海洋碳封存技术：现状、问题与未来

doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2015.01.0017

过度使用化石能源致使过量排放以CO₂为主的温室气体, 并增强全球气候变暖的趋势。碳封存是有效缓解大气中CO₂浓度激增的重要手段。海洋碳封存是一种新兴的碳减排理念, 其封存主体是海洋水柱和海底沉积物, 它们不但封存潜力巨大, 而且与陆地碳封存相比安全性更高。阐述了海洋碳封存的技术原理与封存机制、海洋碳封存的潜力与封存时间、影响海洋碳封存的主要因素、海上CO₂注入技术、CO₂泄漏对海洋生物的影响以及CO₂泄漏的监测技术等, 并对未来海洋碳封存的发展前景进行了展望, 指出了未来海洋碳封存技术的主要研究热点。

关键词: 碳封存, 海洋水柱, 海底沉积物, CO2泄漏的监测技术

Abuse of fossil energy resources results in the excessive discharge of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂, enhancing the trend of global climate warming. Carbon sequestration is an important method to lower the increasing rate of CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. Marine carbon sequestration is a novel idea for reducing CO₂ emission, and its reservoir mainly includes seawater and submarine sediment, which not only possess a great potential capacity of carbon sequestration, but also have high safety in relation to continental reservoirs. In this paper, we expounded the technique principle and mechanisms of marine carbon sequestration, potential capacity and time duration of marine carbon sequestration, main factors influencing marine carbon sequestration, CO₂ injection technique, impacts on marine biota from over emission of CO₂ and technique monitoring the leakage of CO₂. Finally, a prospect of marine carbon sequestration was proposed, and its hot topics were accordingly pointed out.

Key words: Carbon sequestration, Seawater column, Submarine sediment, Technique monitoring CO2 leakage.

中图分类号:

P734

表1 主要国际碳封存项目

Table 1 Main international CCS projects

项目	储层类型	碳封存潜力/(Mt/a)	深度/m	时间	参考文献
挪威Sleipner	海上咸水层	1	1 000	1996年	[7, 12]
中国山西沁水盆地	煤层	0.01	500	2003年	[8]
澳大利亚Gorgon	海上咸水层	4.5	2 500	2014年	[10, 12]
美国Frio Project	陆上咸水层	0.1	1 540	2004年	[10, 12]
加拿大Weyburn	油田	1	1 500	2000年	[11]
阿尔及利亚In Salah	陆上咸水层	1.2	1 850	2004—2011年	[11, 12]
挪威Snohvit	海上咸水层	0.7	2 400	2007年	[12]
澳大利亚Otway	枯竭气田	1	2 056	2008年	[12]
中国鄂尔多斯	陆上咸水层	> 0.1	3 000	2010年	[12]
冰岛Carb-fix	玄武岩含水层	0.002	400~800	2006年	[12, 16]

表1 主要国际碳封存项目

Table 1 Main international CCS projects

项目	储层类型	碳封存潜力/(Mt/a)	深度/m	时间	参考文献
挪威Sleipner	海上咸水层	1	1 000	1996年	[7, 12]
中国山西沁水盆地	煤层	0.01	500	2003年	[8]
澳大利亚Gorgon	海上咸水层	4.5	2 500	2014年	[10, 12]
美国Frio Project	陆上咸水层	0.1	1 540	2004年	[10, 12]
加拿大Weyburn	油田	1	1 500	2000年	[11]
阿尔及利亚In Salah	陆上咸水层	1.2	1 850	2004—2011年	[11, 12]
挪威Snohvit	海上咸水层	0.7	2 400	2007年	[12]
澳大利亚Otway	枯竭气田	1	2 056	2008年	[12]
中国鄂尔多斯	陆上咸水层	> 0.1	3 000	2010年	[12]
冰岛Carb-fix	玄武岩含水层	0.002	400~800	2006年	[12, 16]

图1 海洋碳封存示意图(根据文献[ 4 , 8 , 17 ]修改) a和b：将CO₂注入到浅至中层时, CO₂具有浮力;c：当CO₂注入深度大于3 000 m时, 因其密度比海水大而下沉, 形成碳湖;d：注入密度大于海水的、由CO₂水合物与海水组成的膏状混合物;e：将CO₂注入至HFZ带;f：将CO₂注入至HFZ带与NBZ带的叠合区

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram illustratingthe carbon sequestration in oceans(modified after references [ 4 , 8 , 17 ]) a and b: CO₂is injected into the shallow-intermediate layer, where it is buoyant; c: CO₂is injected into the layer with the depth of more than 3 000 m, where CO₂ is denser than seawater, and it will sink to form a lake; d: a paste-like and denser-than-seawater composite of CO₂ hydrate and seawater is extruded; e: CO₂is injected into the HFZ zone; and f: CO₂is injected into the HFZ and NBZ zones.

表2 海洋碳封存与陆地碳封存的对比

Table 2 Comparison of the carbon sequestration in oceans and lands

储藏方式	条件	可能影响
海洋碳封存	低温、高压	位于负浮力带(HFZ)和水合物形成带(NBZ), 处于重力稳定状态
	上覆海水和沉积物	CO₂逃逸后起缓冲作用
	储层分布广泛	碳封存潜力巨大
	富含水和玄武岩的环境	碳矿化反应快
	远离人居区	易被公众接受
陆地碳封存	高温、高压	处于浮力状态, 易逃逸
	孔隙水中含重金属离子	置换孔隙水困难, 污染地下水和土壤
	硅质岩	碳矿化反应慢
	分布不均、离人居区较近	不易被公众接受
	已有的钻井多	存在潜在的泄漏区
	易产生裂隙或引发地震等	存在泄漏风险

表2 海洋碳封存与陆地碳封存的对比

Table 2 Comparison of the carbon sequestration in oceans and lands

储藏方式	条件	可能影响
海洋碳封存	低温、高压	位于负浮力带(HFZ)和水合物形成带(NBZ), 处于重力稳定状态
	上覆海水和沉积物	CO₂逃逸后起缓冲作用
	储层分布广泛	碳封存潜力巨大
	富含水和玄武岩的环境	碳矿化反应快
	远离人居区	易被公众接受
陆地碳封存	高温、高压	处于浮力状态, 易逃逸
	孔隙水中含重金属离子	置换孔隙水困难, 污染地下水和土壤
	硅质岩	碳矿化反应慢
	分布不均、离人居区较近	不易被公众接受
	已有的钻井多	存在潜在的泄漏区
	易产生裂隙或引发地震等	存在泄漏风险

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Marine Carbon Sequestration: Current Situation, Problems and Future