地球科学进展 ›› 2007, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (9): 896 -906. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2007.09.0896

发展战略论坛 上一篇    下一篇

太湖富营养化与蓝藻水华引起的饮用水危机——原因与对策
秦伯强 1,王小冬 1,2,汤祥明 1,2,冯胜 1,张运林 1   
  1. 1.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与环境国家重点实验室,江苏 南京210008;2.中国科学院研究生院,北京 100039
  • 收稿日期:2007-08-04 修回日期:2007-08-10 出版日期:2007-09-15
  • 通讯作者: 秦伯强(1963-),男,江苏苏州人,研究员,主要从事水环境研究.E-mail:qinbq@niglas.ac.cn E-mail:qinbq@niglas.ac.cn

Drinking Water Crisis Caused by Eutrophication and Cyanobacterial Bloom in Lake Taihu: Cause and Measurement

QIN Bo-qiang 1, WANG Xiao-dong 1,2, TANG Xiang-ming 1,2, FENG Sheng 1, ZHANG Yun-lin 1   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008,China; 2.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
  • Received:2007-08-04 Revised:2007-08-10 Online:2007-09-15 Published:2007-09-10

2007年5月份发生在无锡太湖蓝藻水华引起的自来水危机事件进一步凸现我国湖泊富营养化的严峻局面和蓝藻水华频发的现状。从分析太湖富营养化发生、发展,蓝藻水华爆发的原因和机制入手,提出湖泊富营养化治理和蓝藻水华控制的途径和措施。研究表明,太湖富营养化之所以如此严重而且治理起来异常艰难,主要是由于太湖发育于长江中下游洪泛平原,营养本底高;由于水浅和沉水植被的退化使得频繁的风浪扰动造成内源营养盐负荷维持在一个非常高的水平;而流域内社会经济的高速发展,进一步加剧了太湖富营养化进程。蓝藻水华爆发一方面与蓝藻本身的生理特征有关,如固碳、伪空泡、光吸收及营养盐利用的能力;另一方面则与系统内物理、化学、生物环境有关,如独特的浅水湖泊水下光场结构和低的捕食压力。太湖的富营养化治理需遵循控源截污、湖泊生态修复和流域管理的原则,具体措施包括前置库和人工湿地的面源污染物控制技术;物理机械和生物去除内源营养盐削减技术;沉水植被恢复的湖泊生态修复技术。而蓝藻水华的控制技术则包括围隔拦截和导流的物理工程方法、絮凝沉降和抑藻物添加的化学工程方法以及生态浮床和生物操纵的生态工程方法。具体使用时,需要先诊断、后治理。

Drinking water crisis caused by blue algal bloom in Lake Taihu in Wuxi in May in 2007 presented austere situation of lake eutrophication and bloom in China. Based on the analysis of the eutrophication development, the cause and mechanism of bloom, the approach and measurement of lake eutrophication and control are presented. The serious eutrophication and extremely difficult lake control in Lake Taihu are attributed to the following three causes. Firstly, Lake Taihu is located in floodplain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River with high trophic history. Secondly, frequent appearance of bloom is related to the physiological advantage of cyanobacteria including fixture of carbon dioxide, vacuole for moving towards the radiant energyrich zone, characteristic light absorption and the utilization of nutrients. Finally, bloom is related to the physical, chemical and biologic environment of ecosystem such as particular underwater light climate and low predation pressure. For the control of eutrophication, people should follow the sequence from pollution sources control, ecological restoration to catchment management. Permeable dam and wetland techniques to control external pollution, physical and biological techniques to control the internal nutrient release, and submerged aquatic vegetation restoration could be selected. The control techniques of algal bloom include the physical (enclosure), chemical (flocculation) and ecological (ecological floating bed and biomanipulation) engineer methods. For a specific lake, applicable lake harness techniques should be selected based on the distinct ecosystem types and environmental problems.

中图分类号: 

