生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展

doi:1001-8166(2014)01-0068-12

生物炭是有机物原料在完全或者部分缺氧条件下, 经过高温热裂解（通常<700 ℃）产生的一类富碳、高度芳香化和稳定性高的有机物质。生物炭为全球气候变化、粮食危机和生态污染修复等提供了综合解决方案。生物炭对土壤物理和化学性质具有明显的改良作用。其多孔特性和比表面积有利于土壤聚集水分、提高孔隙度、降低容重, 从而为植物生长提供良好的环境。同时, 生物炭是酸性土壤一种理想的改良剂。其含有的养分元素可直接输入土壤, 其表面电荷和官能团有利于土壤养分的保留。但是, 生物炭由于受原材料和制备条件的影响, 各研究结论并不一致。综述了生物炭输入对土壤物理和化学性质影响的研究进展, 指出了目前研究存在的不足和需要加强的方面, 从而为生物炭的应用和推广提供一定的思路。

关键词: 生物炭, 土壤改良, 有机质, 物理性质, 化学性质

Biochar is an organic material with high carbon content, most aromatic structure and great stability resulting from high temperature thermal conversion (usually < 700 ℃) of organic materials under the completely or in part anoxic condition. Due to its stable chemical properties, biochar has received widely attention as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, biochar shows great potential in soil improvement and environmental pollution remediation, and provides a comprehensive solution for the global climate change, food crisis and ecological pollution remediation. Biochar is a carbon rich material, in association with porous characteristics and high surface area which are favorable to accumulating soil moisture, to increasing the porosity, to reducing density and bulk density, and to promoting the formation of soil aggregation. All the above soil physical improvement can provide a good environment for the growth of plants. Furthermore, biochar is an ideal acidic soil amendment which can improve the pH of acidic soil. It contains nutrient element which can be directly released into soil, and its surface charge and functional groups are conducive to soil nutrient retention, such as the reduced leaching of NH⁺₄ and NO^-₃, PO^3-₄, therefore improve the efficiency of nutrient elements. However, the effect of biochar amendments highly influenced by raw materials and pyrolysis conditions is of inconsistent and sometimes even contrast results can be concluded. In this paper, we summarize the current status and knowledge gaps about the effect of biochar amendments on soil physical and chemical properties and some suggestions are also strengthened. Finally, some possible negative impacts of biochar application and research suggestions are discussed in order to better use of biochar in agriculture.

Key words: Biochar, Soil improvement, Organic material, Physical property, Chemical property

中图分类号:

P934

图1 生物质热裂解转化生物炭的基本流程与产物

Fig.1 Flowchart and products of biochar production through biomass pyrolysis

图2 生物炭理化特性与常见土壤障碍性引子对比

Fig.2 Comparisons of soil barrier properties and potential improvements withbiochar application into soil

图3 温度对不同原料的生物炭CEC的影响 PB.松树皮；PN.花生壳; PD.锯末; PC.松心片丸; HW.硬木

Fig.3 Effect of production temperature on CEC PB.pinebark；PN.peanut hull pellets；SD.pinesawdust; PC.pine chip pellets；HW. Hardwood

表1 不同土壤改良剂的EC和pH

Table 1 EC and pH values of different soil amendments

土壤改良剂	EC(ds/m)	pH	参考文献
绿色垃圾生物炭玫瑰桉生物炭污水污泥生物炭家禽粪便咖啡豆壳锯末	3.2 0.4 1.9 5.02 5.99	9.4 7.64 8.2 9.64 4.81 3.48	[24] [26] [27] [26] [26] [26]
绿色垃圾生物炭玫瑰桉生物炭污水污泥生物炭家禽粪便咖啡豆壳锯末	0.43	9.4 7.64 8.2 9.64 4.81 3.48	[24] [26] [27] [26] [26] [26]

表1 不同土壤改良剂的EC和pH

Table 1 EC and pH values of different soil amendments

土壤改良剂	EC(ds/m)	pH	参考文献
绿色垃圾生物炭玫瑰桉生物炭污水污泥生物炭家禽粪便咖啡豆壳锯末	3.2 0.4 1.9 5.02 5.99	9.4 7.64 8.2 9.64 4.81 3.48	[24] [26] [27] [26] [26] [26]
绿色垃圾生物炭玫瑰桉生物炭污水污泥生物炭家禽粪便咖啡豆壳锯末	0.43	9.4 7.64 8.2 9.64 4.81 3.48	[24] [26] [27] [26] [26] [26]

表2 使用生物炭对农作物产量的影响

Table 2 Effects of biochar application on crop yield

生物炭(t/ha)	作物	土壤类型	肥料(kg/ha)	产量（%与对照相比）	来源
100	萝卜	淋溶土	N (100)	+266	[64]
15	玉米	沙土	N (60), P (26), K (50)	+150	[65]
30	水稻	始成土	-	+294	[66]
88	水稻	氧化土	N (40), P (20), K (20)	-21	[66]
40	水稻	水稻土	-	+14	[67]
40	水稻	水稻土	N (300)	+14	[66]
20	玉米	氧化土	N (156～170), P (30～43), K (84～138)	+28（第二年） +30（第三年） +140（第四年）	[68]
20%(w/w)	生菜	火山土	-	-73	[27]
20%(w/w)	玉米	火山土	-	-39	[27]

表2 使用生物炭对农作物产量的影响

Table 2 Effects of biochar application on crop yield

生物炭(t/ha)	作物	土壤类型	肥料(kg/ha)	产量（%与对照相比）	来源
100	萝卜	淋溶土	N (100)	+266	[64]
15	玉米	沙土	N (60), P (26), K (50)	+150	[65]
30	水稻	始成土	-	+294	[66]
88	水稻	氧化土	N (40), P (20), K (20)	-21	[66]
40	水稻	水稻土	-	+14	[67]
40	水稻	水稻土	N (300)	+14	[66]
20	玉米	氧化土	N (156～170), P (30～43), K (84～138)	+28（第二年） +30（第三年） +140（第四年）	[68]
20%(w/w)	生菜	火山土	-	-73	[27]
20%(w/w)	玉米	火山土	-	-39	[27]

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Effects of Biochar Amendment on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties: Current Status and Knowledge Gaps