地球下地幔矿物结构和热力学参数的研究进展与展望

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.05.0465

下地幔从660 km到2 891 km深度,占据整个地球质量的49.2%并处于极端高温高压的状态。在下地幔相应的温度压力条件下研究主要构成矿物的物理性质,尤其是结构、密度和波速,是理解下地幔结构、物质组成以及动力学过程的关键。通过回顾过去30年高温高压矿物学实验对下地幔矿物,包括布里基曼石、铁方镁石、Ca-钙钛矿以及硅酸盐—后钙钛矿结构和热力学状态方程的重要研究进展,探讨温压条件变化、成分变化以及Fe自旋变化对这些下地幔矿物(相)密度和体波波速的影响,指出现有研究结果的不足和需要解决的问题,并对未来的研究方向提出展望。

关键词: 下地幔高温高压条件, 结构, 热力学状态方程, 密度, 体波波速

Lower mantle, ranging from 660 km to 2 890 km depth, occupies 49.2% of the Earth by mass and is at extremely high pressure and temperature conditions. Experimental studies on the physical properties of the lower mantle minerals, particular the structure, density, and sound velocity, etc., are important to understand the structure, composition, and dynamic behavior of the region. Here we summarize the recent experimental results on the structure and thermal equation of states of the lower mantle minerals, including bridgmanite, ferropericlase, CaSiO₃-perovskite, and silicate post-perovskite, and discuss the effect of pressure, temperature, composition, and Fe-spin transition on the density and bulk sound velocity of those minerals. This review aims to provide new insights into the lower-mantle structure and chemistry and help to understand the observed velocity anomalies in the lower mantle.

Key words: Lower mantle high pressure-temperature condition, Structure, Thermal equation of state, Density, Bulk sound velocity.

中图分类号:

图1 地幔岩物质组成 ^{[

6
]}

Fig.1 Mantle in a pyrolitic composition ^{[

6
]}

图2 在常温常压下铁方镁石(Fp)的密度( ρ ₀)(a)和等温体积模量( K ₀)(b)
(a)密度;(b)等温体积模量;黄色:高自旋Fp ^{[

21
,

22
,

34
~

37
,

39
]};蓝色:低自旋Fp ^{[

22
,

34
,

36
,

37
]}

Fig.2 Variation in the density ( ρ ₀)(a) and isothermal bulk moduli ( K ₀)(b) of ferropericlase (Fp) at ambient conditions with various Fe content
(a)Density; (b)Isothermal bulk moduli; Yellow:High spin Fp ^{[

21
,

22
,

34
~

37
,

39
]}; Blue:Low spin Fp ^{[

22
,

34
,

36
,

37
]}

表1 铁方镁石的热力学参数 ^*

Table 1 Thermoelastic parameters of ferropericlase ^*

	成分	V₀/Å³	K₀/GPa	ρ₀/(g/cm³)	γ₀	θ₀/K	q
	MgO^{[ 31 ]}	74.7(3)	160(3)	3.57(1)	1.43(1)	761	^**
HS	(Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)O^{[ 34 ]}	76.2(2)	158(3)	4.06(1)
	(Mg_0.65Fe_0.35)O^{[ 37 ]}	77.2(2)	159(8)	4.41(2)
	(Mg_0.75Fe_0.25)O^{[ 22 ]}	76.3(1)	162(1)	3.67(1)
LS	(Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)O^{[ 34 ]}	74.2(1)	170(3)	4.17(1)
	(Mg_0.65Fe_0.35)O^{[ 37 ]}	72.9 (1.3)	182(17)	4.68(8)
	(Mg_0.75Fe_0.25)O^{[ 22 ]}	74.4(6)	166(7)	4.3(3)	1.69(3)	763	0.3