[1]Wang Sumin, Dou Hongshen. Chinese Lakes[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1998:3-21.[王苏民, 窦鸿身. 中国湖泊志 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1998:3-21.]
[2]Yang Xiangdong, Shen Ji, Dong Xuhui, et al. Historical trophic evolutions and their ecological responses from shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Case studied on Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake[J].Science in China (Series D),2005, 35(suppl.Ⅱ): 51-61.[羊向东,沈吉,董旭辉,等.长江中下游浅水湖泊历史时期营养态演化及其与水生生态系统的关系——以龙感湖、太白湖为例[J]. 中国科学:D辑, 2005, 35(增刊Ⅱ): 45-54. ]
[3]Nanjing Institute of Geography, Academia Sinica. Investigation of Lake Taihu [M]. Beijing: Science Press,1965:1-84.[中国科学院南京地理研究所. 太湖综合调查报告[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1965:1-84.]
[4]Steinman A D, Havens K E, Aumen N G. Phosphorus in Lake Okeechobee: Sources, sinks, and strategies[C]//Phosphorus Biogeochemistry of Subtropical Ecosystems: Florida as a Case Example. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers, 1999:527-544.
[5]Qin Boqiang, Wu Qinglong, Gao Junfeng, et al. Water environmental issues in Taihu Lake of China:Problems,causes and management[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2002,17(2):221-228.[秦伯强,吴庆龙,高俊峰,等.太湖地区的水资源与水环境——问题、原因与管理[J].自然资源学报, 2002,17(2):221-228.]
[6]Qin Boqiang, Hu Weiping, Gao Guang, et al. Dynamics of sediment resuspension and the conceptual schema of nutrient release in the large shallow Lake Taihu, China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2004,49(1):54-64.[秦伯强,胡维平,高光,等. 太湖沉积物悬浮的动力机制及内源释放的概念性模式[J].科学通报,2003,48(17):1 822-1 831.]
[7]Robarts R D, Waiser M J, Hadas O, et al. Relaxation of phosphorus limitation due to typhoon-induced mixing in two morphologically distinct basins of Lake Biwa, Japan[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(6):1 023-1 035.
[8]Carrick H J, Aldridge F J, Schelske C L. Wind influences phytoplankton biomass and composition in a shallow, productive lake [J].Limnology and Oceanography, 1993,38:1 179-1 192.
[9]Sondergaard M,Jensen J P,Jeppesen E.Retention and internal loading of phosphorus in shallow,eutrophic lakes[J].The Scientific World,2001,1:427-442.
[10]Xu Pengzhu, Qin Boqiang. Water quantity and pollutant fluxes of the surrounding rivers of Lake Taihu during the hydrological year of 2001-2002[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2005,17(3):213-218.[许朋柱,秦伯强.2001—2002水文年环太湖河道的水量及污染物通量[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(3):213-218.]
[11]Zhu Guangwei, Qin Boqiang, Gao Guang. Direct evidence of phosphorus outbreak release from sediment to overlying water in a large shallow lake caused by strong wind wave disturbance[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(6):577-582.[朱广伟,秦伯强,高光. 风浪扰动引起大型浅水湖泊内源磷爆发性释放的直接证据[J].科学通报, 2005, 50(1): 66-71.]
[12]Zhu Guangwei, Qin Boqiang, Zhang Lu, et al. Wave effects on nutrient release of sediments from Lake Taihu by flume experiments[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2005,17(1):61-68.[朱广伟,秦伯强,张路,等.太湖底泥悬浮中营养盐释放的波浪水槽试验研究[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(1):61-68.]
[13]Jin Xiaoli,Gao Junfeng, Zhao Guangju. Impacts of 20-year socio-economic development on the trend of aquatic environment of the Taihu basin [J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtza Basin,2006,15(3):298-302.[靳晓莉,高俊峰,赵广举. 太湖流域近20年社会经济发展对水环境影响及发展趋势 [J]. 长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(3):298-302.]
[14]Gu Xiaohong, Wang Xiaorong, Hu Weiping. Effect of fishery development on water environment and its eco-countermeasure in East Lake Taihu[J].Shanghai Environmental Sciences,2003,22(10):702-704.[谷孝鸿,王晓蓉,胡维平. 东太湖渔业发展对水环境的影响及其生态对策[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(10):702-704.]
[15]Yang Yingbao, Jiang Nan, Yin Liqiong, et al. RS-based dynamic monitoring of lake area and enclosure culture in East Taihu Lake[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2005, 17(2): 133-138. [杨英宝,江南,殷立琼,等.东太湖湖泊面积及围网养殖动态变化的遥感监测[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(2):133-138.]
[16]Bai Xiuling, Gu Xiaohong, Yang Longyuan. Analyses on water quality and its protection in East Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(1):91-96.[白秀玲,谷孝鸿,杨龙元. 东太湖水环境现状及保护对策[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(1):91-96.]
[17]Yang Qingxin, Li Wenchao. Environmental changes since foundation of pen-fish-farming in East Taihu Lake [J].China Environmenatal Science,1996,16(2): 101-106.[杨清心,李文朝.东太湖围网养鱼后生态环境的演变 [J].中国环境科学,1996, 16(2):101-106.]
[18]Cheng Huimin,Qiu Baosheng. Cyanobacterial gas vesicles and their regulation on the vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in water body[J].Plant Physiology Communications,2006,42(5):974-980.[成慧敏, 邱保胜. 蓝藻的伪空泡及其对蓝藻在水体中垂直分布的调节 [J]. 植物生理学通讯, 2006,42(5):974-980.] 
