地球科学进展 ›› 2009, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (8): 928 -935. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.08.0928

生态学研究 上一篇    下一篇

城市生态系统长期研究展望
王效科,欧阳志云,仁玉芬,王华锋   
  1. 北京城市生态系统研究站,城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,北京 100085
  • 收稿日期:2009-02-16 修回日期:2009-05-13 出版日期:2009-08-10
  • 通讯作者: 王效科 E-mail:wangxk@rcess.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:

    中国科学院知识创新重要方向性项目“城市生态系统过程、胁迫影响和生态整合方法”(编号:KZCX2-YW-422);科技部国家重点实验室专项经费“北京城市生态系统格局和过程的驱动机制和生态环境效应研究”(编号:SKLURE2008-1-01)资助.

Perspectives in Long-term Studies of Urban Ecosystem

Wang Xiaoke, OuYang Zhiyun, Ren Yufen, Wang Huafeng   

  1. Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station, Stake Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
  • Received:2009-02-16 Revised:2009-05-13 Online:2009-08-10 Published:2009-08-10

随着全球和中国的快速城市化,城市生态系统的长期研究受到了高度关注。在分析城市生态系统结构、格局、过程和功能特点的基础上,评述了近些年来城市生态系统研究的主要框架和学术观点,比较了Phoenix、Baltimore和北京3个城市生态系统研究站在研究目的、基本科学问题、研究内容和研究方法上的特点,并介绍了这3个城市生态站的一些主要研究思路和研究成果,指出了今后城市生态系统的研究重点是从理论上和研究方法上创新,将自然过程和人类社会经济过程很好地结合起来,为城市可持续发展提供科学依据。

With accelerating urbanization in China as well as in the world, the profound environment impact of urban land has been concerned because urban system consumes large quantities of natural resources and releases large quantities of wastes which contain pollutants. The natural resources over-exhausted and air and water pollution seriously deteriorated the urban and suburban environments humans reside in. The degradation in urban environment has attracted the interests of ecologists in the last three decades. The ecology in cities has been developed to ecology of city. The latter as a holistic study focuses on the structure, pattern, process and function of urban ecosystem. It is widely recognized that urban ecosystem is a human-dominated system with artificial infrastructure, higher density of inputs and outputs of energy and materials, artificial path and human-controlled transportation of energy and materials and high efficient of social and economic production. In 1997, two long-term ecological studies programs initiated in Baltimore and Phoenix supported by National Sciences Foundation USA. In 2001, Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station was initiated to monitor and investigate environmental changes in Beijing. In this paper, we reviewed the research framework of urban ecosystem developed in recent years, and compared the Phoenix, Baltimore and Beijing long-term urban ecosystems studies in terms of goal, basic scientific principles, themes and methodology. The investigation of urban ecosystems should combine social-economic and natural physical templates, study the changes in structure and function of urban ecosystem under short-term pulses and long-term stresses, assess these changes effects on ecosystem services, and formulate policy to manage and regulate urban systems. Beijing Urban Ecosystem Station would aim to understand the evolution of structure-pattern-process-function and to provide scientific basis for preventing water shortage and environmental pollution, raising living quality, and improving social and economic development, by deploying remote sensing technology, long-term plots survey, long-term stationary and mobile monitoring and social survey, monitoring the structural and functional indicators of urban ecosystem, investigating long-term evolution of urban ecosystem, energy and materials flows of urban ecosystem, water resource and utilization, and environmental response of urban organism, and building eco-planning, eco-management and eco-engineering demonstrations for urban sustainable development. Innovations of theory and methodology in urban ecology and coupling physical and human processes in urban ecosystem are important issues for long-term studies in the future.

中图分类号: 

