斑岩铜矿成矿构造背景研究进展

doi:1001-8166(2014)02-0250-15

斑岩铜矿是指与具斑状结构的中酸性侵入岩伴生,蚀变与矿化受流体、构造控制且分带明显,矿石以细脉浸染状为主,低品位、大储量的铜矿床,是最重要的铜矿床类型。大地构造背景对斑岩铜矿的形成具有重要意义,经典的斑岩铜矿主要产于岛弧、陆缘弧环境。然而,近年来国内矿床学家发现,国内形成于大陆环境的斑岩铜矿与大洋板块俯冲、板块消减作用无关, 斑岩铜矿还可产于碰撞造山带,甚至是在陆内环境。相比之下,不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床含矿岩浆、成矿物质来源、矿床成因等方面存在一定差异与共性。综述了目前斑岩铜矿研究内容中的关于构造背景的一些重要观点和几个重要进展,对比了不同构造背景下形成的斑岩铜矿床的含矿岩浆、蚀变矿化、成矿流体等方面的共性与差异,以期对斑岩型矿床的成因与找矿提供一定的线索。

关键词: 斑岩铜矿, 构造环境, 成矿模型

Porphyry copper refers to porphyritic felsic intrusive rocks while alteration and mineralization with obvious zoning are controlled by fluid and structure. Mineralization are disseminated and of low-grade. Porphyry copper is the most important type of copper deposit, which provides nearly three-quarters of copper in the world. Most porphyry Cu deposits occur in magmatic arc settings and in collisional orogen or intraplate settings. However,it fails to give a reasonable explanation in the collisional or orogen setting. In this paper, we review recent study on porphyry copper deposit about the tectonic setting, get an understanding of the differences and similarities between Porphyry Copper Deposit of China and that abroad. We also recognize tectonic setting and its structure for explaining the formation of the Porphyry Copper Deposit from the macro aspect.

Key words: Porphyry copper Deposits, Tectonic setting, Genetic model.

中图分类号:

P618.41

图1 斑岩铜金矿床分布简图 ^{[

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Fig.1 Distribution of Porphyry copper deposits in the world ^{[

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Table 1 Four types of porphyry copper deposits in China ^{[

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构造环境	环境特点	典型矿床
晚碰撞走滑环境	发育于青藏高原碰撞造山带陆#cod#x02014;陆碰撞之后的陆块相对运动阶段	西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿
后碰撞伸展环境	发育于青藏高原碰撞造山带形成演化的最晚阶段	西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿
后造山伸展环境	发育于华北板块与华南板块在三叠纪碰撞造山之后的后造山阶段	江西德兴斑岩铜矿
非造山崩塌环境	非造山崩塌环境发育于中国东部大陆发生构造体制的重大转折时期	长江中下游成矿带内的铜山口、城门山、封三洞、安基山和沙溪等斑岩铜矿

Table 1 Four types of porphyry copper deposits in China ^{[

4
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11
]}

构造环境	环境特点	典型矿床
晚碰撞走滑环境	发育于青藏高原碰撞造山带陆#cod#x02014;陆碰撞之后的陆块相对运动阶段	西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿
后碰撞伸展环境	发育于青藏高原碰撞造山带形成演化的最晚阶段	西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿
后造山伸展环境	发育于华北板块与华南板块在三叠纪碰撞造山之后的后造山阶段	江西德兴斑岩铜矿
非造山崩塌环境	非造山崩塌环境发育于中国东部大陆发生构造体制的重大转折时期	长江中下游成矿带内的铜山口、城门山、封三洞、安基山和沙溪等斑岩铜矿

Table 2 The classification of porphyry copper deposits in China ^{[

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主要斑岩铜矿带	典型矿床
①华北陆块北缘早一中古生代斑岩铜矿成矿带 ②哈萨克斯坦地块东北缘晚古生代成矿带 ③哈萨克斯坦地块南缘中晚古生代南天山成矿带 ④西伯利亚板块西南缘晚古生代成矿带	土屋-延东
①中咱地块西缘晚三叠世义敦成矿带 ②羌塘地块北缘古近纪玉龙成矿带 ③扬子地块西缘古近纪成矿带 ④塔里木地块南缘晚古生代一新生代成矿带	西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿
①班公错成矿带 ②冈底斯成矿带	西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿
中国东部的环太平洋斑岩铜矿带	德兴铜矿、小西南岔铜金矿、紫金山铜金矿、金瓜石铜金矿

Table 2 The classification of porphyry copper deposits in China ^{[

14
,

15
]}

主要斑岩铜矿带	典型矿床
①华北陆块北缘早一中古生代斑岩铜矿成矿带 ②哈萨克斯坦地块东北缘晚古生代成矿带 ③哈萨克斯坦地块南缘中晚古生代南天山成矿带 ④西伯利亚板块西南缘晚古生代成矿带	土屋-延东
①中咱地块西缘晚三叠世义敦成矿带 ②羌塘地块北缘古近纪玉龙成矿带 ③扬子地块西缘古近纪成矿带 ④塔里木地块南缘晚古生代一新生代成矿带	西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿
①班公错成矿带 ②冈底斯成矿带	西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿
中国东部的环太平洋斑岩铜矿带	德兴铜矿、小西南岔铜金矿、紫金山铜金矿、金瓜石铜金矿

图2 与板块构造有关的斑岩铜矿成因示意图（a）陆俯冲造山带（安第斯带）斑岩铜矿成因示意图；（b）陆#cod#x02014;陆碰撞造山带（地中海）斑岩铜矿成因示意图

Fig.2 The mode of porphyry copper associated with plate tectonic （a）The mode of porphyry copper in subduction；（b）The mode of porphyry copper in continentcontinent collision orogeny <![CDATA[]]>

图3 斑岩铜矿床蚀变分带特征 ^{[

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Fig.3 Alteration zoning character of porphyry copper deposit ^{[

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Reviews of Structural Settings of Porphyry Copper Deposits in China