[19]Zhang Yunlin,Qin Boqiang,Chen Weimin, et al. Experimental study on underwater light intensity and primary productivity caused by variation of total suspended matter [J].Advances in Water Science,2004, 15(5): 615-620.[张运林,秦伯强,陈伟民,等.悬浮物浓度对水下光照和初级生产力的影响[J].水科学进展,2004,15(5):615-620.] 
[20]Oilver R I, Ganf G G. Freshwater blooms[C]//Whitton B A, Ports M,eds.The Ecology of Cyanobacteria. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000:149-194.
[21]Zhang Y L, Chen W M. Variation in the underwater light field under simulated water current conditions in Lake Taihu, China[J].Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2006,21(2):191-199.
[22]Zhang Yunlin, Qin Boqiang, Yang Longyuan. Spectral absorption coefficients of particulate matter and chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006, 26(12): 3 969-3 979.[张运林,秦伯强,杨龙元. 太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物和CDOM 的吸收特性 [J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(12): 3 969-3 979.]
[23]Lin Yixiong, Han Mei. The study growth factor of the Microcystis aeraginsoa Kuetz during eutrophication of Dianchi Lake [J].Advances in Environmental Science, 1998,6(3):82-87.[林毅雄,韩梅. 滇池富营养化的铜绿微囊藻生长因素的研究 [J]. 环境科学进展,1998,6(3):82-87.]
[24]Liu Zhengwen, Zhong Ping, Han Boping. UV protective compounds Mycosporine-like Amino Acids(MAAs) and bloom forming mechanism in Microcystis aeruginosa [J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2003, 15(4): 257-263. [刘正文, 钟萍, 韩博平. 铜绿微囊藻中的紫外保护物质类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)与水华形成机制探讨 [J]. 湖泊科学, 2003, 15(4): 257-263.]
[25]Smith V H. Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton [J].Science,1983, 221: 669-671. 
[26]Xie L Q, Xie P, Li S X, et al. The low TN: TP ratio, a cause or a result of Microcystis blooms?[J].Water Research,2003, 37: 2 073-2 080. 
[27]Tang Huijuan. Ecological studies on phytoplankton of the shallow, eutrophic lake Donghu[D].Wuhan:Doctoral dissertation of Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2002:1-99.[唐汇娟. 武汉东湖浮游植物生态学研究[D].武汉: 中国科学院水生生物研究所, 2002:1-99.] 
[28]Shapiro J. The role of carbon dioxide in the initiation and maintenance of blue-green dominance in lakes [J].Freshwater Biology,1997, 37(2): 307-323.
[29]Qiu Baosheng, Gao Kunshan. Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism in blue-green algae [J].Plant Physiology Communications,2001,37(5):385-392.[邱保胜, 高坤山. 蓝藻浓缩二氧化碳的机制[J]. 植物生理学通讯,2001,37(5):385-392.]
[30]Zheng Weifa, Zeng Zhaoqi. High temperature adaptation of fresh water cyanobacterium [J].Journal of Lake Science,1994,6(4):356-363.[郑维发, 曾昭琪. 淡水蓝藻的高温适应 [J]. 湖泊科学,1994,6(4):356-363.]
[31]Hu Ren, Lin Qiuqi, Wang Zhaohui, et al.Phytoplankton com position and distribution in typical reservoirs of Guangdong province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(11):1 939-1 944.[胡韧, 林秋奇, 王朝晖, 等. 广东省典型水库浮游植物组成与分布特征 [J]. 生态学报, 2002,22(11):1 939-1 944.]
[32]Jiang Zuofa, Xia Zhongzhi. Study on the relationships of population dynamics of phytoplankton and environmental factors of Wudalian Lake [J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,1993, 13(2): 210-215. [姜作发, 夏重志. 五大连池浮游植物种群动态与环境因子关系的研究 [J]. 植物研究, 1993, 13(2): 210-215.]
[33]Zhao Yuhang, Yang Hongsheng, Qiao Zhigang, et al. Studies on the “water bloom” of Euglena sp. in fish ponds [J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1994, 18(2): 186-188. [赵玉珩, 杨红生, 乔志刚, 等. 鱼池中一种裸藻水华的研究 [J]. 水生生物学报, 1994, 18(2): 186-188.]
[34]Zhang Shulin, Xing Kezhi, Zhang Shuwei. Studies on the occurrence and control of water blooms in aquaculture waters[J].Reservoir Fisheries,2006,26(2): 67-69. [张树林, 邢克智, 张树伟. 养殖水体水华发生及控制的研究 [J]. 水利渔业, 2006,26(2): 67-69.]
[35]Dou Ming, Xie Ping, Xia Jun,et al. Study on algalbloom in Hanjiang river [J].Advances in Water Science,2002, 13(5): 557-561. [窦明, 谢平, 夏军, 等. 汉江水华问题研究 [J]. 水科学进展, 2002, 13(5): 557-561.]
[36]Liu Qigen, Chen Liqiao, Chen Yong. Correlation between biomass reduction of silver carp and bighead carp and the occurrence of algal blooms in Lake Qiandaohu [J].Transaction of Oceanology and Limnology,2007:117-124. [刘其根, 陈立侨, 陈勇. 千岛湖水华发生与主要环境因子的相关性分析 [J]. 海洋湖沼通报, 2007:117-124.]
[37]Yang Zhou, Kong Fanxiang. Effects of zooplankton grazing on colony formation in algae: A review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005, 25(8):2 083-2 089.[杨州, 孔繁翔. 浮游动物诱发藻类群体的形成 [J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(8):2 083-2 089.]
[38]Paerl H W, Fulton R S, Moisander P H. et al. Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria [J].Scientific World Journal,2001,1:76-113.