表1 铁方镁石的热力学参数 ^*

Table 1 Thermoelastic parameters of ferropericlase ^*

	成分	V₀/Å³	K₀/GPa	ρ₀/(g/cm³)	γ₀	θ₀/K	q
	MgO^{[ 31 ]}	74.7(3)	160(3)	3.57(1)	1.43(1)	761	^**
HS	(Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)O^{[ 34 ]}	76.2(2)	158(3)	4.06(1)
	(Mg_0.65Fe_0.35)O^{[ 37 ]}	77.2(2)	159(8)	4.41(2)
	(Mg_0.75Fe_0.25)O^{[ 22 ]}	76.3(1)	162(1)	3.67(1)
LS	(Mg_0.8Fe_0.2)O^{[ 34 ]}	74.2(1)	170(3)	4.17(1)
	(Mg_0.65Fe_0.35)O^{[ 37 ]}	72.9 (1.3)	182(17)	4.68(8)
	(Mg_0.75Fe_0.25)O^{[ 22 ]}	74.4(6)	166(7)	4.3(3)	1.69(3)	763	0.3

图3 铁方镁石沿地温曲线 ^{[

45
]}的密度( ρ)、等温体积模量( K _T)和体波波速( V _Φ)
(a);(b)密度;(c),(d)等温体积模量;(e),(f)体波波速;红色:含Fe 25 mol.%(Fp25) ^{[

22
]};蓝色:含Fe 19 mol.%(Fp19) ^{[

21
]};绿色:MgO ^{[

17
,

36
]}

Fig.3 Modeled density ( ρ), isothermal bulk moduli( K _T), and bulk sound velocity ( V _Φ) of ferropericlase along the lower mantle geotherm ^{[

45
]}
(a),(b)Density;(c),(d)Isothermal bulk moduli;(e),(f)Bulk sound velocity; Red:Fp25 ^{[

22
]};Blue:Fp19 ^{[

21
]};Green:MgO ^{[

17
,

36
]}

图4 常温常压下布里基曼石(Bm)密度( ρ ₀)(a)和等温体积模量( K ₀)(b)
(a)密度;(b) 等温体积模量;蓝色:不含Al布里基曼石 ^{[

49
,

66
~

71
]};黄色:含Al布里基曼石 ^{[

49
,

66
~

71
]}

Fig.4 Density ( ρ ₀)(a) and isothermal bulk moduli ( K ₀)(b), of bridgmanite (Bm) at ambient conditions
(a) Density:( ρ ₀); (b) Isothermal bulk moduli; Blue: Al-free Bm ^{[

49
,

66
~

71
]}; Yellow:Al-bearing Bm ^{[

49
,

66
~

71
]}

图5 布里基曼石(Bm)沿地温曲线 ^{[

45
]} 的密度( ρ)、等温体积模量( K _T)和体波波速( V _Φ)
(a),(b)密度;(c),(d)等温体积模量;(e),(f)体波波速;蓝色:含Fe 13 mol.%(Bm13) ^{[

74
]};黄色:不含铁 ^{[

72
,

73
]}

Fig.5 Modeled density ( ρ), isothermal bulk moduli( K _T), and bulk sound velocity ( V _Φ) of bridgmanite (Bm) along the mantle geotherm ^{[

45
]}
(a),(b)Density;(c),(d)Isothermal bulk moduli; (e),(f)Bulk sound velocity;Blue:Bm with 13 mol.% Fe(Bm13) ^{[

74
]};Yellow:Fe-free Bm ^{[

72
,

73
]}

表2 布里基曼石的热力学参数

Table 2 Thermoelastic Parameters of Bridgmanite

成分	V₀/Å³	K₀/GPa	K₀'	ρ₀/(g/cm³)	γ₀	θ₀/K	q
MgSi $O 3 73$	162.36 (4)	256(2)	4.09(7)	4.108(1)	1.54(9)	950(150)	1.5
MgSi $O 3 72$	162.3	259	3.7	4.109(1)	1.4	1 100(fixed)	1.4(5)
(Mg_0.9Fe_0.1)Si $O 3 10$	162.6(3)			4.231(7)
(Mg_0.96Fe_0.04)Si $O 3 68$	163.09(6)	253(2)	3.99(7)	4.141(1)
(Mg_0.91Fe_0.09)Si $O 3 91$	163	251(13)	4	4.21
(Mg_0.95Fe_0.05)Si $O 3 67$	162.7(1)	255.4	4	4.164(1)
(Mg_0.94Fe_0.06)Si $O 3 66$	162.96(1)	255(2)	4	4.170(1)
(Mg_0.87Fe_0.13)Si $O 3 74$	163.16(19)	243.8(43)	4.160(110)	4.255(1)	1.400(110)	1 000	0.56(37)
Mg_0.6Fe_0.41Al_0.36Si_0.62 $O 3 68$	168.93(5)	240(2)	4.12(8)	4.429(1)
Mg0_0.6Fe_0.4Al_0.37Si_0.63 $O 3 69$	169.9(3)	233(4)	4	4.403(8)
Mg_0.95Fe_0.05Al_0.05Si_0.95 $O 3 67$	163.2(3)	265(4)	4	4.149(1)
Mg_0.89Fe_0.12Al_0.11Si_0.89 $O 3 66$	164.05(1)	264	4	4.224(4)
Mg_0.85Fe_0.15Al_0.15Si_0.85 $O 3 70$	164.96(18)	252(1)	4	4.227(5)
Mg_0.88Fe_0.13Al_0.11Si_0.88 $O 3 49$	162(1)	269(13)	4	4.28(3)