[1] Grimm N, Faeth S, Golubiewski N, et al. Global change and the ecology of cities[J].Science, 2008, 319:756-760.
[2] Alberti M. Advances in Urban Ecology-Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems[M]. New York: Springer,2008.
[3] Grimm N, Foster D, Groffman P, et al. The changing landscape: Ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climate and societal gradients[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2008, 6(5):264-272.
[4] Fu B J, Zhuang X L, Jiang G B, et al. Environmental problems and challenges in China[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2007,41(22):7 597-7 602.
[5] McDonnell M J, Pickett S, Pouyat R. The application of the ecological gradient paradigm to the study of urban effects[C]// McDonnell M, Pickett S,eds. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: Subtle Human Effects and the Ecology of Populated Areas, New York:Springer-Verlag, 1993:175-189.
[6] Pickett S, Cadenasso M, Grove J, et al. Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,2001,32:127-157.
[7] Pickett S, Burch W, Dalton S, et al. A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas[J].Urban Ecosystems,1997,1:185-199.
[8] Berkowitz A R, Nilon C H,Hollweg K S. Understanding Urban Ecosystems: A New Frontier for Science and Education[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,2003.
[9] Gu Chaolin, Wu Liya. Review on achievements in urbanization studies in China[J].Urban Problem,2008, (12):2-12.[顾朝林,吴莉娅.中国城市化研究主要成果综述[J]. 城市问题, 2008, (12):2-12.]
[10] Che Shengquan, Song Yongchang. Analysis of landscape pattern of park system in city of Shanghai[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Agricultural Sciences),2002, 20:322-327.[车生泉,宋永昌.上海城市公园绿地景观格局分析[J].上海交通大学学报:农业科学版,2002,20:322-327.]
[11] Lu Qingxuan, He Xingyuan. Vegetation structure and diversity in urban forest in Shenyang[J].Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry,2005, 3(4):15-17.[陆庆轩,何兴元.沈阳城市森林植被结构和植物多样性研究[J].中国城市林业, 2005, 3(4):15-17.]
[12] Zhang Lei, Song Fengbin, Wang Xiaobo. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils in China: Status and countermeasures[J].Ecology and Environment,2004,13:258-260.[张磊,宋讽斌,王晓波.中国城市土壤重金属污染现状及对策[J].生态环境, 2004,13:258-260.]
[13] Wang Rusong, Zhou Qixing, Hu Dan. Ecological Regulation and Control Measures for Urban Sustainable Development[M]. Beijing: Meteorological Press,2000.[王如松,周启星,胡聃.城市可持续发展的生态调控方法[M]. 北京:气象出版社, 2000.]
[14] Rebele F. Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters,1994, 4:173-187.
[15] Collins J, Kinzig A, Grimm N, et al. A new urban ecology[J].American Scientist,2000, 88:416-425.
[16] Kaye J, Groffman P, Grimm N, et al. A distinct urban biogeochemistry?[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2006, 21:192-199.[17] Park R, Burges E, McKenzie R, eds. The City[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1925.
[18] Wolman A. The Metabolism of Cities[J].Scientific American,1965, 213:179-188.
[19] Ma Shijun, Wang Rusong. Social-economic-natural ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1984, 4:1-9.[马世骏,王如松.社会—经济—自然复合生态系统[J]. 生态学报,1984,4:1-9.]
[20] Wang Rusong.High Efficiency, Harmony-Principle and Methodology of Urban Ecological Control[M]. Changsha: Hunan Educational Press,1988.[王如松.高效·和谐——城市生态调控原理与方法[M]. 长沙:湖南教育出版社, 1988.]
[21] Pickett T, Cadenasso M, Grove J, et al. Beyond urban legends: An emerging framework of urban ecology, as illustrated by the Baltimore ecosystem study[J].Bioscience,2008, 58(2):139-150.

[1] 王奕佳,刘焱序,宋爽,傅伯杰. 水—粮食—能源—生态系统关联研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2021, 36(7): 684-693.
[2] 范小杉. 国际社会对生态系统服务研究误区的研讨综述[J]. 地球科学进展, 2021, 36(6): 616-624.
[3] 崔林丽, 史军, 杜华强. 植被物候的遥感提取及其影响因素研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2021, 36(1): 9-16.
[4] 黄婉彬,鄢春华,张晓楠,邱国玉. 城市化对地下水水量、水质与水热变化的影响及其对策分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2020, 35(5): 497-512.
[5] 刘小茜,裴韬,舒华,高锡章. 基于文献计量学的社会—生态系统恢复力研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(7): 765-777.
[6] 邱国玉,张晓楠. 21世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(6): 640-649.
[7] 温学发,张心昱,魏杰,吕斯丹,王静,陈昌华,宋贤威,王晶苑,戴晓琴. 地球关键带视角理解生态系统碳生物地球化学过程与机制[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(5): 471-479.
[8] 范小杉, 何萍. 河流生态系统服务研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(8): 852-864.
[9] 李哲, 陈永柏, 李翀, 郭劲松, 肖艳, 鲁伦慧. 河流梯级开发生态环境效应与适应性管理进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(7): 675-686.
[10] 法科宇, 雷光春, 张宇清, 刘加彬. 荒漠地区大气—土壤的碳交换过程[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(5): 464-472.
[11] 马学成, 巩杰, 柳冬青, 张金茜. 社会生态系统研究态势:文献计量分析视角[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(4): 435-444.
[12] 何尹杰, 吴大放, 刘艳艳. 城市轨道交通对土地利用的影响研究综述——基于Citespace的计量分析 *[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(12): 1259-1271.
[13] 宋晓谕, 高峻, 李新, 李巍岳, 张中浩, 王亮绪, 付晶, 黄春林, 高峰. 遥感与网络数据支撑的城市可持续性评价:进展与前瞻[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(10): 1075-1083.
[14] 宋世雄, 刘志锋, 何春阳, 赵瑞, 任强. 城市扩展过程对自然生境影响评价的研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(10): 1094-1104.
[15] 赵燕慧, 路紫. 航线网络碳排放模型及外部性要素分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(1): 103-111.
阅读次数
全文


摘要