[39]James J E. The pathway to noxious cyanobacteria blooms in lakes: The food web as the final turn[J].Freshwater Biology,1999, 42:537-543.
[40]Qin Boqiang, Song Yuzhi, Gao Guang. The role of periphytes in the shift between macrophyte and phytoplankton dominated systems in a shallow, eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu, China)[J].Science in China (Series C),2006,36(3):283-288.[秦伯强,宋玉芝,高光. 附着生物在浅水富营养化湖泊藻—草型生态系统转化过程中的作用[J].中国科学:C辑, 2006, 36(3): 283- 288.]
[41]Qin Boqiang, Zhu Guangwei. The nutrient forms, cycling and exchange flux in the sediment and overlying water system in lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River[J].Science in China (Series D),2006, 49(Suppl.I):1-13.[秦伯强,朱广伟. 长江中下游地区湖泊水和沉积物中营养盐的赋存、循环及其交换特征[J].中国科学:D辑, 2005,(增刊I):1-10.]
[42]Li Zhengkui, Pu Peimin. Purification of lake water by immobilized nitrobacteria-denitrifying bacteria[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2000, 12(2):119-123.[李正魁, 濮培民. 净化湖泊水体氮污染的固定化硝化—反硝化菌研究[J]. 湖泊科学,2000,12(2):119-123.]
[43]Li Xuemei, Yang Zhongyi, Jian Shuguang, et al. Control of algae bloom in eutrophic water by effective microorganisms[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2000,39(1):81-85.[李雪梅, 杨中艺, 简曙光, 等. 有效微生物群控制富营养化湖泊蓝藻的效应[J]. 中山大学学报:自然科学版, 2000,39(1):81-85.] 
[44]Jobgen A M, Palm A, Melkonian M. Phosphorus removal from eu- trophic lakes using periphyton on submerged artificial substrata[J].Hydrobiologia,2004,528(1/3):123-142.
[45]Liu Shizhe, Lin Dongjiao, Tang Shujun,et al. Purification of eutrophic wastewater by Cyperus alternifolius, Coleus blumei and Jasminum sambac planted in a floating phytoremediation system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(7):1 261-1 265.[刘士哲, 林东教, 唐淑军, 等. 利用漂浮植物修复系统栽培风车草、彩叶草和茉莉净化富营养化污水的研究[J]. 应用生态学报,2004,15(7):1 261-1 265.]
[46]Qin Boqiang, Hu Weiping, Liu Zhengwen, et al. Ecological engineering experiment on water purification in drinking water source in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007, 27(1):5-12.[秦伯强, 胡维平,刘正文,等.太湖水源地水质净化的生态工程试验研究[J].环境科学学报,2007, 27(1):5-12.]
[47]Pan G,Zhang M M,Chen H,et al.Removal of Harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Taihu Lake using local soils I:Equilibrium and kinetic screening on the flocculation of Microcystis aeruginosa using commercially available clays and minerals [J].Environmental Pollution,2006,141(2):195-200.
[48]Pan G, Zou H, Chen H, et al.Removal of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Taihu lake using local soils II. Factors affecting the removal efficiency and an in situ field experiment using chitosan -modified local soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,141(2):206-212.
[49]Starling F L R M.Control of eutrophication by silver carp (Hypophthal michthr,molitrix)in the tropical Paranoa Resevoir (Brasilia,Brazil):A mesocosm experiment[J].Hydrobiologia,1993, 257:143-152.
[50]Greca M D, Ferrara M, Federico U, et al.Antialgal compounds from Zantedeschia aethiopppica[J].Phytochemistry,1998,49(5):1 299-1 230.
[51]Huang Tinglin, Dai Dongchao, Wang Zhen, et al. Water quality purification of urban lakes and rivers with floating phytoremediation system[J].Progress in Geography,2006, 25(6):62-67.[黄廷林, 戴栋超, 王震, 等. 漂浮植物修复技术净化城市河湖水体试验研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2006, 25(6): 62-67.]
[52]Liu Jiankang, Xie Ping. Direct control of microcystis bloom through the use of Planktivorous Carp-closure Experiments and Lake Fishery Practice[J].Ecologic Science,2003,22(3):193-196.[刘建康, 谢平. 用鲢鳙直接控制微囊藻水华的围隔试验和湖泊实践 [J]. 生态科学, 2003,22(3): 193-196.]
[53]Fei Zhiliang, Wu Jun, Zhao Qin, et al. Efect of filtration and digestion of Hyriopsis cumingii to Algae[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2006, 36(5):24-29.[费志良,吴军,赵钦,等.三角帆蚌对藻类滤食及消化的研究 [J]. 淡水渔业, 2006, 36(5):24-29.]
[54]Mehner T, Benndorf J, Kasprzak P, et al. Biomanipulation of lake eco-systems: Successful applications and expanding complexity in the un-derlying science [J].Freshwater Biology,2002,47(12):2 453-2 465.
[55]Meijer M L, de Boois I, Scheffer M, et al. Biomanipulation in shallow lakes in The Netherlands: An evaluation of 18 case studies[J].Hydrobiologia,1999,409:13- 30.
[56]Drenner R W, Day D J, Basham S J, et al. Ecological water treatment system for removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from polluted water[J].Biological Application,1997,7(2):381-391. 
[57]Scheffer M. Ecology of Shallow Lakes[M]. Dordretcht (Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers,1998:1-313.
[58]Carpenter S R. Regime Shifts in Lake Ecosystems: Pattern and Variation[M]. International Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany, 2003.

