpose regional geochemical survey[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(7): 2 732-2 740.
[15]	Zhong Daoxu, Han Cunliang, Jiang Jinping,et al.Heavy metal contamination in soil-rice grain and its risk assessment around a galvanizing plant[J]. Soils, 2011, 43(1): 143-147.
	[钟道旭, 韩存亮, 蒋金平,等. 镀锌厂周围农田土壤—水稻中重金属污染及其风险[J]. 土壤, 2011, 43(1): 143-147.]
[16]	Niemeyer J C, Lolata G B, Gmd C, et al.Microbial indicators of soil health as tools for ecological risk assessment of a metal contaminated site in Brazil[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2012, 59(4): 96-105.
[17]	Zhao Haorong, Xia Beicheng, Fan Chen, et al. Human health risk from soil heavy metal contamination under different land uses near Dabaoshan Mine, Southern China[J]. Science of the Total Enviroment, 2012, 417/418: 45-54, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.047.
[18]	Liu Guannan, Yu Yanjun, Hou Jing, et al.An ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of the agricultural ecosystem near a lead-acid battery factory[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2014, 47: 210-218, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.040.
[19]	USEPA. Framework for Metals Risk Assessment[R].Washington DC, USA: EPA120/R-07/001, 2007.
[20]	Luo Wei, Lu Yonglong, Giesy J P, et al.Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir, China[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2007, 29(6): 459-471.
[21]	Xu Jianchu, Sharma R, Fang Jing, et al.Critical linkages between land-use transition and human health in the Himalayan region[J]. Environment International, 2008, 34(2): 239-247.
[22]	Islam S, Ahmed K, Al-Mamun H. Potential ecological risk of hazardous elements in different land-use urban soils of Bangladesh[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 512/513: 94-102, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.100.
[23]	Rapant S, Kordík J.An environmental risk assessment map of the Slovak Republic: Application of data from geochemical atlases[J]. Environmental Geology, 2003, 44(4): 400-407.
[24]	Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Soil Environmental Quality Standard for Agricultural Land[EB/OL].2016.[2016-10-20]. http:∥/www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/201603/t20160315_332881.htm.
	[中华人民共和国环境保护部. 农用地土壤环境质量标准(三次征求意见稿)[EB/OL]. 2016.[2016-10-20]. http:∥www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/201603/t20160315_332881.htm.]
[25]	Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Risk Screening Guideline Values for Soil Contamination of Development Land[EB/OL].2016.[2016-10-20]. http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/201603/t20160315_332881.htm.
	[中华人民共和国环境保护部. 建设用地土壤污染风险筛选指导值(三次征求意见稿) [EB/OL]. 2016.[2016-10-20].http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/201603/t20160315_332881.htm.]
[26]	Chen Tongbin.Regional Soil Environment Quality[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2015.
	[陈同斌. 区域土壤环境质量[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2015.]
[27]	Liu Xingmei, Song Qiujin, Tang Yu, et al. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-vegetable system: A multi-medium analysis[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 463/464: 530-540, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.064.
[28]	USEPA. Guidelines for Exposure Assessment[R].Washington DC, USA: EPA/600/Z-92/001, 1992.
[29]	USEPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) [DB/OL].[2016-11-11].Washington DC, USA.https://www.epa.gov/iris.
[30]	Baptista L F, Miguel E D.Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 38(25): 4 501-4 512.
[31]	Ma Wenjun, Deng Feng, Xu Yanjun,et al.The study on dietary intake and nutritional status of residents in Guangdong[J]. South China Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005, 31(1): 1-5.
	[马文军, 邓峰, 旭燕君,等. 广东省居民膳食营养状况研究[J]. 华南预防医学, 2005, 31(1): 1-5.]
[32]	USEPA. Exposure Factors Handbook2011 Edition (Final)[R]. Washington DC, USA: EPA600/R-09/052F, 2011.
[33]	National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook[R].Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2013.
	[中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴(2013)[R]. 北京:中国统计出版社, 2013.]
[34]	National Health and Family Planning Commission of the Peopl’s Republic of China. Report on Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Status of Chinese Residents[EB/OL].2015.[2016-11-08].http://www.moh.gov.cn/jkj/s5879/201506/4505528e65f3460fb 88685081ff158a2.shtml.
	[中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告[EB/OL]. 2015.[2016-11-08].http://www.moh.gov.cn/jkj/s5879/201506/4505528e65f3460fb 88685081ff158a2.shtml.]
[35]	Fu Yingjie, Song Gang, Chen Diyun,et al.Studies on 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K levels of topsoils in Pearl River Delta Zone[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 2011,39(30):18 582-18 584.
	[富英杰,宋刚,陈迪云,等.珠三角土壤238U·266Ra·232Th 和40K含量水平研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2011, 39(30): 18 582-18 584.]

[1]	唐志敏, 侯青叶, 游远航, 杨忠芳, 李括. 珠三角平原区第四系剖面重金属分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 地球科学进展, 2017, 32(8): 885-898.
[2]	许妍, 曹可, 李冕, 许自舟. 海岸带生态风险评价研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(2): 137-146.
[3]	周永章，沈文杰, 李勇，窦磊，李文胜，赖启宏，杜海燕，钟莉莉，梁婷. 基于通量模型的珠江三角洲经济区土壤重金属地球化学累积预测预警研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(10): 1115-1125.
[4]	李泽琴，侯佳渝，王奖臻. 矿山环境土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价模型探讨[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(5): 509-516.
[5]	付在毅,许学工. 区域生态风险评价[J]. 地球科学进展, 2001, 16(2): 267-271.
[6]	张学林,王金达,张博,洪梅. 区域农业景观生态风险评价初步构想[J]. 地球科学进展, 2000, 15(6): 712-716.
[7]	温琰茂. 应加强珠江三角洲人地关系研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 1992, 7(6): 43-.

阅读次数

全文

摘要