表2 布里基曼石的热力学参数

Table 2 Thermoelastic Parameters of Bridgmanite

成分	V₀/Å³	K₀/GPa	K₀'	ρ₀/(g/cm³)	γ₀	θ₀/K	q
MgSi $O 3 73$	162.36 (4)	256(2)	4.09(7)	4.108(1)	1.54(9)	950(150)	1.5
MgSi $O 3 72$	162.3	259	3.7	4.109(1)	1.4	1 100(fixed)	1.4(5)
(Mg_0.9Fe_0.1)Si $O 3 10$	162.6(3)			4.231(7)
(Mg_0.96Fe_0.04)Si $O 3 68$	163.09(6)	253(2)	3.99(7)	4.141(1)
(Mg_0.91Fe_0.09)Si $O 3 91$	163	251(13)	4	4.21
(Mg_0.95Fe_0.05)Si $O 3 67$	162.7(1)	255.4	4	4.164(1)
(Mg_0.94Fe_0.06)Si $O 3 66$	162.96(1)	255(2)	4	4.170(1)
(Mg_0.87Fe_0.13)Si $O 3 74$	163.16(19)	243.8(43)	4.160(110)	4.255(1)	1.400(110)	1 000	0.56(37)
Mg_0.6Fe_0.41Al_0.36Si_0.62 $O 3 68$	168.93(5)	240(2)	4.12(8)	4.429(1)
Mg0_0.6Fe_0.4Al_0.37Si_0.63 $O 3 69$	169.9(3)	233(4)	4	4.403(8)
Mg_0.95Fe_0.05Al_0.05Si_0.95 $O 3 67$	163.2(3)	265(4)	4	4.149(1)
Mg_0.89Fe_0.12Al_0.11Si_0.89 $O 3 66$	164.05(1)	264	4	4.224(4)
Mg_0.85Fe_0.15Al_0.15Si_0.85 $O 3 70$	164.96(18)	252(1)	4	4.227(5)
Mg_0.88Fe_0.13Al_0.11Si_0.88 $O 3 49$	162(1)	269(13)	4	4.28(3)

表3 后钙钛矿的弹性参数 ^*

Table 3 Elastic parameters of Post Perovskite ^*

成分	V₀/Å³	K₀/GPa	ρ₀/(g/cm³)
MgSi $O 3 108$	162.86	237(1)	4.1
(Mg_0.91Fe_0.09)Si $O 3 106$	121.3(1)^**	657(16)^**	5.654(5)
(Mg_1.80Fe_0.18Al_0.01 Ca_0.01)Si₂ $O 6 79$	164.9(6)	219(5)	4.16(3)
(Mg_0.9Fe_0.1)Si $O 3 107$	164.1(15)	224(11)	4.192(4)
Mg_0.66Fe_0.13Al_0.28Si_0.86 $O 3 105$	115.8(3)^#	760(30)^#	5.91(2)
Mg_0.85Fe_0.15Al_0.15Si_0.85 $O 3 107$	166.5(20)	220(13)	4.188(5)