[1] 邓文文, 王荣, 刘正文, 郑文秀, 张晨雪. 模型揭示的浅水湖泊稳态转换影响因素分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2021, 36(1): 83-94.
[2] 黄小平,江志坚. 海草床食物链有机碳传递过程的研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2019, 34(5): 480-487.
[3] 邹银洪, 张润宇, 陈敬安, 王立英, 陆顶盘. 黏土矿物在富营养化水体和底泥磷污染控制中的应用研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(6): 578-589.
[4] 林晓娟, 高姗, 仉天宇, 刘桂梅. 海水富营养化评价方法的研究进展与应用现状[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(4): 373-384.
[5] 高江波, 吴绍洪, 戴尔阜, 侯文娟. 西南喀斯特地区地表水热过程研究进展与展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(6): 647-653.
[6] 杨永琼,陈敬安,王敬富,曾艳. 沉积物磷原位钝化技术研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(6): 674-684.
[7] 陈莹,庄国顺,郭志刚. 近海营养盐和微量元素的大气沉降[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(7): 682-690.
[8] 黄廷林,柴蓓蓓. 水源水库水质污染与富营养化控制技术研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(6): 588-596.
[9] 周俊,邓伟,刘伟龙. 沟渠湿地的水文和生态环境效应研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(10): 1079-1083.
[10] 张运林;黄群芳;马荣华;陈伟民. 基于反射率的太湖典型湖区溶解性有机碳的反演[J]. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20(7): 772-777.
[11] 赵生才. 我国湖泊富营养化的发生机制与控制对策[J]. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(1): 138-140.
[12] 魏皓,赵亮,武建平. 浮游植物动力学模型及其在海域富营养化研究中的应用[J]. 地球科学进展, 2001, 16(2): 220-225.
[13] 陈 尚,朱明远,马 艳,李瑞香,李宝华,吕瑞华. 富营养化对海洋生态系统的影响及其围隔实验研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 1999, 14(6): 571-576.
阅读次数
全文


摘要