表3 后钙钛矿的弹性参数 ^*

Table 3 Elastic parameters of Post Perovskite ^*

成分	V₀/Å³	K₀/GPa	ρ₀/(g/cm³)
MgSi $O 3 108$	162.86	237(1)	4.1
(Mg_0.91Fe_0.09)Si $O 3 106$	121.3(1)^**	657(16)^**	5.654(5)
(Mg_1.80Fe_0.18Al_0.01 Ca_0.01)Si₂ $O 6 79$	164.9(6)	219(5)	4.16(3)
(Mg_0.9Fe_0.1)Si $O 3 107$	164.1(15)	224(11)	4.192(4)
Mg_0.66Fe_0.13Al_0.28Si_0.86 $O 3 105$	115.8(3)^#	760(30)^#	5.91(2)
Mg_0.85Fe_0.15Al_0.15Si_0.85 $O 3 107$	166.5(20)	220(13)	4.188(5)

图6 常温常压下硅酸盐—后钙钛矿(PPv)的密度( ρ ₀)(a)和等温体积模量( K ₀)(b)
(a)密度;(b)等温体积模量;蓝色:不含Al硅酸盐—后钙钛矿 ^{[

79
,

106
]};黄色: 含Al的硅酸盐—后钙钛矿 ^{[

78
,

105
,

107
]}

Fig.6 Density ( ρ ₀)(a) and isothermal bulk moduli ( K ₀)(b) of post-perovskite (PPv) at ambient conditions
(a)Density; (b)Isothermal bulk moduli;Blue:Al-free PPv ^{[

79
,

106
]};Yellow: Al-bearing PPv ^{[

78
,

105
,

107
]}

图7 硅酸盐—后钙钛矿(PPv)随地温曲线 ^{[

45
]}的密度( ρ)、等温体积模量( K _T)和体波波速( V _Φ)
(a),(b)密度;(c),(d)等温体积模量;(e),(f)体波波速;蓝色:不同含铁量的硅酸盐后钙钛矿 ^{[

79
,

106
,

108
]};橙色:(Fe,Al)-硅酸盐后钙钛矿 ^{[

20
,

78
,

105
,

108
]};灰色:MgSiO ₃-硅酸盐—后钙钛矿 ^{[

107
]}

Fig.7 Density( ρ), isothermal bulk moduli( K _T), and bulk sound velocity ( V _Φ) of Post-Perovskite (PPv) along the mantle geotherm ^{[

45
]}
(a),(b)Density;(c),(d)Isothermal bulk moduli;(e),(f)Bulk sound velocity; Blue: PPv with various Fe content ^{[

79
,

106
,

108
]}; Orange: PPv with various Fe and Al content ^{[

20
,

78
,

105
,

108
]}; Gray: MgSiO ₃-PPv ^{[

107
]}

表4 Ca-钙钛矿的热力学参数

Table 4 Thermoelastic Parameters of CaSiO ₃ Perovskite

K₀/GPa	$K 01$	V₀/Å³	γ₀	θ₀/K	q	参考文献
249(4)	4 (fixed)	45.4(1)	1.8(2)	1 000	1.1(4)	[3]
232 (8)	4.8 (fixed)	45.58(4)	1.7	1 100	1	[119]
207 (4)	4 (fixed)	46.8 (3)	2.7 (3)	1 300	1.2 (8)	[117]^*
236 (4)	3.9 (2)	45.58 (fixed)	1.92 (5)	1 000	0.6 (5)	[116]
242 (4)	4.18 (3)	45.58 (2)	0.97 (2)	1 100	2.5 (2)	[120]
203.5	4.76	46.17 (2)	1.576	1 100	0.96	[121]^**

表4 Ca-钙钛矿的热力学参数

Table 4 Thermoelastic Parameters of CaSiO ₃ Perovskite

K₀/GPa	$K 01$	V₀/Å³	γ₀	θ₀/K	q	参考文献
249(4)	4 (fixed)	45.4(1)	1.8(2)	1 000	1.1(4)	[3]
232 (8)	4.8 (fixed)	45.58(4)	1.7	1 100	1	[119]
207 (4)	4 (fixed)	46.8 (3)	2.7 (3)	1 300	1.2 (8)	[117]^*
236 (4)	3.9 (2)	45.58 (fixed)	1.92 (5)	1 000	0.6 (5)	[116]
242 (4)	4.18 (3)	45.58 (2)	0.97 (2)	1 100	2.5 (2)	[120]
203.5	4.76	46.17 (2)	1.576	1 100	0.96	[121]^**

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Recent Advance and Prospects in the Structure and Thermal Elastic Properties of Lower Mantle Minerals